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Keywords = iron-based adsorptive media

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17 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Bioconversion of Crude Glycerol into Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol After Pretreatment by Coupling Fermentation and In Situ Recovery: Effect of Initial pH Control
by Alejandro Ortega, Alejo Valles, Miguel Capilla, Carmen Gabaldón, Francisco Javier Álvarez-Hornos and Paula Marzal
Fermentation 2025, 11(6), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060339 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 676
Abstract
The sharp rise in the worldwide production of biodiesel has created an excess in the crude glycerol market, so it is essential to develop new added-value alternatives for crude glycerol. This paper describes a study on fermenting high concentrations of two types of [...] Read more.
The sharp rise in the worldwide production of biodiesel has created an excess in the crude glycerol market, so it is essential to develop new added-value alternatives for crude glycerol. This paper describes a study on fermenting high concentrations of two types of medium-pure crude glycerol to solvents by Clostridium pasteurianum. The effect of media composition (iron, yeast extract, and vitamins) on solvents production was assessed by a full factorial design with pure glycerol. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was highly effective in removing impurities from crude glycerol. Following GAC pretreatment, fermentation of glycerol at initial concentration as high as 60 g L−1 was possible, resulting in a butanol production of ~9 g L−1. Based on these results, a batch fermentation with in situ gas stripping and pH controlled at ≥6.5 was shown to be the best alternative to enhance biomass growth, glycerol uptake, and solvent production. The combination of controlling pH in the early stages of fermentation with in situ butanol removal stabilised the metabolism of the strain and showed that the fermentation performance with crude glycerol is very similar to that of pure glycerol. With a notable uptake of glycerol (>83%), solvent production was >11 g L−1 butanol (yield > 0.21 g g−1glycerol consumed) and >6 g L−1 1,3-propanediol (yield > 0.13 g g−1glycerol consumed). Setting the fermentation conditions to achieve a high uptake of high levels of glycerol with a similar product distribution is of great interest for the viability of the industrial processing of crude glycerol into chemicals via biological conversion. Full article
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20 pages, 5571 KiB  
Article
Utilization of the Finer Particle Fraction of Arsenic-Bearing Excavated Rock Mixed with Iron-Based Adsorbent as Sorption Layer
by Daisuke Ishigami, Takahiko Arima, Satoshi Shinohara, Yutaka Kamijima, Keijirou Ito, Tasuma Suzuki, Keita Nakajima, Walubita Mufalo and Toshifumi Igarashi
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030242 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Excavated rocks generated during tunnel construction may pose an environmental hazard due to the release of acidic leachate containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Addressing this concern requires strategic countermeasures against mitigating the release of PTEs. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel [...] Read more.
Excavated rocks generated during tunnel construction may pose an environmental hazard due to the release of acidic leachate containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Addressing this concern requires strategic countermeasures against mitigating the release of PTEs. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel approach for managing altered excavated rocks that generate acidic leachates with elevated arsenic (As) by utilizing the finer altered rock as a base material for the sorption layer. The proposed method involves classifying the altered excavated rocks into coarse (9.5–37.5 mm) and finer (<9.5 mm) fractions, with the finer fractions incorporated with iron (Fe)-based adsorbent to form a bottom sorption layer for the disposal of coarser rock samples. Leaching behavior and As immobilization efficiency were assessed through shaking, stirring leaching tests, batch sorption tests, and column tests under varying particle size fractions of the rock samples. Results indicate that altered finer rock fractions exhibit increased As leaching under shaking conditions due to enhanced dissolution. The addition of >1% of Fe-based adsorbent to the finer rock in the sorption layer effectively suppressed As leaching concentration, meeting the management criterion of <0.3 mg/L for specially controlled contaminated soils in Japan. Batch sorption tests using the finer rock samples with the Fe-based adsorbent confirmed their efficacy as effective adsorbents. This efficacy was further elucidated in column experiments consisting of the coarse rock samples and fine altered rock samples mixed with the Fe based adsorbent at the bottom as a sorption layer. Results showed that the sorption layer effectively decreased the As leached from the rock layer, utilizing the altered excavated fine rock as a base material in the sorption layer. This approach highlights the potential for repurposing excavated rocks as sorption media, enabling sustainable management strategies for As-contaminated rocks. This study provides an innovative framework for integrating adsorption-based remediation, contributing to sustainable countermeasure strategies for excavated rocks. Full article
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15 pages, 3248 KiB  
Article
Regenerating Iron-Based Adsorptive Media Used for Removing Arsenic from Water
by Ilaria Ceccarelli, Luca Filoni, Massimiliano Poli, Ciro Apollonio and Andrea Petroselli
Technologies 2023, 11(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11040094 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Of all the substances that can be present in water intended for human consumption, arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic. Many treatment technologies can be used for removing As from water, for instance, adsorption onto iron media, where commercially available adsorbents [...] Read more.
