Search Results (74)

Parental emotional expressivity toward their child is an integral component of creating a family emotional climate, which is the primary context in which children develop social–emotional skills. The current study sought to empirically test Darling and Steinberg’s model that parent attitudes that make up parenting style effect parental emotional expressivity during parent–child interaction. Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), the authors examined the compounding effects of maternal authoritarian attitudes measured soon after birth on maternal emotional expressivity toward their infant across three time points (child at 6, 15, and 24 months old). Hierarchical linear modeling analyses (HLMs) demonstrated that a mother’s (n = 1165, M_age = 28.2 years) authoritarian attitudes were associated with both decreased positive expressivity and increased negative expressivity toward their child at 6 months of age. Mothers who held more authoritarian attitudes at baseline demonstrated an increased rate of growth in negative expressivity toward their child over time. Maternal race and income were also significantly associated with the linear rate of growth of negative expressivity over time but not in positive expressivity. This suggests that authoritarian attitudes measured when the child is 1 month old continue to impact parent behavior up to 23 months later. This pattern suggests a potential window for effective universal prevention efforts in promoting nurturing parent behavior and promoting positive parent–child relationships. A possible target of prevention intervention could be providing parents with components of a modularized emotion regulation curriculum. The content could help parents to regulate their negative expressivity toward the child and focus on the message they want to convey to the child related to the child’s specific behavior. Full article

Global aging is accelerating, with the proportion of the population aged 60 and above projected to reach 22% by 2050. In cold-region communities, the visual landscape environment is closely associated with the health of older adults, particularly showing associations with blood pressure (BP) and emotion states. However, associations between these factors across different landscape spaces and potential gender differences remain underexplored. This study utilized eye-tracking experiments to collect visual attention data from older adults in three types of cold-region community spaces: inter-building spaces, walkways and squares. The ground, buildings, trees, lawn, and the sky were identified as the primary Areas of Interest (AOIs). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale was used to assess emotion during walking experiments, revealing suggestive gender–environment interaction characteristics. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) were measured, and a Mann–Whitney U test indicated that DBP in community squares exhibited significant environmental dependency (U = 114.5, p = 0.004, r = 0.44). Hierarchical Linear Models (HLMs) revealed that, after controlling for individual differences, the number of fixation points on ground was independently associated (i.e., independent of measured individual characteristics) with elevated SBP ($\gamma =0.31, p=0.011$), while fixation on trees was associated with reduced SBP ($\gamma =-0.24, p=0.018$). Furthermore, gender moderation effects were observed: the association between ground fixation and SBP was stronger in females ($\gamma =0.18, p=0.022$), whereas the association between sports facilities and DBP was stronger in males ($\gamma =0.29, p=0.009$). Based on these findings, evidence-based design strategies are proposed, including the optimization of ground safety, gender-differentiated planting configurations, and targeted layouts for sports facilities. These results provide empirical support for age-friendly community design in cold regions. Full article

The physical and mental health of adolescents is a cornerstone of national future. However, traditional “one-size-fits-all” school health interventions often fail to address the diverse needs of students. To overcome this limitation, this research introduces an evidence-based, tiered intervention model designed to provide personalized health support. This study constructs and validates a dynamic ‘Dynamic Weighting-based Asset-Condition-Resource Allocation-Evaluation-Feedback’ (DWA-CRISPR) tiered intervention model, moving from a “triage-driven” to a “needs-driven” service delivery framework. The model is built upon a Response to Intervention (RTI)/Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) three-tier structure and integrates ecological systems theory, social cognitive theory, and the health belief model. Using a quasi-experimental design with propensity score matching (PSM), the intervention’s effectiveness was evaluated on a final matched cohort of 470 students. Difference-in-differences (DID) analysis was then employed to assess the outcomes. The results demonstrate that the tiered intervention significantly reduced the BMI Z-scores of at-risk students compared to the control group. Furthermore, by employing XGBoost and SHAP, the study identified key risk factors, such as cardiorespiratory fitness and baseline BMI, enabling precise and early risk identification. Hierarchical linear models (HLMs) further clarified the multi-level factors influencing intervention outcomes. In conclusion, the DWA-CRISPR tiered model proves to be more effective than traditional approaches, providing a scientific, efficient, and personalized pathway for improving the physical health of primary and secondary school students. Full article

