Search Results (426)

Coptodon zillii and Oreochromis niloticus are dominant invasive fish species that have successfully established and coexisted in the Jinghong Reservoir of the lower Lancang River, Southwest China. To explore the mechanisms underlying their invasion and coexistence from the perspective of reproductive traits, we conducted monthly sampling from January to December 2025 to compare key reproductive parameters, including size at first sexual maturity, sex ratio, breeding season, spawning pattern and fecundity. The results showed that the predicted sizes at first sexual maturity for females and males of C. zillii (83.4 mm and 81.7 mm, respectively) were significantly smaller than those of O. niloticus (127.7 mm and 125.8 mm, respectively). Both species exhibited early sexual maturation. The sex ratio of C. zillii was approximately 1:1, whereas that of O. niloticus was significantly female-biased. The breeding season of C. zillii lasted from April to September, peaking in May and June, while O. niloticus spawned from May to November, with a peak in August, showing a staggered temporal distribution. Both species were batch spawners; however, O. niloticus had significantly larger egg diameters than C. zillii. Absolute fecundity, length-relative fecundity and weight-relative fecundity were significantly higher in C. zillii than in O. niloticus. Moreover, the absolute fecundity of C. zillii showed stronger correlations with body length, body weight, net weight and gonadal weight. C. zillii adopted a more r-selected strategy, while O. niloticus exhibited a more K-selected strategy. The two species displayed clear divergence in their reproductive strategies, including size at maturity, breeding season, egg diameter and fecundity, which reduced interspecific competition and promoted niche separation and coexistence in the Jinghong Reservoir. Full article

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), resulting in limited options for targeted therapy and high rates of metastasis, recurrence and death. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as central mediators of TNBC pathophysiology, functioning as key intercellular communication vehicles transporting oncogenic proteins, nucleic acids; lipids, and metabolites. These EV-mediated interactions promote tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, immune evasion, metastatic niche formation, and therapeutic resistance. Given their stability, accessibility, and molecular complexity, EVs also represent promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for TNBC. Advances in isolation and molecular profiling technologies have enabled the identification of EV-associated signatures that predict therapeutic response and stratify patient risk. Beyond their utility as biomarkers, EVs are rapidly emerging as therapeutic targets and delivery platforms, demonstrating efficacy in transporting chemotherapeutics, RNA-based therapeutics, immune modulators, and photosensitizers with enhanced targeting specificity and therapeutic efficiency. Collectively, EVs play a multifaceted role in TNBC biology, serving simultaneously as drivers of disease progression, minimally invasive biomarkers, and versatile therapeutic vehicles. The integration of EV-centered diagnostics, multi-omic profiling, and engineered therapeutics holds significant potential to transform TNBC management and advance precision oncology for this challenging breast cancer subtype. Full article

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are among the most important myeloid cell populations in the tumor microenvironment of digestive system tumors and are characterized by marked plasticity, heterogeneity, and context dependence. This review focuses on gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers as representative digestive system solid tumors in which TAM spatial organization has been increasingly characterized by single-cell and spatial omics studies. Traditional M1/M2 polarization or fixed subtype-based classification is insufficient to capture the continuous state transitions of TAMs across tumor types, disease stages, and tissue regions. Recent evidence suggests that TAM heterogeneity reflects dynamic functional states shaped within distinct spatial niches by local oxygen supply, metabolic stress, stromal architecture, vascular status, and interactions with neighboring cells. From a spatial-niche perspective, this review synthesizes current evidence on TAM distribution patterns, phenotypic changes, and functional biases across six recurrent spatial contexts: the hypoxic core, invasive front, fibrotic septa, perivascular regions, tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)-adjacent regions, and necrotic borders. By linking these niches with cross-niche functional axes and evidence-supported molecular programs, we provide a structured niche-to-function framework for comparing TAM spatial heterogeneity and its major functional dimensions, including metabolic adaptation, tissue remodeling, and immune-inflammatory regulation. This context-sensitive framework may help guide future studies of niche-specific TAM reprogramming and rational combinations with immunotherapy and other treatment strategies. Full article

