Search Results (490)

Large language models (LLMs) are expanding the capabilities of socially assistive robots (SARs) through natural dialogue, personalisation, multimodal reasoning, retained interaction context, and adaptive behaviour in healthcare. Integrating generative language models into robots, however, complicates evaluation because fluent output may exaggerate perceived competence and increase the risks of hallucination, overtrust, privacy exposure, relationship dependency, and unsafe reliance on advice or actions. This PRISMA-informed review synthesises healthcare robotics, human–robot interaction, LLM-enabled systems, ethics, implementation, and care delivery. Database searches returned 128 records, of which 110 were unique after deduplication. Supplementary retrieval and assessment yielded 85 substantive sources spanning background mapping, primary analysis, and governance. Studies focused mainly on feasibility, usability, acceptability, dialogue quality, and short-term engagement, whereas longitudinal safety, governance of retained interaction context, comparative effectiveness, workflow integration, and sustained healthcare value received limited attention. These gaps indicate that evaluation of LLM-enabled SARs must account for physical presence, social role, interaction memory, and potential actions rather than focus on conversational performance alone. The review therefore proposes HEART, a healthcare-specific evaluative architecture comprising Human-Centred Communication, Ethical and Trustworthy Deployment, Adaptive and Embodied Intelligence, Relationship Continuity, and Translational Healthcare Value. HEART uses boundary rules, operational indicators, qualitative labels, and non-additive deployment gates to separate evaluative domains, define assessable outcomes, summarise reported support, and prevent strengths in one area from masking critical safety or governance failures. Future research should validate HEART through longitudinal and comparative assessment of hallucination severity, language-to-action safety, long-term effects, equity, and post-deployment monitoring. Full article

The rapid growth in plastic production and consumption has led to the widespread contamination of the environment with microplastics (MPs), raising increasing concerns about their potential impacts on human health. In recent years, advances in analytical techniques have revealed the presence of MPs in a wide range of human biological samples, suggesting that these particles can enter, circulate within, and accumulate throughout the human body. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the occurrence and distribution of MPs in human tissues, organs, and biological fluids. MPs have been detected in blood, urine, stool, semen, breast milk, amniotic fluid, ocular fluids, and lavage fluids, as well as in several organs and tissues including the lungs, placenta, heart, kidneys, liver, vascular tissues, and reproductive organs. Among the identified polymers, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are reported most frequently. This narrative review also summarizes the major analytical techniques used for MP detection and characterization, including Raman spectroscopy, μ-FTIR, LDIR spectroscopy, and Py-GC/MS, which highlight their advantages and limitations. Collectively, the available evidence demonstrates that MPs are not confined to the external environment but are now detectable in multiple compartments of the human body, including highly protected biological systems. However, important questions remain regarding their long-term persistence, transport mechanisms, biological fate, and potential health effects. Further methodological standardization and large-scale human studies are needed to better understand the extent of human exposure and the implications of MP accumulation for human health. Full article

In this Perspective, we present a non-systematic narrative synthesis and propose a hypothesis-generating framework that links regional anesthesia, local anesthetic strategies, surgery-induced NETosis, and perioperative metastatic biology. Surgical tumor resection coincides with a biologically vulnerable perioperative period characterized by inflammatory activation, innate immune remodeling, and potential metastatic susceptibility. Preclinical evidence suggests that this interval may represent a transient metastatic window in which circulating tumor cells and host inflammatory responses overlap, potentially favoring metastatic implantation. Among the mechanisms implicated in this process, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in tumor-cell capture, endothelial interaction, immune evasion, and metastatic outgrowth. Experimental studies further suggest that surgery-induced NETosis may contribute to prometastatic signaling and tumor-cell metabolic adaptation during the postoperative period. Human evidence remains more limited and heterogeneous. Observational studies indicate that NET-related biology is active during oncologic surgery, with the presence of tissue NETs and circulating NET-associated biomarkers correlating with tumor stage, inflammatory context, or tumor burden in selected malignancies. Perioperative clinical studies also suggest that regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-based strategies, including intravenous lidocaine, may influence neutrophil activation and postoperative NET-associated biomarkers. However, robust evidence of clinical oncologic outcomes remains limited, and a clear distinction between surrogate perioperative endpoints and long-term clinical outcomes is still lacking. Within this context, we propose that regional anesthesia may influence pathways associated with perioperative tumor–host interactions not primarily through opioid sparing but through modulation of mechanisms related to surgery-induced NETosis during a short-lived biological window. The neutral results of large survival-based trials do not necessarily invalidate this hypothesis; rather, they underscore the limitations of conventional oncologic endpoints in capturing transient perioperative biological effects. This Perspective outlines a translational research agenda centered on biomarker-driven perioperative studies integrating NET-specific markers, circulating tumor cell dynamics, and temporally precise postoperative sampling. Full article