Of all the substances that can be present in water intended for human consumption, arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic. Many treatment technologies can be used for removing As from water, for instance, adsorption onto iron media, where commercially available adsorbents are removed and replaced with new media when they are exhausted. Since this is an expensive operation, in this work, a novel and portable plant for regenerating iron media has been developed and tested in four real case studies in Central Italy. The obtained results highlight the good efficiency of the system, which was able, from 2019 to 2023, to regenerate the iron media and to restore its capability to adsorb the As from water almost entirely. Indeed, when the legal threshold value of 10 μg/L is exceeded, the regeneration process is performed and, after that, the As concentration in the water effluent is at the minimum level in all the investigated case studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processing Technologies of Innovative Materials)
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18 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
Role of Silica on Clay-Catalyzed Ozonation for Total Mineralization of Bisphenol-A
by Farida Boudissa, Vasilica-Alisa Arus, Eric-Noel Foka-Wembe, Meriem Zekkari, Rachida Ouargli-Saker, David Dewez, René Roy and Abdelkrim Azzouz
Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3825; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093825 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2028
Abstract
Catalytic ozonation for the total mineralization of bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various silica-based catalysts such as mesoporous silica, acid-activated bentonite (HMt) and montmorillonite-rich materials (Mt) ion-exchanged with Na+ and Fe2+ cations (NaMt and Fe(II)Mt). [...] Read more.
Catalytic ozonation for the total mineralization of bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various silica-based catalysts such as mesoporous silica, acid-activated bentonite (HMt) and montmorillonite-rich materials (Mt) ion-exchanged with Na+ and Fe2+ cations (NaMt and Fe(II)Mt). The effects of the catalyst surface were studied by correlating the hydrophilic character and catalyst dispersion in the aqueous media to the silica content and BPA conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has barely been tackled so far. Acid-activated and iron-free clay catalysts produced complete BPA degradation in short ozonation times. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on the hydrophilic character, which, in turn, depends on the Si content. Catalyst interactions with water and BPA appear to promote hydrophobic adsorption in high Si catalysts. These findings are of great importance because they allow tailoring silica-containing catalyst properties for specific features of the waters to be treated. Full article
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15 pages, 3737 KiB  
Article
Prototype Experiments Assessing Arsenic and Iron Removal Efficiencies through Adsorption Using Natural Skye Sand
by Shahnoor Alam Khan and Monzur Alam Imteaz
Water 2023, 15(4), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040785 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2463
Abstract
Based on earlier batch and column experimental results, it was established that Skye sand is suitable for removing arsenic from water through adsorption. As a real-size prototype may not always replicate results from batch and column experiments, this paper presents experimental results on [...] Read more.
Based on earlier batch and column experimental results, it was established that Skye sand is suitable for removing arsenic from water through adsorption. As a real-size prototype may not always replicate results from batch and column experiments, this paper presents experimental results on arsenic removal through a prototype arsenic filter using the same Skye sand used in the batch and column experiments. As arsenic-contaminated water is often associated with a high concentration of iron, which causes blockage of the filter system, this study also investigates the removal of iron from the water through the same filter media. First, several physical properties of the Skye sand were established through XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX analyses. Then, a real-size prototype was made based on an earlier design of a similar filter made of iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS). It was found that the current filter is capable of removing arsenic consistently to a level below the detection limit (0.05 µg/L) for a considerable period (up to 150 bed volumes). Additionally, the same filter is capable of removing iron to a level below the WHO-acceptable limit (0.3 mg/L). Analytical calculation suggests that the current prototype filter with Skye sand can produce arsenic-free water continuously for 600 days (100 L per day) with a feed arsenic concentration of 500 µg/L. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water, Waste and Wastewater: Treatment and Resource Recovery)
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11 pages, 4513 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Fiber-Based Bag Filter Coated with Metal Oxides for Dust Adsorption
by Marichelvam Mariappan Kadarkarainadar and Geetha Mariappan
Fibers 2023, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11010010 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2901
Abstract
The production of cement increases every year, which leads to the emission of dust/gas/ particulate matter. The emission of unfiltered dust would create a significant environmental impact. Hence, it is the responsibility of industries to control the emission of dust. Air filters and [...] Read more.
