Search Results (293)

Open-pit coal mining in arid and desert regions causes extensive and persistent surface disturbance, yet long-term monitoring of disturbance and backfilling processes remains challenging. Existing time-series change detection approaches can identify spectral changes but provide limited information on mining disturbance types and their evolution pathways. To address this issue, an automated surface disturbance detection method (Auto-SD) was developed for open-pit coal mines in arid and desert environments. This method integrates disturbance-type identification and temporal information extraction using the tasseled cap brightness (TCB) component to characterize changes associated with surface material exposure and accumulation. Using Landsat imagery from 1990 to 2023, Auto-SD was applied to 89 open-pit coal mines in China’s arid and desert regions, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 0.84. The cumulative disturbed area reached 423.10 km², while the internal dumping area reached 94.25 km², indicating limited backfilling recovery. Disturbance intensified after 2006, whereas backfilling lagged behind, forming a trajectory of rapid expansion, delayed recovery, and gradual stabilization. Spatially, mining areas exhibited a progressive transition from external dumping to internal dumping and backfilling. Furthermore, cumulative pit area generally followed an S-shaped growth pattern with mining duration. These findings provide new insights into long-term mining landscape evolution and support ecological restoration assessment and sustainable resource management in arid mining regions. Full article

Urbanization and agricultural expansion have led to widespread habitat loss and fragmentation, profoundly altering avian community structure. To understand how different habitat types shape bird diversity and assembly rules, we investigated bird communities across four major habitats (farmland, forest, urban, and wetland) in Henan province. Our results showed that wetland habitats supported the highest species richness, while forest habitats exhibited the highest Shannon–Wiener diversity and evenness. Rarefaction curves indicated that wetland and forest communities harbored the greatest species diversity even with increased sampling effort, while farmland communities showed early saturation. Venn diagram analysis revealed that 30.0% of species were unique to wetlands, 25.0% to forests, 8.3% to urban areas, and only 5.0% to farmland, with limited species overlap across habitats. Rank-abundance distribution (RAD) models varied significantly by habitat: the lognormal distribution best described farmland communities, preemption fit forest and wetland communities, and the Mandelbrot distribution best fit urban communities. Indicator species analysis identified Spilopelia chinensis as a significant indicator for farmland habitats (Indicator Value = 0.938, p < 0.01), reflecting its strong association with open agricultural landscapes. NMDS ordination (Stress = 0.152) showed partial overlap in community composition across habitats, while redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that longitude (15.3% variance explained), latitude, altitude, and temperature collectively shaped bird community structure. These findings highlight that habitat type is a key driver of avian diversity and community assembly, with forests and wetlands serving as critical refuges for diverse bird communities. Urban and farmland habitats, while supporting lower diversity, host specialized species adapted to human-altered conditions. Our study emphasizes the need for multi-habitat conservation strategies to maintain avian biodiversity in fragmented landscapes. Full article

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is a key component of terrestrial ecosystems, playing a critical role in climate regulation and ecosystem productivity. Despite its economic importance, the impacts of the expansion of khat (Catha edulis) cultivation at the expense of other land uses and its intensive management practices on the depletion of soil carbon content are overlooked in Eastern Ethiopia. This study aimed to estimate and map SOC stocks using multispectral Sentinel-2 and RapidEye imagery, combined with environmental, soil, and topographic variables, across khat-dominated landscapes in the Haramaya District of Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 88 soil samples were collected and analyzed to quantify SOC stocks. Random Forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms were employed to predict SOC stocks. The dataset was stratified into training (70%) and an independent validation (30%) subset. Model development was performed using five-fold cross-validation on the training dataset, while final performance was assessed on the independent validation set using the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Laboratory-measured SOC stocks ranged from 24.99 to 65.94 Mg C ha⁻¹, with a mean value of 36.88 Mg C ha⁻¹. The predicted spatial SOC stocks ranged from 30.4 to 50.4 Mg C ha⁻¹ using RapidEye data and from 32.8 to 51.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ using Sentinel-2, with Sentinel-2 producing slightly higher mean estimates. The lowest SOC stocks were consistently observed in bare, grass, and shrub land-use types across both datasets. RF demonstrated superior performance compared with XGBoost, achieving moderate predictive performance for both the RapidEye (R² = 0.56, RMSE = 5.91 Mg C ha⁻¹) and Sentinel-2 (R² = 0.42, RMSE = 6.90 Mg C ha⁻¹) datasets. This result indicates that RF provided greater robustness for SOC stock prediction under the heterogeneous environmental conditions of khat-dominated agricultural landscapes. Topographic and soil-related variables, particularly the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), land surface temperature (LST), and clay content, were identified as the most influential predictors in both models. Although less consistent, remote sensing indices such as GNDVI, BSI, and NDWI also contributed to SOC prediction. While both sensors proved effective for SOC mapping, a measurable sensor-related effect was observed. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating multisource remote sensing, environmental, soil, and topographic variables with machine learning for SOC stock mapping in khat-dominated landscapes. This approach provides valuable spatial information to understand SOC variability and support sustainable land management and climate change mitigation strategies in Eastern Ethiopia. Full article