The intratumoral microbiota has emerged as a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), with accumulating evidence indicating that its biological functions are influenced not only by microbial composition but also by their spatial organization within tumor tissues. This review summarizes the historical development and potential origins of intratumoral microbiota, and elaborates on the concept and biological significance of spatial heterogeneity. Based on recurrent spatial distribution patterns reported across different tumor types, we propose a conceptual framework comprising several putative spatial niches, including hypoxic/necrotic, immune-enriched, stromal-associated, invasive/metastatic, and intracellular niches. We further discuss the potential mechanisms contributing to the establishment and maintenance of spatial heterogeneity. The clinical significance of spatial microbial signatures is critically evaluated, alongside a comprehensive overview of spatial analytical methodologies, ranging from in situ hybridization and immunology-based approaches to emerging spatial omics and multi-omics integration strategies. Finally, we address key challenges and limitations, including contamination control, causal inference, barriers to clinical translation, and the underexplored spatial dimensions of the intratumoral mycobiome and virome. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying critical gaps, this review aims to provide a conceptual and methodological framework for advancing spatially resolved investigations of intratumoral microbiota and facilitating their potential translational applications in precision oncology. Full article

Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten coastal wetland ecosystems, and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is among the most damaging invaders along the coast of China. We compiled occurrence records from the invaded range (China) and native range (United States) and retained 358 and 291 spatially thinned occurrences after quality control and definition of coastal-accessible areas. We assembled climatic, topographic, land use, soil and anthropogenic predictors and fitted species distribution models using the biomod2 ensemble-modeling framework, complemented by an ecospat-based comparison of native and invaded niche spaces. The ensemble model (EM) showed high predictive accuracy (China: AUC = 0.98, TSS = 0.99; USA: AUC = 0.99, TSS = 0.94). Elevation (73.6%) and human influence (6.0%) were the strongest predictors, highlighting the role of intertidal geomorphology and human-mediated propagule pressure. Niche overlap between ranges was low (Schoener’s D = 0.13), and the invaded niche showed substantial unfilling (0.36), indicating additional environmental space at risk of colonization in China. The current suitable habitat forms a continuous coastal belt from the Bohai Rim through the Yellow Sea–East China Sea to the South China Sea. Projections under future climate change suggest predominantly stable suitable areas with localized expansions but potential contractions in some periods. Our results may support the early warning, surveillance prioritization, and adaptive management of S. alterniflora under climate change. Full article

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, driven by early invasion, phenotypic plasticity, and frequent resistance to targeted therapies. Although genomic profiling informs treatment selection, genotype alone often fails to predict therapeutic response, underscoring the need for rapid and physiologically relevant functional testing platforms. Here, we present a three-dimensional melanoma–skin organoid (mSO) model that integrates primary skin cells with melanoma cell lines in a self-assembling, high-throughput format. The spherical mSOs recapitulate native human skin architecture, including a stratified epidermis and a dermal–hypodermal core, while supporting melanoma growth within an appropriate tissue microenvironment. In this niche, melanoma cells display epidermal spreading in radial growth-like patterns, outward invasion, and transcriptional shifts toward a pro-invasive phenotype. Using live confocal imaging coupled with a custom automated image analysis pipeline, we quantitatively measured tumor growth, migration beyond the organoid boundary, and interactions between melanoma cells and normal melanocytes. The mSOs also captured genotype-specific drug responses: BRAF-mutant melanoma cells were sensitive to BRAF and MEK inhibition, whereas NRAS-mutant, BRAF–wild-type cells were resistant to BRAF inhibition but remained responsive to MEK inhibition. Altogether, our mSO platform combines architectural and functional complexity with experimental scalability, providing a robust framework for modeling melanoma progression and evaluating targeted therapeutic responses within a relevant skin microenvironment. In the future, adaptation of this system to include patient-derived tumor cells could support personalized therapeutic decision-making in melanoma. Full article