The present study investigates the presence, sources, and impacts of microplastics (MPs) in different soil types, including agricultural, urban, and forest areas, through a synthesis of results of published scientific papers. MPs originate from a variety of human activities, such as the widespread use of plastic mulch in agriculture and the application of organic fertilizers and treated sewage sludge, as well as from vehicle tire wear, industrial processes, and the gradual degradation of plastic products in the environment. In urban soils, the main sources of MPs are related to road traffic, industrial activity, and landfills, while in forest soils, concentrations are generally lower. However, MPs in forest areas are thought to be carried there by the air, by runoff, or from nearby areas with human activity. Available data show that larger MP particles tend to remain in the surface layers of the soil, while smaller particles can penetrate deeper soil layers, increasing their bioavailability and the likelihood of interaction with microorganisms and plant root systems. In terms of their chemical composition, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) polymers dominate in agricultural soils, which is directly linked to agricultural practices, while polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are more frequently detected in urban soils. The morphological types of MPs include fragments, fibers, and films, while their color characteristics provide clues to possible sources of origin, such as plastic ground covers, tire wear, and packaging materials. Overall, the study’s results underscore the growing environmental significance of MP soil pollution and highlight the need for more effective management and recycling of plastic materials, as well as for further interdisciplinary research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of transport, accumulation, and long-term ecological effects of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. Full article

Introduction: Breast milk is the best food for a growing infant during the first 6 months of life. The presence of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in breast milk can interfere with the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), increasing the risk of developing, among other issues, asthma or atopic dermatitis. TFAs are not synthesised de novo in the human body. Their content in breast milk may be a good marker of short-term dietary intake of these compounds by breastfeeding mothers. However, the literature shows differences in the assessment of the relationship between dietary TFAs intake and TFAs content in breast milk. Furthermore, the decrease in the TFAs content in food observed recently seems to make it impossible to use Craig-Schmidt’s formula to estimate the TFAs content in the diet or in breast milk. The aim of this study was to confirm the possibility of using TFAs content in breast milk as a marker of their short-term intake within the breastfeeding mother’s diet, together with an attempt at preliminary quantitative determination of the relationship between these parameters. Materials: The study material was collected from a single breastfeeding mother and included 10 breast milk samples and 10 samples of daily food rations reconstructed based on the 24 h food consumption survey. Methods: The content of fatty acids, including TFAs, was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The TFAs content in the whole-day mother’s diet and in 100 mL of breast milk ranged from 0.11 to 0.54 g/day and from 0.02 to 0.07 g, respectively. A strong statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between these parameters was found. Equations for an exploratory linear relationship between the TFAs content in a breastfeeding mother’s diet and the concentration of these fatty acids in breast milk have been developed. Due to the small number of samples, these data should be interpreted very cautiously and validated in a larger cohort. Conclusions: This single-participant pilot study suggests that TFAs content in breast milk may be a marker of the dietary intake of these compounds from the previous day. It seems that the dietary habits of breastfeeding mothers of twins are a significant factor influencing the composition of breast milk and, consequently, the nutritional quality of breastfed infants. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction involves oxidative stress, gut barrier impairment, and gut–liver axis disruption. This study evaluated whether enzymatically prepared Solenocera crassicornis peptides (SCPs) provide additional benefits during diet normalization in HFD-induced obese mice and examined associations with antioxidant, microbial, and barrier markers. Methods: SCPs were characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and amino acid analysis. Peptides underwent bioactivity prediction and Keap1 docking. After 7 weeks of HFD feeding, obese male C57BL/6J mice were switched to a normal diet and administered vehicle, orlistat, or SCPs for 4 weeks. Adipose tissue mass, serum lipid profiles, liver histology, hepatic antioxidant status, barrier-associated histological and biochemical markers, and gut microbiota composition were assessed. A simulated digestion–fecal fermentation model was used to assess the effects of fermentation products generated in the presence of digested SCPs on H₂O₂-induced oxidative injury and MUC2 secretion in LS174T goblet-like cells. Results: SCPs reduced epididymal and perirenal fat, improved serum lipids, improved hepatic steatosis-related morphology and enhanced hepatic antioxidant status. SCPs were also associated with improved intestinal morphology, increased mucin-associated staining, decreased serum diamine oxidase levels and reduced hepatic lipopolysaccharide accumulation. 16S rRNA sequencing showed SCP-associated microbial shifts, with correlations linking taxa to metabolic and barrier markers. Fermentation products generated in the presence of digested SCPs improved oxidative-stress and MUC2-related readouts in LS174T cells. Conclusions: During diet normalization, SCPs were associated with additional improvements in adiposity, lipid profiles, hepatic antioxidant status, intestinal barrier readouts, and gut microbiota. These findings support further investigation of SCPs as standardized marine protein hydrolysates, but active components, causal mechanisms, long-term efficacy, safety, and human relevance remain to be established. Full article