Household electricity consumption is a major and growing source of urban carbon emissions in high-density residential area. However, its influencing mechanisms operate across multiple nested spatial scales and are not fully captured by single-scale analyses. Using electricity consumption data and a household survey from 42 high-density communities in Beijing, this study applies a hierarchical linear model (HLM) to examine how spatial form, socioeconomic attributes, and behavioral factors affect household electricity carbon emissions across urban districts, Ten-Minute Living Circles, residential areas, and Individual dwellings. The results indicate that dwelling-level characteristics exert the most direct influence, while residential-area-level spatial morphology provides an important contextual effect. In contrast, Ten-Minute Living Circles indicators show limited direct associations after accounting for hierarchical structure. Several spatial factors influence emissions through cross-level moderating mechanisms rather than isolated effects. These findings provide a data-driven multiscale analytical framework to support low-carbon planning and retrofit strategies in high-density residential area. Full article

Despite extensive scholarly attention, the exploration of individual-level determinants of news media trust still offers substantial room for further research, particularly from non-Western perspectives. This article moves beyond traditional political and media-related perspectives by incorporating individual capital and cultural values into the analysis of media trust. Using data from the fifth wave of the Asian Barometer Survey (14 countries and territories, N = 25,321), this study employs Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to examine the effects of four key factors on news media trust in Asia. The findings suggest that individual-level characteristics, including economic capital, traditional values, and authoritarian values, contribute to trust in news media in Asia, whereas social capital has a negative influence. These associations even remain significant after controlling for some political factors. Additionally, authoritarian values shape news media trust through a moderating mechanism, weakening the influence of political trust while reinforcing the role of interpersonal trust. At the societal level, GDP per capita and press freedom influence news media trust in Asia primarily through cross-level interactions rather than direct effects. These findings highlight the complex interaction between societal and individual determinants in shaping news media trust. Full article

This study investigates the developmental trajectories of transcription and oral language skills in kindergarten students over the course of an academic year, with a focus on the influence of executive functions (EF) and home literacy practices (HLP). Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses revealed significant growth in transcription skills, with both EF and independent home literacy practices positively influencing baseline transcription scores. The interaction between independent home literacy practices and formal literacy practices at home further enhanced transcription skill development. In contrast, oral language skills were not influenced by either HLP or EF. These results suggest that EF plays a more prominent role in transcription development than oral language skills in early childhood, especially in transparent orthographic systems. The findings highlight the importance of cognitive and environmental factors in early literacy development, suggesting implications for educational practices, particularly in fostering effective home literacy environments Full article

Background: Digital platforms and inclusive leadership are pivotal in modern healthcare, influencing organizational performance and patient outcomes. Despite the growing adoption of these factors, their combined impact on leadership effectiveness and patient care remains insufficiently understood. Prior research has primarily examined digital technology or leadership inclusivity separately, lacking integrative studies that address their joint effect on healthcare outcomes. There is a need to explore how these variables interact to improve leadership and patient-related metrics. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 250 participants, including healthcare leaders, professionals, and patients, using structured questionnaires. The data analysis involved multiple regression, structural equation modeling (SEM), and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the direct and hierarchical relationships among digital platform usage, leadership inclusivity, leadership effectiveness, and patient outcomes. Results: Leadership inclusivity showed a significant positive effect on leadership effectiveness (β = 0.16, p < 0.01) and patient satisfaction (β = 0.09, p < 0.05). Digital platform usage demonstrated a smaller but positive association with leadership effectiveness (β = 0.04) and patient satisfaction (β = 0.03). Leadership effectiveness was found to correlate moderately with patient safety (β = 0.23) and treatment efficacy (β = 0.25), with minimal organizational-level effects. Conclusions: This study uniquely integrates the adoption of digital technology with inclusive leadership, highlighting their synergistic influence on healthcare delivery. It advances the existing literature by providing quantitative evidence on how these elements interact to shape leadership and patient care outcomes. Full article

In the course of rural spatial transformation in China, the vicissitudes of the traditional built environment have given rise to the deconstruction of locality, whereas place attachment emerges as the crux for addressing this issue. Considering that current research on how the built environment influences place attachment remains deficient in constructing a multi-dimensional and composite analytical framework from a rural perspective, this paper constructs a ”community–individual” nested analytical framework and establishes a five-dimensional system of rural built environment elements covering roads, boundaries, regions, nodes, and landmarks. On this basis, this paper takes 15 village cases in Leiling Town, Guangdong Province, China, as the research object, using a hierarchical linear model (HLM) to systematically analyze the impact of rural built environment elements on residents’ place attachment. The study finds that 1. At the individual level, the average score of place attachment is 0.61, with females showing significantly higher levels than males, and age and length of residence being positively correlated with place attachment. 2. At the community level, the built environment explains about 15% of the variance in attachment, with the distance from villages to town centers being negatively correlated and building compactness, environmental tidiness, and cultural landmark density being positively correlated. 3. Node–landmark elements have a significantly stronger impact on place attachment than road-boundary and functional-area elements. 4. The influence mechanism follows the identity cycle of “memory identity—place identity—social identity”. Full article