The production of cement increases every year, which leads to the emission of dust/gas/ particulate matter. The emission of unfiltered dust would create a significant environmental impact. Hence, it is the responsibility of industries to control the emission of dust. Air filters and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) play a significant role in controlling pollutants. Synthetic filter media which are dangerous to our environment are widely used in most industries. The disposal of synthetic filters is an arduous task as the biodegradability of synthetic materials is poor. Hence, it is essential to develop an eco-friendly air filter material. In this paper, a new type of bag filter was designed by using natural sisal fiber as filtering media. The biodegradability of sisal fiber is better than the synthetic polyester media and also sisal fiber is less expensive. The natural fibers were coated with zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve the dust adsorption rate. Various tests were conducted as per standards to validate the performance of the filler media. The results were impressive. Hence, the proposed sisal fiber-based filter media can be used in cement industries for dust adsorption to minimize the environmental impact. Full article
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16 pages, 4222 KiB  
Article
Application of Modified Spent Mushroom Compost Biochar (SMCB/Fe) for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution
by Negisa Darajeh, Hossein Alizadeh, David W. M. Leung, Hamid Rashidi Nodeh, Shahabaldin Rezania and Hossein Farraji
Toxics 2021, 9(11), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110277 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2772
Abstract
The public is already aware that nitrate pollution caused by nutrient runoff from farms is harmful to aquatic life and human health, and there is an urgent need for a product/technology to solve this problem. A biochar adsorbent was synthesized and used to [...] Read more.
The public is already aware that nitrate pollution caused by nutrient runoff from farms is harmful to aquatic life and human health, and there is an urgent need for a product/technology to solve this problem. A biochar adsorbent was synthesized and used to remove nitrate ions from aqueous media based on spent mushroom compost (SMC), pre-treated with iron (III) chloride hexahydrate and pyrolyzed at 600 °C. The surface properties and morphology of SMCB/Fe were investigated using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of main parameters such as the adsorbent dosages, pH of the solutions, contact times, and ion concentrations on the efficiency of nitrate removal was investigated. The validity of the experimental method was examined by the isothermal adsorption and kinetic adsorption models. The nitrate sorption kinetics were found to follow the pseudo-second-order model, with a higher determination coefficient (0.99) than the pseudo-first-order (0.86). The results showed that the maximum percentage of nitrate adsorption was achieved at equilibrium pH 5–7, after 120 min of contact time, and with an adsorbent dose of 2 g L−1. The highest nitrate adsorption capacity of the modified adsorbent was 19.88 mg g−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)
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17 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
A Study of Using Natural Sorbent to Reduce Iron Cations from Aqueous Solutions
by Iveta Pandová, Miroslav Rimár, Anton Panda, Jan Valíček, Milena Kušnerová and Marta Harničárová
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103686 - 23 May 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2548
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element, but at high doses, this element may pose a health risk. Wastewater from iron ore mining, steel production, and metal processing, among other heavy metals, also contains high concentrations of iron (Fe3+). The use of [...] Read more.
Iron is an essential trace element, but at high doses, this element may pose a health risk. Wastewater from iron ore mining, steel production, and metal processing, among other heavy metals, also contains high concentrations of iron (Fe3+). The use of sorption on natural materials is a potential alternative to conventional methods for removing iron ions, also because of low cost. The methods presented in this article are based on the study of kinetic properties and the acquisition of adsorption isotherms, which are one of the most important characteristics of adsorption mechanisms. The course of sorption is analyzed according to the Freundlich sorption isotherm model. Isotherm parameters are evaluated using experimental results of ferric cation sorption. The results presented relate to the investigation of natural zeolite-clinoptilolite as a ferric cation sorbent, providing a measurement of the sorption kinetics as well as the observed sorption parameters of iron cations from aqueous media. The optimal time for equilibrium in the adsorption system is determined from the kinetic dependencies. The dependence of the achieved equilibrium concentration on the initial concentration of the solution was also expressed, both graphically and analytically. The new prediction model was compared with the traditional Freundlich model. Finally, adsorption isotherms tested under laboratory conditions for a practical application can be recommended for the preliminary examination of the possible technological use of natural zeolite in the wastewater treatment process. Full article
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20 pages, 2963 KiB  
Article
Development of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Coated with Polyacrylic Acid and Aluminum Hydroxide as an Efficient Contrast Agent for Multimodal Imaging
by Manuel Antonio González-Gómez, Sarah Belderbos, Susana Yañez-Vilar, Yolanda Piñeiro, Frederik Cleeren, Guy Bormans, Christophe M. Deroose, Willy Gsell, Uwe Himmelreich and José Rivas
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(11), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111626 - 15 Nov 2019
Cited by 80 | Viewed by 6006
Abstract
Early diagnosis of disease and follow-up of therapy is of vital importance for appropriate patient management since it allows rapid treatment, thereby reducing mortality and improving health and quality of life with lower expenditure for health care systems. New approaches include nanomedicine-based diagnosis [...] Read more.