Background: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) functions as an anti-atherogenic neuropeptide. Maxadilan, a PAC1 receptor agonist, offers atheroprotection by acting downstream of vascular inflammation caused by hypercholesterolemia. This study aims to explore how PACAP and Maxadilan influence migration and apoptosis in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). Methods: To investigate the role of PACAP deficiency in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis under standard chow (SC) in vivo, PACAP^−/−-mice were crossed with ApoE^−/−-mice to generate PACAP^−/−/ApoE^−/−-mice. The whole aorta was isolated and stained with OilRedO (ORO). Atherosclerotic lesions and lumen stenosis in the brachiocephalic trunk were quantified using ImageJ 1.54p (Fiji). To further investigate the role of PACAP and Maxadilan in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with special respect to HCASMC under a lipid-enriched environment, HCASMCs were treated with oxLDL, with or without PACAP or Maxadilan. Uptake and accumulation of oxLDL were analyzed using Bodipy^TM493/503, and cell viability was assessed with PrestoBlue^®. Cell migration was evaluated using the scratch assay and the MRI wound-healing tool in ImageJ (Fiji). Mitochondrial morphology was examined with MitoTracker Green and the MiNA tool in ImageJ (Fiji). Apoptotic processes were analyzed by Western blot, immunocytofluorescence staining, and ELISA. Results: In vivo, PACAP^−/−/ApoE^−/−-mice showed increased lumen stenosis and decreased plaque burden compared with ApoE^−/−-mice. In vitro, PACAP enhanced the viability of oxLDL-treated HCASMCs, while neither PACAP nor Maxadilan influenced lipid content in HCASMCs, regardless of oxLDL presence. Both oxLDL and PACAP slowed cell migration, but Maxadilan increased migration in oxLDL-treated HCASMCs. The protein level of the proliferation marker Ki67 was reduced in cells treated with oxLDL and Maxadilan. Additionally, BAX, which promotes intrinsic apoptosis, was elevated in HCASMCs stimulated with Maxadilan and oxLDL. Investigations of mitochondrial morphology indicated that oxLDL and PACAP increased the individual and network structures, with a decrease in branches per network. Conclusion: Our data highlight the complex role of the PACAP/PAC1 system in vascular pathology and suggest that selective modulation—such as targeted PAC1 activation or PACAP supplementation—could lead to new strategies for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. In the long term, this could improve the balance between plaque formation and vascular function. Full article