Background: Traumatic injuries often lead to long-lasting impairments and complex rehabilitation needs. Trauma patients report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and increased needs for healthcare and social support. This study aimed to describe HRQoL trajectories in a Norwegian cohort with moderate-to-severe trauma over 12 months and assess the relationship between unmet needs and HRQoL. Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study with follow-up at six and twelve months post-injury included adults aged 18+ with a New Injury Severity Score (NISS) > 9 and a minimum hospital stay of two days. HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L. Needs and unmet needs were evaluated using the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) examined predictors of HRQoL trajectories. Results: Of 538 participants, 83% were followed up at six and/or twelve months. Mean age was 52 years, falls were the most common cause of injury (44%), and 76% had a severe injury (NISS > 15). HRQoL remained stable, except for improvements in usual activities and anxiety-depression domains. HLM showed that older age (b = −2.698), longer hospital stay (b = −4.108), and unmet healthcare (b = −1.094) and social support needs (b = −3.132) were associated with worse HRQoL over time. Unmet personal care needs were linked to improved HRQoL (b = 2.654). The only significant predictor*time interaction was between unmet healthcare needs and overall HRQoL. Conclusions: HRQoL largely remained stable, with improvements in some domains. Unmet healthcare needs predicted a decline in HRQoL, highlighting the importance of timely support and targeted interventions from health professionals. Full article

Although both prefectural governmental green investment (GGI_city) and provincial governmental green investment (GGI_prov) have potentially diverse impacts on prefectural cities’ carbon emission reduction (CER), previous studies have rarely examined the effects of governmental green investment (GGI) on different indicators of CER such as total carbon dioxide emissions (CE), carbon emissions intensity (CEI) and per capita carbon emissions (PCE) in the context of prefectural cities nested in provinces in China. In our research, six hierarchical linear models are established to investigate the impact of GGI_city and GGI_prov, as well as their interaction, on CER. These models consider eight control factors, including fractional vegetation coverage, nighttime light index (NTL), the proportion of built-up land (P_built), and so on. Furthermore, heterogeneous impacts across different groups based on provincial area, terrain, and economic development level are considered. Our findings reveal the following: (1) The three indicators of CER and GGI exhibit significant spatial and temporal variations. The coefficient of variation for CEI and PCE shows a fluctuating upward characteristic. (2) Both lnGGI_city and lnGGI_prov have promoted CER, but the impact strength of lnGGI_prov on lnCE and lnPCE is more pronounced than that of lnGGI_city. GGI_prov can strengthen the effect of GGI_city significantly for lnCE. Diverse control variables have exerted significant impacts on the three indicators of CER, albeit with considerable variation in their effects. (3) The effect of GGI on CER is significantly heterogeneous upon conducting grouped analysis by provincial area size, terrain complexity, and economic development level. The interaction term lnGGI_city:lnGGI_prov is stronger in the small provincial area group and simple terrain group. Among the control variables, economic Development Level (GDPpc), the logarithm of gross fixed assets investment (lnFAI), NTL, and P_built exhibit particularly pronounced differences across different groups. This study provides a robust understanding of the heterogeneous and interactive effects of GGI on CER, aiding in the promotion of sustainable development. Full article

Using a pre-post design, this study investigated an educational sustainability initiative’s impact on ethical decision-making, science motivation, and classroom environment perceptions among 60 pre-service teachers at Sakhnin College in northern Israel. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The results indicated significant improvements in ethical decision-making skills, moderated by baseline moral reasoning. Motivation to learn science also increased, influenced by perceived content relevance and intrinsic motivation, with socioeconomic status and teaching experience acting as moderators. A three-way interaction of gender, religiosity, and collaborative group work involvement predicted improvements in the classroom atmosphere. These findings suggest that sustainability education enhances ethical reasoning, motivation, and classroom dynamics, with demographic factors playing important roles. The study highlights the value of collaborative learning environments in teacher education and the relevance of sustainability topics in fostering critical thinking about ethical issues. It demonstrates how sustainability can inspire teachers to embed values of responsibility and cooperation into their practice, enhancing the quality of the educational environment and encouraging a broader commitment to sustainability within the educational system. These findings highlight the value of sustainability education in enhancing pre-service teachers’ ethical reasoning, motivation, and classroom dynamics, offering insights for teacher-education programs to foster responsibility and cooperation among future educators. Full article

