Search Results (3,635)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, and the diaphragm—the primary respiratory muscle—is adversely affected by this diabetic process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) treatment on diaphragm muscle contractile dynamics, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and fibrosis in an 18-month-old female Type 2 diabetic rat model. Thirty-two 18-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (CON), CON + ZnSO₄, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and DM + ZnSO₄. The DM model was induced by a high-fat diet and administration of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ); after the disease was confirmed, ZnSO₄ was administered intraperitoneally at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg to the treatment groups. The mechanical functions of the diaphragm muscle were evaluated using a post-rest potentiation protocol in an isolated organ bath; qPCR analyses (Caspase-3, TGF-β1, SERCA 2a) were performed to investigate cellular apoptosis, fibrosis, and calcium regulation. Compared with the CON group, the DM group exhibited a severe ~90% reduction in diaphragmatic contraction force (CF) and a ~97% decline in maximal contraction/relaxation velocities (±dF/dt_max) (p < 0.0001), which strongly correlated with a 30% suppression of SERCA2a gene expression (p < 0.01). Concomitantly, apoptotic Caspase-3 (~2.6-fold) and profibrotic TGF-β1 (~3.1-fold) mRNA levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). In the DM + ZnSO₄ group, daily zinc treatment (10 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 6 weeks, initiated 4 weeks after diabetes confirmation) did not reverse the elevated Caspase-3 and TGF-β1 expressions (p > 0.05). However, SERCA2a expression was fully preserved back to control levels (p < 0.05 vs. DM), leading to a substantial ~3-fold improvement in CF and velocities (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001 vs. DM). On the other hand, the healthy CON + ZnSO₄ group exhibited a physiological slowing of contractility (~53% decrease in CF), without histological damage, likely due to a competitive antagonism between excess divalent zinc (Zn²⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) on myofilaments. Although zinc cannot reverse the structural apoptotic and fibrotic remodeling in the aged diabetic diaphragm, it successfully rescues functional contractility by preserving SERCA2a transcriptional expression. Full article

Objective: Despite most often used in research and medicine, it is unclear how well blood metabolite levels can reflect metabolic changes in tissues. Methods: We used untargeted metabolomic data from plasma, liver, gastrocnemius muscle, kidney, inguinal fat, and gonadal fat tissues from mice treated with lifespan-extending interventions: caloric restriction, rapamycin, canagliflozin, 17-α estradiol, and acarbose. Results: For each tissue, about 37% of the identified metabolites were also found in plasma and used for comparative analyses. We found that plasma metabolites do not primarily reflect the metabolome of a single tissue type. Caloric restriction caused the highest proportion of significantly altered metabolites detected in both organs and blood. Unsaturated triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, amino acid-derivatives, and sphingomyelins had the most concordant overlaps between four tissues and plasma, followed by carbohydrates with three tissue/plasma intersections. Concordant plasma/tissue changes were found more pronounced in male mice than in female mice. Surprisingly, many compounds that responded similarly to lifespan-extending treatments in tissues and in plasma originated from dietary compounds, specifically, ergothioneine, DHA-containing fats, and diacylglycerides. Ergothioneine, previously associated with healthy aging in humans, showed concordant treatment responses in blood and all tissues except gonadal fat. DHA-containing fats showed consistent regulation between blood and inguinal and gonadal adipose tissue. The kidneys showed coherent trends with blood metabolite levels for LPC 15:0, LPC 17:0, and pinitol. Under treatments with strong life-extending effects, 1,5-anhydro-glucitol blood levels were co-regulated with both liver and kidney levels. Conclusions: Overall, plasma can only serve as limited proxy for tissue metabolism. Yet, several potential blood biomarkers were discovered as concordant in plasma and tissues in lifespan-extending interventions. Full article