Sponge spicules have emerged as promising biomaterial scaffolds due to their biocompatibility and unique structural properties; however, achieving stable and bioactive functionalization remains a key challenge. The tripeptide GHK is known to promote collagen synthesis and wound repair, yet its therapeutic efficacy is often limited by rapid diffusion and instability. Here, we report ALTUM, a thiol-functionalized sponge spicule composite in which GHK is covalently conjugated via disulfide linkage to enable controlled and redox-responsive peptide delivery. ALTUM exhibited sustained GHK retention under physiological and storage conditions, while exposure to reduced glutathione (GSH) selectively accelerated peptide release through disulfide bond cleavage. This dual release behavior—long-term stability combined with reduction-triggered activation—distinguishes ALTUM from conventional delivery systems. The composite also demonstrated structural stability under thermal, cyclic, and photostability conditions. In an artificial human skin model, ALTUM enhanced dermal penetration of GHK and significantly increased collagen deposition in the dermal layer, demonstrating its capacity to promote collagen production within deeper skin tissue, compared to simple spicule–peptide mixtures. ALTUM was fabricated at an optimized spicule-to-peptide ratio of 3% (w/w), preserving the needle-shaped spicule morphology after surface modification. In vitro, ALTUM exhibited a sustained release profile, with GHK release markedly accelerated in the presence of 10 mM glutathione (GSH) compared with non-reductive conditions, reaching approximately 60% cumulative release over 35 days. In the bioprinted artificial human skin model, ALTUM delivered 9.72 ng/cm² of GHK, more than five-fold higher than the physical mixture of spicules and free GHK (1.9 ng/cm²), and significantly increased type I collagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Mechanistically, ALTUM-mediated delivery was associated with increased TGF-β expression and engagement of the SMAD signaling pathway, as indicated by increased phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, consistent with involvement of the TGF-β–SMAD axis in the observed collagen induction. Collectively, these findings establish ALTUM as a structurally stable, redox-responsive dermal delivery platform that enhances collagen synthesis and skin regeneration. Full article

This article examines how Ecuadorian national digital newspapers represented adolescents and youth-coded young adults associated with crime during 2025, with particular attention to lexical labeling, moral attribution, visual framing, editorial prominence, news values and the near-presence or absence of educational discourse. The study is based on qualitative content analysis of Spanish-language digital press coverage published in El Universo, El Comercio, Extra, La Hora, GK, Primicias, Vistazo, El Mercurio and Expreso across seven journalistic genres: news, note, feature article, report, editorial, interview and chronicle. The article argues that media discourse does not merely describe youth violence; it actively constructs public intelligibility about who young people are, how danger is recognized and whether social responses are imagined in punitive, preventive or restorative terms. Grounded in media framing theory, news values, moral panic studies, child-friendly justice, critical sociology, school push-out scholarship and philosophies of education and human development, the article shows the inferential route from media representation to educational reintegration: when coverage individualizes adolescent violence, minimizes school interruption and masks structural conditions, it narrows the policy imagination through which young people are understood as educable, rights-bearing and recoverable subjects. The paper ultimately argues that the long-term reduction of violence in Ecuador requires not only security responses but also an integral reintegration agenda centered on education, dignified work, child-sensitive justice and restorative social policy. Full article

Human activity recognition (HAR) using Wi-Fi channel state information (CSI) offers a privacy-preserving and contactless sensing modality suitable for smart homes, healthcare monitoring, and pervasive mobile Internet of Things (IoT) environments. However, existing CSI-based HAR approaches often suffer from computational inefficiency, high latency, and limited feasibility on resource-constrained embedded platforms. This work presents STAR (Sensing Technology for Activity Recognition), an edge AI-optimized framework that integrates lightweight temporal modeling, adaptive signal processing, and hardware-aware co-optimization to enable real-time, energy-efficient HAR on low-power embedded devices. STAR employs a streamlined three-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architecture that reduces model parameters by 33% compared to conventional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) designs while maintaining strong temporal modeling capability. To enhance signal quality, STAR incorporates a multi-stage pre-processing pipeline consisting of median filtering, an eighth-order Butterworth low-pass filtering, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to denoise CSI amplitude measurements and extract stable spatial-temporal features. For on-device deployment, the system is implemented on a Rockchip RV1126 processor equipped with an embedded Neural Processing Unit (NPU) and interfaced with an ESP32-S3 CSI acquisition module. Experimental results demonstrate a mean recognition accuracy of 93.52% across seven activity classes and 99.11% for human-presence detection using a compact 97.6k-parameter model. INT8-quantized inference achieves a processing throughput of 33 MHz with only 8% CPU utilization, achieving a six-fold improvement in inference speed over CPU-based execution. With sub-second response latency and low power consumption, the system ensures real-time, privacy-preserving HAR, offering a practical, scalable solution for mobile and pervasive computing environments. Full article