Western Siberia is one of the largest high-latitude lowland peatland regions on Earth and stores vast amounts of organic carbon in landscapes where vegetation, hydrology and fire are strongly regulated by permafrost. However, the long-term interactions among fire disturbance, permafrost dynamics, peatland development and forest–mire vegetation change remain insufficiently resolved. Here, we reconstructed regional vegetation dynamics, local mire succession, permafrost evolution and fire activity in the subarctic Pur–Taz interfluve, Western Siberia, during the Early to Middle Holocene from 11.2 to 4.4 cal kyr BP. The study combines pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, microcharcoal records, principal component analysis and comparison with modern surface-sample analogues. The record documents a transition from Early Holocene larch–birch forest-tundra with no close modern analogue to increasingly heterogeneous forest–mire and shrub-tundra landscapes. After 9.5 cal kyr BP, Betula pubescens declined and Picea obovata pollen increased, with the strongest spruce signal between ca. 5.5 and 4.7 cal kyr BP. However, this pattern did not necessarily reflect a uniform regional expansion of spruce. Integrated fire reconstruction, based on microcharcoal peaks, Gelasinospora-type and declines in Betula pubescens-type pollen, indicates that recurrent fires after 8.0 cal kyr BP preferentially affected well-drained birch–larch uplands, whereas wetter riparian habitats acted as refugia for spruce. This landscape contrast increased the relative contribution of Picea pollen from fire-protected valleys, producing an apparent, partly artefactual spruce expansion signal. Locally, an open lake present at 11.2 cal kyr BP was transformed into a peatland after ca. 9.7 cal kyr BP. Cooling associated with the 8.2 cal kyr BP event promoted permafrost aggradation and polygonal mire initiation, whereas subsequent thaw and subsidence favoured waterlogging and mesotrophic fen development. Repeated alternation between permafrost aggradation, oligotrophication, degradation and renewed waterlogging culminated in polygonal microrelief by 6.1–5.3 cal kyr BP. These results show that Holocene vegetation change in the Pur–Taz interfluve was not controlled by climate alone, but by spatially heterogeneous feedbacks among permafrost state, peatland hydrology, fire disturbance and pollen-source structure. The West Siberian record provides a palaeoecological analogue for anticipating nonlinear vegetation and fire-regime responses in permafrost lowlands under ongoing Arctic warming. Full article

Understanding long-term changes in agricultural landscapes is essential for assessing the sustainability of land-use systems and guiding agro-environmental policy. This study analyzes three decades of landscape simplification and natural habitat complexity (1990–2018) across three spatial scales—Europe, Spain, and Extremadura—using CORINE Land Cover data and generalized additive models (GAMs). Four agricultural systems were examined: total agriculture, vineyards, olive groves, and rice fields. For each year and region, 1000 randomly selected 1 km buffers were used to quantify the proportions of focal crops and natural habitat as indicators of landscape simplification and complexity, respectively. Results showed that landscape simplification was widespread and statistically significant across most agricultural systems, particularly in Spanish vineyards (p = 3.02 × 10⁻⁵) and rice fields (p = 3.74 × 10⁻⁵). Temporal analyses indicated declining simplification trends in Europe and Spain (approximately −1.5%), whereas Extremadura exhibited increasing simplification (+1.5%) and a decline in landscape complexity after 2006. Landscape complexity showed fewer significant trends, with Europe and Spain displaying slight increases over time, whereas Extremadura shifted from initial complexity gains to a decline after 2006, indicating pressures from irrigation expansion and crop intensification. Overall, the results reveal marked spatial differences in agricultural landscape trajectories, demonstrating how intensification processes depend on crop type, regional context, and policy frameworks. This multi-scale analysis provides a quantitative basis for designing land-use policies that preserve ecological connectivity, promote diversification, and strengthen the long-term sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Full article