Emotional eating (EE) is associated with poor dietary quality and weight gain among university students. Therefore, exploring innovative, non-invasive interventions to support healthier food-related responses is essential. While multisensory environments show promise in influencing food-related responses, their effectiveness in managing stress-induced EE remains understudied. Grounded in the Environment–Organism–Health (EOH) model, this study used an immersive virtual reality (VR) platform and recruited 49 Chinese university students. After emotional induction tasks, participants were randomly assigned to VR campus environments with varying wall colors and environmental sounds. The study combined physiological indicators and subjective questionnaires to evaluate the effects of color–sound combinations on emotional responses, physiological recovery, food preferences, and food cravings. Food preference was assessed via an image-selection task, and food healthiness was rated by an expert panel (n = 7). A mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between wall color and sound. Natural sounds were associated with reduced negative emotions and higher healthy food preference scores under several color conditions, while both color and sound influenced food craving. Independent t-tests revealed significant differences according to gender and emotional eating tendency on multiple outcomes. This study suggests that multisensory environments may offer a novel approach to influencing stress-related emotional responses, food preferences, and food cravings. Full article

Background: Aging is characterized by functional decline in different organs and systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of 6-month low-to moderate intensity supervised Social Dance (SD) program on muscular fitness, and clinical–biochemical and hematological parameters associated with healthy aging. Circulating CD34+ and serum antioxidant potential were assessed as exploratory outcomes. Methods: Seventy-nine elderly (aged > 65 years) were enrolled and randomized. Analyses included 49 participants who provided baseline and follow-up data and were assigned to the SD group (SDG, n = 24) or control group (CG, n = 25). Clinical–biochemical and hematological profiles, oxidative stress markers, circulating CD34+ cells, Physical fitness components and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaires were assessed at T0 and T1 to both groups. Results: Significant group × time interactions favored the SDG for HDL cholesterol ($p=0.003$), Hemoglobin (p = 0.031), and Hematocrit (p = 0.005). A significant increase in BAP (∆% = 33.3; p < 0.001) and PASE (∆%= 79.6 vs. 56.9; p < 0.05) were observed among the SDG; conversely, only a positive trend (∆% = 12.9 SDG vs. −5.1 CG) was observed for EQ-VAS at T1; these findings were not supported by significant group × time interaction. CD34+ cells increased significantly only in the CG. Isometric muscular performance declined in both groups. Conclusions: a 6-month SD program may provide beneficial effects on selected biochemical markers (i.e., a positive impact on HDL, hematological profile, antioxidant defenses) and perceived health outcomes in the elderly. However, it appears insufficient to preserve isometric muscular performance, suggesting that complementary resistance-based strategies may be needed to optimize neuromuscular adaptations. Full article

Background: Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases, some of which require lifelong disease-specific dietary management. Children with phenylketonuria (PKU), organic acidemias (OAs), and glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are particularly susceptible to nutritional imbalances and metabolic disturbances that may adversely affect bone metabolism and skeletal health. However, data regarding bone turnover markers and bone health in these pediatric IMD populations remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate bone metabolism by assessing biochemical parameters, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density in children with PKU, OA, and GSD receiving long-term dietary treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 95 children, comprising 25 patients with PKU, 20 patients with organic acidemias, 20 patients with glycogen storage diseases, and 30 healthy age-matched controls. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intake were recorded. Biochemical evaluation included serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Bone turnover was assessed using C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and osteocalcin (OC) levels. Bone mineral density was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Age and sex distributions were similar among the groups. Height was lower in OA than in controls and PKU, and in GSD than in PKU; weight and BMI were lower in both OA and GSD than in controls and PKU (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in dietary energy and macronutrient intake according to disease-specific nutritional regimens. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in all IMD groups compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). ALP and PTH levels were significantly higher in PKU, OA, and GSD patients than in controls (p < 0.001). Among bone turnover markers, P1NP and osteocalcin levels significantly differed among groups, with the highest values observed in PKU patients (p = 0.006 and p = 0.028, respectively). CTX levels did not significantly differ among the groups (p = 0.183). DXA Z-scores were significantly lower in all IMD groups than in controls, with the lowest mean Z-scores observed in GSD patients. Conclusions: Children with PKU, OA, and GSD receiving long-term dietary treatment exhibited significant alterations in bone metabolism, characterized by lower vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels, higher ALP and PTH concentrations, differences in bone formation markers, and lower DXA Z-scores compared with controls. Significant differences were observed in the bone formation markers P1NP and osteocalcin, whereas CTX levels remained comparable among the study groups. These findings underscore the importance of regular assessment of bone health and optimization of nutritional management in children under dietary treatment, while acknowledging that disease-specific mechanisms of skeletal involvement may differ among these conditions. Full article

Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble photosynthetic pigments extracted mainly from microalgae and cyanobacteria with many potential biotechnological applications, such as healthy food colorants, nutraceuticals, fluorescent tags, or non-toxic therapeutic agents. We have recently devised a green innovative two-step ultrasound-based process (named UltraBlu) to obtain blue phycocyanin (a phycobiliprotein) with a high-purity grade from the cyanobacterium Limnospira platensis. To assess the possibility of a wider use of the method, this study evaluates the UltraBlu process on an organism of a different taxonomic domain, the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum, for extracts rich in B-phycoerythrin (B-PE), the main phycobiliprotein produced by this organism. The UltraBlu process is characterized by the extraction of phycobiliproteins decoupled from biomass cell lysis, although the process is entirely carried out in an aqueous medium. Conversely, cell lysis is integrated with the purification step and is carried out by ultrasonication in ammonium sulfate solution before the pigment extraction/recovery step. B-PE, significantly purer than that obtained via conventional one-step direct ultrasound-assisted extraction, was recovered within a few hours from fresh biomass, only isolating the B-PE extract from the leftover biomass by centrifugation. Yields generally exceeded 9%, approaching the highest pigment contents reported for P. cruentum in the literature. Full article

Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) remains a clinically significant complication of radiotherapy for malignant neoplasms of the liver and upper abdomen, restricting achievable therapeutic doses and adversely affecting patient outcomes. Conventional photon-based radiotherapy (X-rays/γ-rays) exposes substantial volumes of healthy liver parenchyma and adjacent organs to ionizing radiation, increasing the risk of hepatocellular damage, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis. Electron irradiation (β-particles) represents a promising alternative owing to its limited tissue penetration (~2–3 cm) and steep dose fall-off, which significantly reduces exit dose and may reduce exit dose and limit exposure of paratumoral healthy tissues compared with photon therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying electron-induced hepatic damage and strategies for its prevention remain insufficiently characterized. This review systematically analyzes the pathogenesis of radiation-induced liver damage, encompassing direct DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-κB-mediated inflammation, cellular senescence, and TGF-β/Smad-driven fibrosis. The comparative dosimetric and radiobiological advantages of electron irradiation over photon therapy are discussed, with particular attention to intraoperative radiotherapy, FLASH, and very high-energy electron techniques. Current radioprotective strategies are critically evaluated, with emphasis on the limitations of amifostine and the multifunctional radioprotective potential of ascorbic acid, including free radical scavenging, attenuation of lipid peroxidation, stimulation of endogenous antioxidant defense, and direct inhibition of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. Existing gaps in the evidence base are identified, and recommendations for future experimental and clinical research are proposed. Full article

Raccoon dog and fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV) has been reported in raccoon dogs and foxes, but natural infection in domestic dogs has not previously been documented. During March–April 2026, samples from four affected Dobermann dogs from a kennel near Novi Sad, Serbia, were submitted for laboratory investigation. After negative testing for canine adenovirus, canine coronavirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, distemper virus, influenza A virus, and leptospirosis, metagenomic sequencing was performed on selected tissues, followed by bioinformatic analysis and targeted RFAV PCR screening of additional outbreak-associated samples. Affected dogs had prolonged illness characterized by conjunctivitis with ocular and nasal discharge, occasional blue eye appearance, progressive weight loss, poor coat quality, jaundice and biochemical evidence of hepatic injury, and neurologic signs including paraplegia in advanced cases. Sequencing generated 434,220 reads and identified multiple RFAV hits; pooled assembly produced a 4799 bp consensus genome with approximately 97% similarity to known RFAV strains and genome organization consistent with the genus Amdoparvovirus. RFAV DNA was subsequently detected by virus-specific PCR in an epidemiologically linked dog and across diverse specimen types including blood, urine, kidney, spleen, brain, lung, testicle, ileocecal lymph node, and throat swabs, whereas clinically healthy unrelated dogs were PCR-negative. Full article