Forests are among the most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems, in which small mammals play an important ecological role. Their presence is influenced by various habitat parameters, including vegetation structure, microclimate, food resources, and human-driven forest management practices. The aim of our study was to assess rodent diversity across different forests, with a particular focus on forest stand age and forest plant communities. For this purpose, we analyzed 17 years of forest rodent monitoring data across five forest plant communities. This study represents the first long-term monitoring results of small mammals in managed forests of continental Croatia. Trapping was conducted as part of routine rodent monitoring in state-owned forests, incorporating data collected from various research projects. The results showed that lowland forests, particularly floodplain oak forests, exhibited higher biodiversity compared to other forest plant communities. In addition, younger stands exhibited higher species richness than older stands. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that Microtus species were associated with lowland forests and younger stands. Overall, the findings demonstrate that both forest plant communities and stand age play important roles in shaping rodent diversity in continental Croatian forests. The obtained data provide a basis for optimizing forest management practices in continental forests. Full article

The cryopreservation of pre-implantation embryos has become routine in medically assisted reproduction (MAR), and the proportion of frozen embryo transfers has steadily increased in recent years. Because cryopreservation through either slow-cooling protocols or ultra-rapid vitrification requires potentially cytotoxic cryoprotective agents to prevent uncontrolled and detrimental ice crystal formation, the safety of these procedures must be carefully considered. Evidence from human epidemiological studies, including retrospective and prospective controlled studies, and data from national patient registries indicate that children born after frozen embryo transfer have a higher birth weight than those born after spontaneous conception and have an increased risk of rare genomic imprinting disorders, such as Beckwith–Wiedemann, Silver–Russell, or Prader–Willi syndrome. Encompassing not only reversible DNA methylation patterns established during gametogenesis, but also the timed abundance and availability of transcripts and proteins required to establish or maintain epigenetic marks throughout development and differentiation, as well as persistent or transient post-translational histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, the epigenome may be particularly sensitive to cryopreservation. Importantly, epigenetic regulation is highly complex. Alterations of the epigenome at any developmental stage are often not monocausal, do not necessarily result in immediate disturbances in the pre-implantation embryo, and are unlikely to operate through simple all-or-nothing mechanisms; however, they may have long-lasting effects at later developmental stages. To make matters even more complex, differences between species in terms of epigenetic regulation or lineage differentiation are well known and translation from animal model systems to humans must be considered with caution. More recently, epigenetic regulation by non-coding RNAs has also come into focus, as these molecules are crucial, either directly or indirectly, for gene expression, translation, and protein biosynthesis during development. Therefore, assessing potential adverse effects of cryopreservation on the entire epigenome remains a major challenge, particularly because little is known about indirect factors, such as post-translational histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. In this review, we focus on the potential influence of the cryopreservation of pre-implantation embryos on the epigenetic profile in humans and animals. Specifically, we consider DNA methylation of imprinted genes and global DNA methylation; post-translational histone modifications; the abundance and availability of transcripts and proteins required to establish, maintain, or protect epigenetic patterns; and the presence of non-coding RNAs involved in epigenetic control. Full article