Soft robotics is a rapidly evolving field that has attracted significant attention within the scientific community. This review analyzes the main advantages of pneumatic technology in service robots across the different application domains defined by the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). By organizing the literature according to application domains, this work aims to clarify the specific benefits of pneumatic and soft pneumatic solutions in each context. The proposed approach distinguishes between traditional pneumatic solutions and the subsequent emergence of soft robotics, in order to highlight how and to what extent soft technologies have reshaped the design and application scenarios. Particular attention is devoted to the role of materials and recent manufacturing techniques used by researchers to fabricate soft pneumatic robots. Based on 163 selected papers, the analysis reveals that medical and agricultural applications dominate soft pneumatic research, accounting for 41% and 27% of the soft sample, respectively. Compared to traditional pneumatics, the medical sector has expanded into cardiac assistive devices, wearable monitoring sensors, and minimally invasive surgery; agriculture has grown from 17% to 27% of the soft literature due to precision harvesting grippers. Soft inspection robots have increased thanks to continuum manipulators and bio-inspired locomotion, while search and rescue remains a niche (9%) but promising sector. Unlike previous reviews that focus on single domains or technologies, this work quantifies the uneven transition from rigid to soft pneumatics across IFR sectors and highlights emerging application-specific design paradigms that were not feasible with traditional systems. Full article

Invasive alien species threaten the security of agricultural and natural ecosystems. Aethina tumida Murray, 1867, threatens bee colony health and apicultural sustainability. However, the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955), may be a potential biocontrol agent. Models (MaxEnt and CLIMEX) were used to predict the potential global distribution of both species under climate change. The results indicated that under the current climatic conditions, both models found suitable habitats for A. tumida primarily in South America, southern Africa, and South Asia, whereas S. carpocapsae exhibited a broader global spread. Notably, CLIMEX predicted a more extensive distribution than MaxEnt for both species. The MaxEnt results indicated that North America, Europe, and central Australia are suitable habitats for A. tumida expansion in SSP245 (2050s) and SSP585 (2070s), whereas S. carpocapsae was predicted to expand into Asia, North America, and Africa in SSP126 (2090s), SSP245 (2030s), and SSP585 (2070s). The CLIMEX results indicated that under the A1B and A2 climate scenarios, highly suitable habitats for both species decreased significantly, whereas they are predicted to moderately and marginally increase markedly in the 2100s. The potential distribution of A. tumida will depend on suitable climatic conditions and the presence of host bees. These results provide a scientific basis and support in preventing or controlling A. tumida. Full article

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a climate-sensitive agricultural invader that threatens fruit production across the Arabian Peninsula, yet its realized climatic niche and future exposure under warming remain insufficiently resolved. We used Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling to quantify current and projected habitat suitability across the region (~3.2 million km²) under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s, based on 55 spatially filtered occurrence records and seven non-collinear environmental predictors, with sampling bias controlled using a Gaussian kernel density bias file. Model performance was robust, with mean training AUC of 0.922 ± 0.011 (SD) and mean TSS of 0.538 ± 0.115 (SD; range: 0.368–0.692), indicating moderate variability across replicates. Suitability was governed primarily by elevation, mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio 9), mean diurnal temperature range (Bio 2), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio 19), which together contributed over 97% of the model output, indicating strong climatic and topographic control on range persistence. Under present conditions, 790,714 km², or 28.38% of the study area, was suitable, concentrated in the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the Omani mountain ranges, and coastal fringes of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Future projections showed a consistent net contraction of suitable habitat across all scenarios, from 7.4% under SSP1-2.6 in the 2050s to 28.0% under SSP5-8.5 in the 2070s. In all cases, contraction exceeded expansion, although the eastern Omani highlands remained a potential climatic refugium. These patterns indicate that warming is likely to reorganize rather than uniformly expand suitability, providing a spatial basis for climate-informed biosecurity, surveillance, and regional pest management. Full article