The ecological environment of Qinghai Lake is fragile and exhibits a pronounced response to climate change. Its unique natural conditions render its tourism activities particularly sensitive to climatic variations. However, existing studies rarely examine the impacts of climate change on tourism activities in climate-sensitive regions of high-altitude inland lakes, such as Qinghai Lake. Therefore, this paper takes Qinghai Lake as a case study to investigate the effects of climate change on tourist perception and tourism demand, thereby providing a scientific basis for decision-making by scenic area managers. The results are as follows: (1) In recent decades, the warming and humidification trend of Qinghai Lake has been clear, and the number of comfortable days for tourism has increased significantly, which has had a direct positive effect on the experience of tourists. (2) Climate change has caused changes in the natural ecology and landscape quality of Qinghai Lake, which has indirectly affected the tourism experience as follows: the expansion of the lake has increased the willingness of tourists to travel; the inundation of Bird Island and Sand Island has reduced the willingness of tourists to travel; and the increase in the number of animals and plants along with the enrichment of biological diversity has increased the willingness of tourists to travel. (3) Different types of tourists respond to the impact of climate change to varying degrees. Among them, female tourists and tourist groups with a higher level of education respond more strongly to climate change and its impacts. Full article

The sustainable management of land resources and the formulation of land policies are closely linked to the stability and health of terrestrial ecological systems, which in turn underpin sustainable regional economic, social, and environmental development. However, land use change has a time effect on the environment and requires long-term observation to discover its impact on landscape patterns. The Yellow River Basin functions as a critical ecological barrier in northern China, where land use changes are particularly intense in the transitional zone between its middle and lower reaches. Using Landsat imagery as the data source, this study adopts the Random Forest (RF) algorithm to classify eight sets of sequential data covering a 35-year period from 1990 to 2025 in the study area. Landscape pattern metrics and transfer matrices are employed to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use changes. Additionally, land expansion analysis strategies and the RF algorithm are applied to identify the relative importance of different driving factors. The results show that: (1) The classification accuracy based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform remains consistently high, exceeding 90% across all phases. (2) Patch density decreases significantly, while the largest patch index continues to decline; the Shannon diversity index shows a fluctuating upward trend, and the aggregation index exhibits a slight increase. (3) Mutual conversions among farmland, forest, and grassland are the dominant processes driving land use changes in the region. (4) The Digital Elevation Model (DEM), construction land area distribution, and distance to primary roads are the key factors influencing land use patterns, with human activities acting as the primary driver of land use type transformations in the area. Full article

Understanding mosquito diversity in natural environments under anthropogenic influence or undergoing vegetation recovery is essential for comprehending potential behavioral changes and adaptations in the activity patterns of these populations. Within this context, this study aimed to investigate the oviposition activity, seasonal abundance, hatching dynamics, and sex ratio of medically important Culicidae species using ovitraps as an entomological surveillance tool, with special attention to Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Aedes terrens, and Aedes albopictus, and to analyze their distribution within an agroforestry area. The study was conducted at Sítio Terra Boa, a rural property managed under an agroforestry system, in the municipality of Silva Jardim, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between August 2021 and June 2025. Ten ovitraps were installed at a height of approximately 2 m above ground level and randomly distributed around an area cultivated with açaí (Euterpe oleracea) and peach palm (Bactris gasipaes). Collections were conducted monthly, and the paddles were replaced and subsequently sent to the laboratory for analysis. The 47-month study provided valuable data regarding the ecology of these species in an agroforestry environment. Haemagogus leucocelaenus was the dominant species throughout the study, and mosquito abundance peaked during the warmer months, particularly from December to April. The results revealed seasonal fluctuations in populations, species-specific oviposition patterns in response to environmental changes, displacement of sylvatic species such as Hg. leucocelaenus toward anthropized areas, and the expansion of urban vectors such as Ae. albopictus into forest matrices. The higher abundance of Hg. leucocelaenus in the ovitraps suggests that this species may persist in agroforestry areas; however, comparative studies across different landscape types are needed to evaluate its ecological adaptation. The coexistence of Haemagogus and Aedes species within the same forest fragment under anthropogenic interference reinforces the need for continuous entomological surveillance in these environments. These findings contribute to understanding vector ecology in recovering Atlantic Forest environments and provide support for future control programs. Full article