The atmospheric air quality is one of the crucial factors determining people’s health, duration and quality of life. The importance of ammonia (NH₃) and ethylene (C₂H₄) is due to the fact that they are precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and phytotoxicants, which significantly affect air quality, cause human diseases and damage plants. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry is a powerful tool for long-term monitoring of the atmospheric gas composition, including toxic gases. The paper presents the results of atmospheric FTIR measurements of NH₃ and C₂H₄ at the St. Petersburg State University observational site (59.88° N, 29.83° E, 20 m above sea level) located in a suburb of greater Saint Petersburg. This work demonstrates the applicability of the ground-based atmospheric FTIR spectroscopy to long-term monitoring of air pollution in urbanized areas and in particular to provide information on the NH₃ and C₂H₄ abundance in the atmosphere, including the analysis of their annual cycle, long-term trends, and positive anomalies. It was shown that for NH₃ and C₂H₄, a statistically significant decrease in column-averaged dry-air mole fraction values (X_NH3 and X_C2H4) was observed, amounting to (−2.3 ± 0.2)%/year for the 2009–2025 period and with the rate (−2.2 ± 0.4)%/year for the 2016–2025 period, respectively. Periodically recorded X_NH3 anomalies indicate the presence of intensive emission sources in the region, subjecting ecosystems in adjacent areas to constant exposure to NH₃ concentrations exceeding the critical level. Anomalously high values of X_NH3 and X_C2H4 were recorded simultaneously only once—on 17 October 2017. Using data on HCN total column (as a forest fire indicator) and the results of atmospheric dispersion modeling, it was shown that this pollution event was caused by the influence of biomass burning products emitted from wildfires located approximately 250 km to the north-west from the observational site in the Helsinki area (Finland). Full article

Nowadays, technology is developing so rapidly that it implicitly drives economic growth by increasing the productivity of artificial products. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are increasingly recognized as emerging contaminants in cosmetic formulations, raising concerns about their ability to alter hormonal homeostasis through long-term, low-dose exposure. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize current evidence on the presence, mechanisms of action, and health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals commonly found in cosmetic formulations, as well as existing regulatory frameworks and gaps in consumer protection. A systematic search across major scientific databases for studies published between 2000 and March 2026 was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, yielding 102 eligible studies. The most commonly identified endocrine disruptors were parabens, phthalates, benzophenones, and triclosan. Evidence shows that these compounds can mimic or block endogenous hormones, disrupt estrogenic, androgenic, and thyroid pathways, and contribute to reproductive, metabolic, and developmental disturbances. Several studies reported bioaccumulation in human tissues and measurable internal exposure with higher vulnerability in pregnant women and adolescents. Current evidence supports a biologically plausible and clinically relevant association between exposure to cosmetic-derived endocrine disruptors and adverse health outcomes. Despite regulatory progress, major gaps persist in long-term exposure assessment, mixture toxicity, and cumulative real-world risk. Strengthening surveillance, harmonizing international regulations, and encouraging safer cosmetic formulations remain essential to reducing population exposure. Although regulatory measures have been introduced, comprehensive protocols for the use of endocrine disruptors in cosmetics are still under development; additional targeted research is required to refine health risk assessments and strengthen regulatory frameworks. Full article

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characterized by environmental persistence, water solubility, and a growing global presence, resulting primarily from the degradation of fluorinated compounds. Evidence suggests that plant-based foods may represent an underestimated exposure route, with wine emerging as a significant dietary source due to accumulation in soils, irrigation water, and plant uptake. This review provides an updated summary of the evidence on the environmental sources and temporal evolution of TFA in wine, its analytical detection, its contribution to dietary exposure, potential implications for human health, and current regulatory attention. A structured but non-systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus, supplemented by European reports and monitoring data, and in accordance with SANRA guidelines. Evidence shows that TFA concentrations in wine derive from widespread environmental sources and have increased over time, from negligible levels before the 1970s to a marked increase in recent decades. Reported concentrations range from tens to several hundred µg/L, despite analytical challenges. Exposure estimates indicate that wine may contribute significantly to total dietary TFA intake in regular consumers. Although toxicological data suggest low acute toxicity, uncertainties remain regarding long-term exposure, and regulatory limits for TFA in foods and beverages are lacking. Full article