In Luoyuan Bay, China, Sporobolus alterniflorus invasion has hindered mangrove restoration and disrupted faunal communities within mangrove habitats. This study investigated its impact on mollusk, crab, and fish assemblages across mangrove, mudflat, and invaded habitats from 2019 to 2020. Results showed that species diversity of three assemblages did not differ significantly between invaded and non-invaded mangrove habitats; however, assemblage structure was altered and functional traits declined markedly in invaded areas. Compared with non-invaded mangroves, invaded habitats showed decreases of 81.6% in mollusk density, 50.7% in mollusk biomass, 66.6% in crab density and 84.2% in crab biomass. Dominant fish species (Acanthogobius ommaturus, Liza carinata, Stolephorus chinensis) also exhibited lower body size, total size and biomass in invaded habitats. Given the close dependence of coastal residents on these faunal resources, a socioeconomic analysis of livelihood strategies was conducted, revealing Sinonovacula constricta aquaculture achieved the highest net income-to-investment ratio, 122.7% higher than nearshore fishery and 308.3% higher than shallow-sea oyster cultivation, while professional shellfish farming yielded the highest net income per hectare, 23.6% higher than oyster cultivation. Thus, both forms of shellfish aquaculture provide greater economic returns than other livelihood options. Based on these findings and niche theory, we propose a management framework: after removing S. alterniflorus, plant native mangroves (Kandelia obovata) in mid-to-high intertidal zones and lease lower flats for shellfish farming. This framework has the potential to integrate ecological restoration with local livelihoods and may inform similar efforts in other regions facing biological invasions and restoration challenges. Full article

Background/objective: Approximately 90% of breast cancer-related deaths result from recurrence and metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor recurrence, invasion, and metastatic spread are strongly influenced by both the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the metastatic niche. M2 macrophages promote immune suppression, inhibit inflammation, and facilitate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, neovascularization, and tumor progression. These phenomena are particularly pronounced in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The objectives of this study were to develop engineered exosomes to selectively deplete CD206+ M2 macrophages from the TME to delay the growth of primary tumors and distal metastasis and enhance overall survival. Methods: Engineered exosomes were developed using our invented platform to selectively target and deplete alternatively activated CD206+ M2 macrophages in primary and metastatic TMEs via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The engineered exosomes were characterized for size, zeta potential, and successful incorporation of targeting peptides and proteins. Whole-body and tumor-specific biodistribution were assessed. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate targeting specificity. Toxicity and immunogenicity were examined in immunocompetent animal models. Two treatment paradigms were employed. Results: Engineered exosomes containing M2 macrophage-targeting peptides and Fc-mIgG2b were successfully made, and no significant size difference was observed between the engineered and control exosomes. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the specificity of the engineered exosomes. Biodistribution studies showed no significant uptake or retention by the resident macrophages in the lung and liver. No significant immune activation, based on cytokine profiling, or organ-specific toxicity was observed in immunocompetent models. Flow cytometry studies using splenocytes showed significant depletion of M2 macrophages following treatments with engineered exosomes; however, no effect on the distribution of T cells was observed. M2-targeting engineered exosomes significantly delayed the post-resection recurrence and metastasis of tumors, and improved animal survival. Conclusions: These findings support the potential of precision exosome-based strategies for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in breast cancer. Full article

To assess the potential risk of expansion of the sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) in China under climate change, we combined principal component analysis in environmental space (PCA-env) with a Biomod2 ensemble model, using 173 occurrence records from its native range in India and its invaded range in China. We quantified the dynamics of the climatic niche between the native and invaded ranges and projected both current and future climatically suitable areas in China. Precipitation during the wettest month (Bio13), mean temperature during the driest quarter (Bio9), and isothermality (Bio3) were the key climatic predictors. Niche overlap between India and China was low (Schoener’s D = 0.107). The invaded niche was characterized by high stability (0.991) with very limited expansion (0.009), indicating strong niche conservatism. However, a relatively high unfilling value (0.633) suggests that the species has not yet occupied all potentially suitable climatic space in China. The current suitable area was estimated at 37.55 × 10⁴ km², primarily concentrated in South China and the southeastern coastal region. Under future climate scenarios, suitable habitat is projected to expand overall, extending into Central, Eastern, and Southwestern China. This study provides a climate-informed forecasting framework for assessing the potential spread of C. formicarius in China and offers practical support for quarantine surveillance and region-specific management. Full article

Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii; SWD) has become a globally invasive pest by ovipositing in ripening, intact fruit rather than decaying material, a niche distinct from most other drosophilids. An expanding body of work implicates microbes and microbially derived chemistry as key drivers of this ecology, shaping fly biology across life stages. However, much of this evidence is derived from microbiome surveys and observational comparisons, further constrained by uncontrolled diet history, laboratory rearing, and insufficient ecological context. We examine how the SWD microbiome differs in which taxa are present (composition), how flies pick up those taxa from fruit and maternal sources (acquisition), how long those taxa are retained across life stages (persistence), and how each of these varies with diet, geography, season, and host crops. We then address how microbial cues and fermentation state function as context-dependent drivers of adult attraction, avoidance, and oviposition, and how microbe-mediated interspecific interactions reshape substrate suitability and competition among drosophilids. Throughout, we critically evaluate experimental designs and identify gaps that impede causal inference. These include limited strain-level resolution, incomplete fungal characterization, and weak linkages between microbial community structure and host phenotypes. Key unresolved questions include how SWD maintains performance across diverse hosts, how microbes modulate sensory processing during seasonal shifts, and which microbial metabolites drive attraction, avoidance, and competition. Resolving these questions is a direct prerequisite for field-stable integrated pest management (IPM), including microbially informed behavioral lures, oviposition deterrents derived from pathogen- and competitor-associated volatiles, and competitor-mediated suppression strategies. The experimental priorities identified here translate directly into a roadmap for the next generation of mechanistically grounded, ecologically realistic SWD management tools. Full article

Pear fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive disease affecting Rosaceae plants. Although insect transmission is well-documented, most studies have focused on pollinators, with limited attention to psyllids. Chinese pear psyllid (Cacopsylla chinensis) is a major piercing–sucking pest of pear trees, yet its role in the transmission of E. amylovora remains unclear. Here, we investigated the distribution of E. amylovora in and on C. chinensis and the synergistic damage (i.e., C. chinensis creates invasion wounds and nutrient-rich niches for E. amylovora via piercing–sucking feeding, while the pathogen enhances the vector’s fitness to promote disease spread). Field and laboratory assays confirmed severe synergistic symptoms. E. amylovora was isolated from all life stages and body parts of C. chinensis, with significantly higher pathogen loads and virulence in internally harbored strains compared to external ones. Specifically, E. amylovora loads in nymphs were significantly higher than those in adults, and strains from the digestive system and female reproductive organs caused a 3- to 9-fold higher disease index on pear leaves at 7 days post-inoculation compared to body surface isolates. This study provides evidence that C. chinensis acts as a crucial vector for E. amylovora in Xinjiang, laying a theoretical basis for the precise integrated management of this pest–disease complex. Full article

Pomacea canaliculata, listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species, poses serious threats to rice production and freshwater ecosystems. This review synthesizes current research in physiological ecology, molecular genetics, and invasion ecology to examine its invasion success from a multiscale mechanistic perspective. P. canaliculata exhibits broad environmental adaptability at physiological, molecular, and behavioral levels. These adaptations include seasonal cold tolerance, drought-induced dormancy and post-dormancy recovery, acclimation to both freshwater and brackish environments, and tolerance to a range of pollutants and pesticides, including evidence of toxicant-induced hormesis. The species also shows pronounced phenotypic plasticity in growth, reproduction, and resource utilization. Genomic plasticity, multiple introduction events, and introgressive hybridization with closely related species further enhance its evolutionary potential and dispersal capacity. In addition, P. canaliculata displays behavioral adaptations such as learning and alarm responses. The synergistic interaction of these multilayered adaptive mechanisms underpins the global invasion success of this species. This review also identifies key uncertainties in current research and emphasizes the need for greater integration of multi-omics approaches, long-term monitoring of population dynamics in hybrid zones, and experimental studies addressing the interactive effects of multiple stressors, with the ultimate aim of improving invasion risk prediction and management. Full article