Blockchain technology has introduced a rapidly expanding range of consensus mechanisms, each designed to satisfy different operational requirements related to security, scalability, decentralization, transaction throughput, and energy efficiency. Selecting an appropriate consensus mechanism has consequently become a complex multi-criteria decision problem, particularly for developers and organizations without extensive expertise in distributed systems and blockchain architectures. Existing tools primarily address protocol benchmarking and static documentation, leaving the decision-support dimension largely unaddressed. This paper presents a web-based expert system designed to support the selection of blockchain consensus mechanisms according to specific user-defined operational requirements. The proposed solution was implemented using the MERN technology stack, consisting of MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js, enabling a modular and scalable architecture suitable for future expansion and maintenance. The recommendation process is based on a two-phase filtering and scoring algorithm. In the first phase, mechanisms incompatible with mandatory user-defined constraints, including network type and key resource type, are systematically eliminated. In the second phase, the remaining mechanisms are ranked using attribute matching across criteria encompassing energy efficiency, scalability, security, decentralization, and transaction speed. The system returns the three most suitable consensus mechanisms for the given operational scenario together with their key characteristics. In addition to recommendation functionality, the application supports user authentication, recommendation history management, and administrative maintenance of the consensus mechanism database, which currently contains 38 distinct blockchain consensus protocols. Experimental evaluation through twelve representative usage scenarios demonstrated that the system consistently produces contextually relevant recommendations aligned with user-specified requirements. A comparative analysis with existing tools confirms that the proposed system occupies a distinct decision-support role currently absent from the available tooling landscape. A comparative analysis against four representative existing tools indicates that the proposed system combines a set of decision-support capabilities not jointly offered by any one of them. The presented approach contributes a transparent and extensible decision-support framework intended to simplify architectural planning and management of blockchain-based distributed systems. Full article

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades, evolving from a laboratory curiosity into one of the most actively investigated solvent platforms in green chemistry. Yet, despite this rapid expansion, and although the field is well served by numerous topical reviews, it still lacks a corpus-wide, cross-disciplinary synthesis capable of guiding strategic research priorities, identifying critical knowledge gaps, and informing policy and industrial investment decisions. The present work addresses this need through a thorough analysis of global DES research from 2003 to 2025, based on a deduplicated corpus of 17,757 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus following PRISMA-adapted screening guidelines. The analysis maps temporal publication dynamics, geographic and institutional contributions, thematic evolution, journal landscape, component usage patterns, international collaboration networks, market projections, and alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The results document an exponential growth trajectory—from a single publication in 2004 to 3954 in 2025 (CAGR > 30%)—and reveal a clear thematic transition from early electrochemistry-dominated research toward extraction, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications, with machine-learning-assisted design and hydrophobic DES formulations emerging as the most dynamic current frontiers. China leads global output with 6819 publications (38.4%), while the United States and Malaysia achieve the highest citation-per-publication ratios among the leading nations (≈46.7 and ≈38.9, respectively, versus ≈27.6 for China), and Spain pairs a comparatively modest output with a high h-index, indicating that impact is large relative to volume. Type III DESs and NADESs collectively account for approximately 69% of the literature, with choline chloride present in 72% of reported formulations. The global DES market, valued at approximately USD 166 million in 2024, is projected to reach USD 370 million by 2030. Despite this progress, critical translational barriers persist: fewer than 0.3% of publications include techno-economic or life cycle assessment analysis, standardized characterization protocols remain absent, and toxicological datasets are systematically incomplete. This panoramic analysis is intended to serve as an evidence-based reference for researchers prioritizing future directions, for funding agencies assessing the maturity and needs of the field, and for industrial stakeholders evaluating the readiness of DES technologies for scale-up. Full article