Infection-associated thromboinflammation may result from dysregulated interactions between innate immune activation, endothelial activation, and coagulation. Although influenza-like illnesses are generally self-limited in young individuals, severe respiratory infections have been associated with thrombo-inflammatory complications involving coagulation dysregulation and endothelial activation. We describe an 18-year-old previously healthy woman who developed extensive left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, bilateral pulmonary embolism, and progressive systemic venous and intracardiac thrombosis following an influenza-like illness. Despite therapeutic anticoagulation, the clinical course was complicated by acute compartment syndrome, progressive tissue ischemia, circulatory failure requiring vasopressor support, multiple organ dysfunction, and ultimately below-knee amputation. Laboratory investigations revealed thrombocytopenia, severe hypofibrinogenemia, markedly elevated D-dimer levels, reduced Protein C activity, and increased von Willebrand factor antigen (>500%), consistent with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation and endothelial activation. A positive anti-PF4/heparin immunoassay raised concern for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; however, the subsequent clinical and laboratory evolution supported overt DIC as the predominant consumptive coagulopathy, while HIT could neither be confirmed nor definitively excluded. This case highlights a fulminant thrombo-inflammatory syndrome temporally preceded by an influenza-like illness of unconfirmed etiology and the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping features of thrombotic-predominant overt disseminated intravascular coagulation and anti-PF4/heparin antibody positivity. Full article

Innovation is an everyday imperative in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, yet the psychological conditions through which well-being is associated with innovative action remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates whether subjective vitality and creative self-efficacy constitute distinct psychological pathways—an energy-based and a belief-based mechanism, respectively—through which psychological well-being becomes associated with innovative work behavior, thereby providing a more differentiated examination of the assumption that psychologically healthy employees are more likely to behave innovatively. An online survey was administered to 463 ICT-sector employees in Türkiye, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test direct and indirect relationships with comprehensive assessment of measurement quality, predictive relevance, and effect sizes. Creative self-efficacy emerged as a meaningful indirect pathway linking psychological well-being to innovative work behavior, whereas subjective vitality, though strongly predicted by well-being, showed no significant relationship with innovative outcomes. These findings suggest that not all positive psychological states are equally innovation-relevant: among ICT employees, the indirect association between well-being and innovation was evident through employees’ confidence in their own creative capability rather than through feelings of psychological energy—a distinction with meaningful implications for both theory and practice in knowledge-intensive, digitally dynamic organizations. Full article