In today’s highly competitive and complex market environment, enhancing adaptability has become essential for the sustainable development of enterprises. Job crafting, an important strategy for strengthening a company’s core competitiveness, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. However, previous studies have often overlooked its antecedent variables and mechanisms. This study draws on social exchange theory and equity theory to examine how procedural justice influences the cross-level pathways of job crafting. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was employed to analyze data from 76 companies and 1049 employees. The results demonstrate that procedural justice significantly and positively impacts employee job crafting. Additionally, organizational psychological ownership mediates the relationship between procedural justice and job crafting at a cross-level, while high-performance work systems positively moderate the link between organizational psychological ownership and job crafting. These findings reveal a novel pathway for enhancing employee job crafting and offer practical insights for corporate management. Companies should focus on fostering an environment characterized by procedural justice and which promotes organizational psychological ownership to encourage job-crafting behaviors. Moreover, attention should be given to the effectiveness of organizational psychological ownership and to the moderating role of high-performance work systems in this process. Full article

Consumer-grade EEG devices, such as the InteraXon Muse 2 headband, present a promising opportunity to enhance the accessibility and inclusivity of neuroscience research. However, their effectiveness in capturing language-related ERP components, such as the N400, remains underexplored. This study thus aimed to investigate the feasibility of using the Muse 2 to measure the N400 effect in a semantic relatedness judgment task. Thirty-seven participants evaluated the semantic relatedness of word pairs while their EEG was recorded using the Muse 2. Single-trial ERPs were analyzed using robust Yuen t-tests and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to assess the N400 difference between semantically related and unrelated target words. ERP analyses indicated a significantly larger N400 effect in response to unrelated word pairs over the right frontal electrode. Additionally, dependability estimates suggested acceptable internal consistency for the N400 data. Overall, these findings illustrate the capability of the Muse 2 to reliably measure the N400 effect, reinforcing its potential as a valuable tool for language research. This study highlights the potential of affordable, wearable EEG technology to expand access to brain research by offering an affordable and portable way to study language and cognition in diverse populations and settings. Full article

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide and often leads to long-lasting emotional, physical, and cognitive changes and results in reduced functioning across multiple domains. These changes often lead to strain in marital relationships as the uninjured spouse grapples with adapting to the changes in their partner. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the probability of marital stability after TBI at 6 and 12 months following injury (i.e., probability trajectory across those two time points), as well as predictors of that probability trajectory. Methods: The study design was repeated-measures and observational. Patient recruitment and follow-up took place from January 2018 to March 2020 in Quito, Ecuador. Ninety-seven TBI survivors were recruited while hospitalized in the neurosurgery unit of Hospital Eugenio Espejo, a tertiary care center. Patients were assessed at 6 and 12 months after their injury. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine baseline predictors of linear marital probability trajectories across 6 and 12 months after injury. A final set of HLMs included each of the previously significant predictors from the first model, time, and the interaction terms between time and the previously significant predictor. Results: The first HLM found that marital probability remained stable between 6 and 12 months after TBI. Individuals who were employed at baseline had higher marital probability trajectories than those who had been unemployed. Older individuals had higher marital probability trajectories than younger individuals, and women had higher marital probability trajectories than men. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine marital probability trajectories for an Ecuadorian adult population with TBI, and the data are of great value to understanding post-TBI outcomes in the region. These results can inform interventions and support systems to bolster marital resilience in the aftermath of TBI. Further research is warranted to explore the nuances of these relationships and to validate these findings in diverse populations. Full article

The transformation of the government into a digital entity is imperative, serving not only as a catalyst for the modernization of China’s governance system and capacity but also as a cornerstone for advancing the digital economy and the establishment of a digital China. This paper presents a multi-level analytical framework designed to assess the digital transformation performance of local governments. Utilizing a dataset comprising macro-regional and micro-individual data from Hubei province, we conduct an extensive analysis to examine the underlying mechanisms that influence the digital transformation performance of local governments and employ the hierarchical linear model (HLM) as the primary analytical instrument. The results of our analysis show that individual-level government–citizen interactions, government image, and district-level department collaborative capacities exert substantial and positive influences on the digital transformation performance of local governments. Furthermore, it is worth noting that department collaborative capacity plays a significant and positive moderating role in the relationship between government image and the digital transformation performance of local governments. These findings not only offer valuable insights for optimizing policy formulation but also contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the digital transformation performance of local governments. Full article