Ecosystem services (ESs) underpin human well-being and regional development by linking ecological processes with human land–use activities. However, for arid oasis urban agglomerations, evidence remains limited on long-term ES changes, landscape-type contributions, and future responses under alternative development pathways. We quantified five ESs in the UCS from 1990 to 2020 using InVEST and statistical allocation methods and related the resulting service maps to landscape-type contributions and service-pair relationships. The PLUS model generated 2030 land–use pathways, which were used to compare ES responses under BAU, ED, and EP scenarios. The LEAS module identified how climatic, socioeconomic, topographic, and accessibility factors contributed to land–use expansion and thereby indirectly shaped ES patterns. The results show that (1) from 1990 to 2020, food production (FP) increased with fluctuations from 16.30 to 62.06 t·km⁻², whereas water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ) declined by 27.8%, 5.7%, 27.0%, and 5.4%, respectively; (2) the five ecosystem services showed clear spatial heterogeneity, with food production characterized by high values in the central oasis plain and low values in the northern and southern parts, whereas the other four services showed a south-high/north-low gradient; forestland, grassland, and water bodies were the major landscape types supporting ecosystem-service supply; (3) ecosystem-service interactions changed dynamically: FP showed clear Pearson trade-offs with HQ and weak trade-offs with SC, whereas WY-CS, WY-SC, CS-SC, SC-HQ, WY-HQ, and CS-HQ were mainly synergistic; FP-WY and FP-CS also showed positive Pearson correlations, indicating that food-production expansion in oasis areas was partly coupled with water-resource and cropland–related carbon-storage patterns; and (4) the 2030 scenario simulations showed differentiated responses: under BAU and ED, FP remained nearly stable or slightly decreased, whereas WY, CS, SC, and HQ increased slightly; under EP, all five services improved relative to 2020, with FP, WY, CS, SC, and HQ increasing by approximately 4.08%, 2.33%, 3.13%, 9.60%, and 0.79%, respectively, making EP the most favorable pathway for enhancing ecosystem-service supply and mitigating FP-related trade-offs. The results identify where provisioning gains conflict with water, soil, carbon, and habitat functions and provide a basis for differentiated oasis management in Urumqi, Changji, Shihezi, and Wujiaqu. Full article

Long-term forest landscape change in mountainous rural areas reflects interactions among land-use pressure, forest structure and human activities. This study had two primary objectives: (i) to quantify 53 years of change in forest extent, stand structure and landscape configuration in the Kümbet Planning Unit in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye and (ii) to evaluate associations of annual registered forest crime counts with election-year status and broader-scale population and real per capita income indicators while treating the crime records as contextual indicators of recorded pressure rather than as causal measures of landscape change. Forest stand-type maps from 1971, 2013 and 2024 were analyzed using LULC transition matrices and landscape metrics. Annual registered forest crime records for 1981–2025 were examined in relation to election-year status, the provincial population and real per capita income using correlation analysis and negative binomial regression, with linearly interpolated annual forest area included as an exposure offset. Total forest area declined from 6747.8 to 6298.1 ha, whereas agricultural land increased from 637.3 to 2177.7 ha. Degraded forest and open areas decreased, and 44.3% of the study area changed land-cover type. Landscape fragmentation increased between 1971 and 2013, followed by partial spatial consolidation between 2013 and 2024. Election-year status and real per capita income were not significantly associated with annual registered forest crime counts. Within the 1981–2025 study period, the provincial population showed a positive temporal association with registered forest crime counts. Each increase of 10,000 persons corresponded to an approximately 7.5% increase in the expected registered forest crime rate, but this relationship should not be interpreted as a direct local demographic effect. Registered forest crime density did not differ significantly among management-related periods. The temporal correspondence between higher crime density and stronger fragmentation was descriptive and did not establish causality. These findings demonstrate that forest conservation and landscape-restoration planning should integrate forest extent, stand structure, land-cover transitions, landscape configuration and appropriately scaled administrative indicators of recorded forest-related pressure. Full article