Background: Population aging is driving a convergent rise in three disorders historically managed in isolation: cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive decline, and osteoporotic bone loss. Mechanistic data indicate that these systems are coupled through shared regulators of calcium trafficking, inflammation resolution, vascular integrity, and inflammaging. On this basis, a “Heart–Brain–Bone” axis has been proposed; it should be understood as an integrative conceptual framework that organizes evidence drawn from three separate studies, not as a validated physiological entity with agreed diagnostic criteria or demonstrated modifiability. Three lipid-soluble nutrients—long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA/DHA), vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), and vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7 [MK-7])—act on overlapping nodes of this network. Methods: We performed a structured narrative review. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from database inception to 25 June 2026 using predefined term blocks for each nutrient, each organ domain, and each candidate mechanism, and the search was updated on 7 August 2026. Records were screened against prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria by two authors independently, with disagreements resolved by a third. The strength of evidence for each nutrient–organ relationship was graded with an explicitly defined four-level scheme ((−) to (+++)) applied separately to preclinical, observational, randomized and meta-analytic evidence. Results: Vitamin K2-dependent gamma-carboxylation of matrix Gla protein (MGP) and osteocalcin has been proposed to influence whether calcium is incorporated into the bone matrix or deposited in the arterial wall, offering a candidate mechanistic account of the “calcium paradox” associated with isolated vitamin D3 supplementation; EPA/DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators may support resolution of endothelial and neuronal inflammation; and bone-, vascular- and brain-derived signals (osteocalcin, FGF23, the neurovascular unit) interconnect the three organs. These mechanisms are biologically plausible but remain insufficiently confirmed in humans. The clinical evidence is heterogeneous, formulation- and population-dependent, and comprises positive, neutral and null results: cardiovascular omega-3 trials are discordant (REDUCE-IT, which used icosapent ethyl [an EPA ethyl ester], positive; VITAL/STRENGTH/ASCEND null, predominantly in lower-risk or replete cohorts); cognitive trials are largely null or subgroup-dependent (MAPT, DO-HEALTH, VITAL); and MK-7 improves surrogate bone and calcification biomarkers and slowed coronary artery calcification in one recent randomized imaging trial (VitaK-CAC), whereas combined MK-7 plus vitamin D3 did not slow aortic valve or coronary calcification in AVADEC and MK-7 did not reduce bone loss in early menopausal women. Recognized safety signals include a dose-dependent increase in atrial fibrillation with high-dose omega-3, adverse skeletal effects of high-dose or bolus vitamin D, and clinically relevant interference of even low-dose MK-7 with vitamin K antagonist therapy. Conclusions: No adequately powered randomized trial has demonstrated that the combination of long-chain omega-3, vitamin D3 and MK-7 is superior to its individual components or to placebo for any clinical endpoint. The combined regimen is therefore mechanistically rational and hypothesis-generating rather than clinically established; benefit appears most plausible in individuals with elevated risk or demonstrable nutritional insufficiency, and least in replete, low-risk populations. Findings should be interpreted within a broader healthy-aging context that includes lifestyle and psychosocial factors. Adequately powered factorial randomized controlled trials stratified by baseline Omega-3 index, 25(OH)D and vitamin K status, with prespecified mechanistic biomarkers and hard endpoints, are required. Full article

The effects of transcutaneous electroacupuncture stimulation (TEAS) on large-scale brain function remain insufficiently characterized. This study employed a graph-theoretical approach to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 48 healthy participants in the Pilot-6 TEAS study. Participants received sham (0 pps), 2.5 pps, 10 pps, and 80 pps stimulation during baseline, stimulation, and recovery phases. Functional connectivity was assessed using coherence and the weighted phase-lag index, followed by calculation of global and nodal graph measures from thresholded weighted undirected sensor-level networks. Descriptive analysis indicated potential frequency-related differences in EEG network organization. The 2.5 pps condition exhibited the highest average degree, whereas the 80 pps condition demonstrated the highest average clustering coefficient. At 10 pps, sensor-level maps revealed a distinct frontal–central betweenness-centrality pattern. Although 48 participants provided usable EEG data for descriptive analysis, only 3 participants had complete matched graph-metric data for all four stimulation conditions, limiting repeated-measures statistical validation. After correction for multiple comparisons, no statistically significant frequency-related effects were observed, and nodal hub differences were not independently confirmed. Consequently, these patterns should be interpreted as descriptive and exploratory rather than established group-level effects. These findings indicate that graph-theoretical EEG analysis may facilitate the identification of candidate network features for future investigations of TEAS-related brain network organization. Full article