Early diagnosis of disease and follow-up of therapy is of vital importance for appropriate patient management since it allows rapid treatment, thereby reducing mortality and improving health and quality of life with lower expenditure for health care systems. New approaches include nanomedicine-based diagnosis combined with therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs), as contrast agents for in vivo diagnosis, have the advantage of combining several imaging agents that are visible using different modalities, thereby achieving high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, high specificity, morphological, and functional information. In this work, we present the development of aluminum hydroxide nanostructures embedded with polyacrylic acid (PAA) coated iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4@Al(OH)3, synthesized by a two-step co-precipitation and forced hydrolysis method, their physicochemical characterization and first biomedical studies as dual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/positron emission tomography (PET) contrast agents for cell imaging. The so-prepared NPs are size-controlled, with diameters below 250 nm, completely and homogeneously coated with an Al(OH)3 phase over the magnetite cores, superparamagnetic with high saturation magnetization value (Ms = 63 emu/g-Fe3O4), and porous at the surface with a chemical affinity for fluoride ion adsorption. The suitability as MRI and PET contrast agents was tested showing high transversal relaxivity (r2) (83.6 mM−1 s−1) and rapid uptake of 18F-labeled fluoride ions as a PET tracer. The loading stability with 18F-fluoride was tested in longitudinal experiments using water, buffer, and cell culture media. Even though the stability of the 18F-label varied, it remained stable under all conditions. A first in vivo experiment indicates the suitability of Fe3O4@Al(OH)3 nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent for sensitive short-term (PET) and high-resolution long-term imaging (MRI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Nanomaterials for Clinical Imaging and Selective Therapy)
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18 pages, 2145 KiB  
Article
Influence of pH and Contaminant Redox Form on the Competitive Removal of Arsenic and Antimony from Aqueous Media by Coagulation
by Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Du Ri Park, Babar Aijaz Ali, Ahmed Uddin and Ick Tae Yeom
Minerals 2018, 8(12), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8120574 - 6 Dec 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5115
Abstract
In most countries, arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are regulated pollutants, due to their significant impacts on the environment and human health. Iron-based (Fe) coagulants play a fundamental role in the removal of both elements from aqueous media. This study aims to investigate [...] Read more.
In most countries, arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are regulated pollutants, due to their significant impacts on the environment and human health. Iron-based (Fe) coagulants play a fundamental role in the removal of both elements from aqueous media. This study aims to investigate the competitive removal of As and Sb in relation to Fe solubility. Coagulation experiments were conducted in synthetic water under various pH and contaminant loading, using ferric chloride (FC) as a coagulant. In the single system, the pentavalent species significantly reduced the Fe solubility and thereby enhanced the mobility of As and Sb under these environmental conditions. The coexistence of pentavalent and trivalent species in the binary system considerably decreases the Fe solubility at acidic conditions while enhancing the dissolution under alkaline conditions, thus affecting the overall removal of both species. The presence of four redox species in the quaternary system decreases the Fe solubility remarkably over a wide pH range, with better Sb removal, as compared to As under similar conditions. The adsorption study of the single system showed a decrease in As(V) adsorption capacity at higher concentration, while in the binary system, the Sb(III) showed strong adsorption potential, compared to other species. In the quaternary system, the presence of all four redox species has a synergistic effect on total Sb adsorption, in comparison to the total As. Furthermore, the results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of FC composite contaminant flocs confirm that the combined effect of charge neutralization and inner sphere complexation might be a possible removal mechanism. These findings may facilitate the fate, transport and comparative removal of redox species in the heterogeneous aquatic environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arsenic Geochemistry and Health)
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