Background: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a clonal mast cell (MC) neoplasm driven by somatically acquired activating mutations in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117), resulting in pathological accumulation of morphologically atypical MCs in extracutaneous organs. The KIT D816V substitution is detectable in over 95% of cases by high-sensitivity next-generation sequencing (NGS) or allele-specific PCR. This gain-of-function variant confers ligand-independent receptor autophosphorylation, leading to constitutive activation of downstream signaling cascades that promote MC progenitor survival, clonal expansion, and resistance to apoptosis. Co-occurring somatic mutations in TET2, SRSF2, ASXL1, CBL, and RUNX1, increasingly identified in the context of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, are associated with more aggressive phenotypes and independently confer adverse prognostic impact. Results: The 2022 WHO classification delineates indolent forms from advanced-phase SM, aggressive SM, SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm (SM-AHN), and MC leukemia, which produce progressive end-organ damage through both neoplastic tissue infiltration and uncontrolled mediator release. Formal diagnosis requires integration of histological criteria (multifocal bone marrow MC aggregates of ≥15 cells), immunophenotypic aberrancies (CD25, CD2, and/or CD30 coexpression on MCs by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry), biochemical markers (baseline serum tryptase ≥ 20 ng/mL), and molecular confirmation of KIT D816V or equivalent pathogenic KIT mutation. The development of type I KIT inhibitors with selectivity for the D816V-mutant conformation has fundamentally restructured the therapeutic field of advanced SM. Conclusions: This review provides a thorough synthesis of SM pathobiology, WHO-defined diagnostic and classification criteria, validated prognostic tools, and the developing landscape of KIT-directed and combination therapies, with direct translational relevance for specialist practitioners managing this heterogeneous myeloid neoplasm. Full article

Mutator-like elements (MULEs) are a major DNA transposon superfamily. The evolutionary profiles of MULE transposons and their impact on arthropod genomes remain largely unexplored. Here, we define the evolutionary landscape—including distribution, diversity, structure, and activity—of MULE transposons across 4268 assembled arthropod genomes. Systematic analysis reveals a divergent evolutionary profile. From the sampled genomes, 222 arthropod species harbor MULE transposons, comprising 322 distinct elements. Phylogenetic analysis divides arthropod MULE transposons into twelve clades. The majority of species (164) carry only one type of MULE transposon, while 51 species contain two or three types, and a few host multiple types (4–9). Copy numbers vary significantly, ranging from 5 to 88 per species. Structural variation is pronounced: full-length MULEs range from 1.4 kb to 10.0 kb, with most falling between 2.5 kb and 5.0 kb. Low Kimura divergence in several species suggests recent MULE activity, noteworthy because most transposons are expected to be inactive. Collectively, our results show that MULEs are widely distributed yet phylogenetically structured across arthropods, with lineage-specific expansions and recent activity in several species. Full article

The fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as a compelling theranostic target because it is highly expressed in the tumour microenvironment of many solid malignancies, predominantly on cancer-associated fibroblasts and, in selected tumour types, also on tumour cells. Following the rapid clinical expansion of FAP-targeted PET imaging, FAP-targeted radionuclide therapy (FAP-TRT) is now being explored as a predominantly stromal-directed therapeutic strategy across a broad range of solid malignancies. However, unlike established theranostic paradigms, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen- and somatostatin receptor-directed radioligand therapies, FAP-TRT faces distinct biological and translational challenges, including stromal heterogeneity, variable patterns of FAP expression, and limited tumour retention of many early radioligands. This review outlines the biological rationale, mechanistic basis, radiopharmaceutical development, and emerging clinical evidence for FAP-TRT. We highlight the recent ligand-engineering strategies aimed to improve tumour residence time and absorbed dose, and to summarise the current clinical data with particular focus on dosimetry, safety, and early efficacy signals. We also discuss key future directions, including disease-focused clinical development and rational combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, DNA damage response inhibitors, and chemotherapy. Overall, the available data support the feasibility of FAP-TRT but also underscore the need for improved ligand design and biologically informed clinical development to define its role within the evolving theranostic landscape. Full article