Hemodialysis (HD) is the most widely used renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is frequently accompanied by long-term complications that impair quality of life, including metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Growing evidence suggests that these complications may be linked to alterations in the gut microbiota; however, microbial composition and interaction patterns in HD patients remain incompletely characterized. In this exploratory, cross-sectional study, high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the fecal microbiota of patients undergoing hemodialysis and of healthy controls. The objective was to characterize associations between hemodialysis and gut microbial composition, ecological network organization, and predicted functional potential. Comparative analyses revealed significant differences in bacterial community structure and microbial networks in the HD cohort. Both gender and dialysis vintage were associated with variation in specific taxa, including increased detection of the Synergistetes phylum, particularly among male patients and those undergoing long-term HD. Associations were also observed between clinical and demographic factors and the relative abundance of several short-chain fatty acid-associated taxa, including members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families and the genus Bifidobacterium. Predicted functional potential (PICRUSt2) indicated distinct microbial metabolic profiles in HD patients compared with controls, particularly in pathways related to carbohydrate, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism, with additional variation according to dialysis vintage. Overall, these findings provide an exploratory characterization of structural, compositional, and predicted functional alterations of the gut microbiota associated with hemodialysis. Although the modest cohort size precludes definitive conclusions, the results support the rationale for larger, longitudinal studies investigating microbiota-derived biomarkers and host–microbiome interactions in ESRD. Full article

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, which displays extremely poor prognosis. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and its downstream effector SerpinB3 are overexpressed in aggressive glioblastomas. In this study we evaluated the antitumor activity of 1-piperidine propionic acid (1-PPA), an allosteric PAR2 inhibitor, in in vitro preclinical models of glioblastoma. PAR2 and SerpinB3 were analyzed at the transcriptional and protein level in glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures. These were treated with 1-PPA alone or in association with temozolomide (TMZ) and the effects evaluated by Incucyte^® technology. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 1-PPA were assessed in mice by LC-MS/MS. 1-PPA significantly reduced glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, thus promoting apoptotic cell death, in a concentration-dependent manner. The combined treatment with TMZ led to a concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (12–20%) compared to TMZ alone. Molecularly, 1-PPA downregulated PAR2 and SerpinB3 expression. Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy mice showed that 1-PPA is systemically bioavailable and distributes to several organs, including the brain. These data indicate that 1-PPA shows brain exposure and capability to affect different hallmarks of aggressiveness in glioblastoma cells, including hyperproliferation and invasion, supporting its further development as a novel therapeutic strategy in these tumors. Full article

During pregnancy, immune tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus must be established. γδT cells constitute a distinct T-cell lineage characterized by expression of the γδT-cell receptor (γδTCR). They combine rapid innate-like responses with adaptive immune functions and contribute to feto-maternal immune regulation; however, their peripheral phenotypic characteristics, including chemokine receptor (ChR) profiles potentially relevant to decidual recruitment, remain incompletely characterized. Peripheral blood from healthy non-pregnant and first-trimester pregnant women was analyzed by flow cytometry to assess γδT-cell phenotypes and CCR5/CCR6 ChR expression. Analysis of γδT-cell subsets defined by lower (γδTCR^dim) or higher (γδTCR^bright) surface γδTCR expression showed that CCR5⁻/CCR6⁻ cells were more frequent in γδTCR^bright cells, whereas CCR5⁺ phenotypes were more prominent in γδTCR^dim cells; CD4/CD8 and CD56/CD8 distributions were comparable. Resting γδT cells were mainly CD4⁻/CD8⁻, whereas recently activated CD69⁺ γδT cells had increased CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ single-positive frequencies. Compared with non-γδT cells, γδT cells showed distinct CD4/CD8-linked CCR5/CCR6 organization, including a CCR5⁺/CCR6⁻ preference. Unlike non-γδT cells, conventional CD56⁻ and NK-like CD56⁺ γδT cells retained similar CCR5/CCR6 profiles across CD4/CD8-defined subsets. PMA/ionomycin-stimulated samples generally exhibited lower CCR5⁺ and higher CCR5⁻ frequencies across CD4⁻ conventional and NK-like γδT cell subsets. Pregnancy-related circulating γδT-cell phenotype changes were negligible, possibly reflecting decidual immune adaptation. Overall, the study highlights γδTCR intensity-linked ChR heterogeneity and, in contrast to non-γδT cells, conserved CCR5/CCR6 organization across CD56-defined γδT-cell subsets. Broader ChR phenotyping and functional migration analyses could clarify the biological relevance of these subset-specific differences. Full article