Search Results (68)

This work examines the fractional Sawada–Kotera and Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)–Burgers equations, which are essential models of nonlinear wave phenomena in many scientific domains. The homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM) and the Yang transform decomposition method (YTDM) are two sophisticated techniques employed to derive analytical solutions. The proposed methods are novel and remarkable hybrid integral transform schemes that effectively incorporate the Adomian decomposition method, homotopy perturbation method, and Yang transform method. They efficiently yield rapidly convergent series-type solutions through an iterative process that requires fewer computations. The Caputo operator, used to express the fractional derivatives in the equations, provides a robust framework for analyzing the behavior of non-integer-order systems. To validate the accuracy and reliability of the obtained solutions, numerical simulations and graphical representations are presented. Furthermore, the results are compared with exact solutions using various tables and graphs, illustrating the effectiveness and ease of implementation of the proposed approaches for various fractional partial differential equations. The influence of the non-integer parameter on the solutions behavior is specifically examined, highlighting its function in regulating wave propagation and diffusion. In addition, a comparison with the natural transform iterative method and optimal auxiliary function method demonstrates that the proposed methods are more accurate than these alternative approaches. The results highlight the potential of YTDM and HPTM as reliable tools for solving nonlinear fractional differential equations and affirm their relevance in wave mechanics, fluid dynamics, and other fields where fractional-order models are applied. Full article

In the present article, the method which was obtained from a combination of the conformable fractional double Laplace transform method (CFDLTM) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) was successfully applied to solve linear and nonlinear conformable fractional partial differential equations (CFPDEs). We included three examples to help our presented technique. Moreover, the results show that the proposed method is efficient, dependable, and easy to use for certain problems in PDEs compared with existing methods. The solution graphs show close contact between the exact and CFDLTM solutions. The outcome obtained by the conformable fractional double Laplace transform method is symmetrical to the gain using the double Laplace transform. Full article

This paper examines a time delay in position and velocity to minimize the nonlinear vibration of an excited Duffing oscillator (DO). This model is highly beneficial for capturing the nonlinear characteristics of many different applications in engineering. To achieve an estimated uniform solution to the problem under consideration, a modified homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is utilized. This adaptation produces a more accurate precise approximation with a numerical solution (NS). This is obtained by employing Mathematica software 12 (MS) in comparison with the analytical solution (AS). The comparison signifies a good match between the two methodologies. The comparison is made with the aid of the NS. Consequently, the work allows for a qualitative assessment of the results of a representative analytical approximation approach. A promising stability analysis for the unforced system is performed. The time history of the accomplished results is illustrated in light of a diverse range of physical frequency and time-delay aspects. The outcomes are theoretically discussed and numerically explained with a set of graphs. The nonlinear structured prototype is examined via the multiple-scale procedure. It investigates how various controlling limits affect the organization of vibration performances. As a key assumption, according to cubic nonlinearity, two significant examples of resonance, sub-harmonic and super-harmonic, are explored. The obtained modulation equations, in these situations, are quantitatively investigated with regard to the influence of the applied backgrounds. Full article

A graphoid is a mixed multigraph with multiple directed and/or undirected edges, loops, and semiedges. A covering projection of graphoids is an onto mapping between two graphoids such that at each vertex, the mapping restricts to a local bijection on incoming edges and outgoing edges. Naturally, as it appears, this definition displays unusual behaviour since the projection of the corresponding underlying graphs is not necessarily a graph covering. Yet, it is still possible to grasp such coverings algebraically in terms of the action of the fundamental monoid and combinatorially in terms of voltage assignments on arcs. In the present paper, the existence theorem is formulated and proved in terms of the action of the fundamental monoid. A more conventional formulation in terms of the weak fundamental group is possible because the action of the fundamental monoid is permutational. The standard formulation in terms of the fundamental group holds for a restricted class of coverings, called homogeneous. Further, the existence of the universal covering and the problems related to decomposing regular coverings via regular coverings are studied in detail. It is shown that with mild adjustments in the formulation, all the analogous theorems that hold in the context of graphs are still valid in this wider setting. Full article

This paper provides both analytical and numerical solutions of (PDEs) involving time-fractional derivatives. We implemented three powerful techniques, including the modified variational iteration technique, the modified Adomian decomposition technique, and the modified homotopy analysis technique, to obtain an approximate solution for the bounded space variable $\nu$. The Laplace transformation is used in the time-fractional derivative operator to enhance the proposed numerical methods’ performance and accuracy and find an approximate solution to time-fractional Fornberg–Whitham equations. To confirm the accuracy of the proposed methods, we evaluate homogeneous time-fractional Fornberg–Whitham equations in terms of non-integer order and variable coefficients. The obtained results of the modified methods are shown through tables and graphs. Full article

In this paper, we examined the approximations to the time-fractional Kawahara equation and modified Kawahara equation, which model the creation of nonlinear water waves in the long wavelength area and the transmission of signals. We implemented two novel techniques, namely the homotopy perturbation transform method and the Elzaki transform decomposition method. The derivative having fractional-order is taken in Caputo sense. The Adomian and He’s polynomials make it simple to handle the nonlinear terms. To illustrate the adaptability and effectiveness of derivatives with fractional order to represent the water waves in long wavelength regions, numerical data have been given graphically. A key component of the Kawahara equation is the symmetry pattern, and the symmetrical nature of the solution may be observed in the graphs. The importance of our suggested methods is illustrated by the convergence of analytical solutions to the precise solutions. The techniques currently in use are straightforward and effective for solving fractional-order issues. The offered methods reduced computational time is their main advantage. It will be possible to solve fractional partial differential equations using the study’s findings as a tool. Full article

In this study, we used two unique approaches, namely the Yang transform decomposition method (YTDM) and the homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM), to derive approximate analytical solutions for nonlinear time-fractional Zakharov–Kuznetsov equations (ZKEs). This framework demonstrated the behavior of weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in plasma containing cold ions and hot isothermal electrons in the presence of a uniform magnetic flux. The density fraction and obliqueness of two compressive and rarefactive potentials are depicted. In the Liouville–Caputo sense, the fractional derivative is described. In these procedures, we first used the Yang transform to simplify the problems and then applied the decomposition and perturbation methods to obtain comprehensive results for the problems. The results of these methods also made clear the connections between the precise solutions to the issues under study. Illustrations of the reliability of the proposed techniques are provided. The results are clarified through graphs and tables. The reliability of the proposed procedures is demonstrated by illustrative examples. The proposed approaches are attractive, though these easy approaches may be time-consuming for solving diverse nonlinear fractional-order partial differential equations. Full article

In comparison to fractional-order differential equations, integer-order differential equations generally fail to properly explain a variety of phenomena in numerous branches of science and engineering. This article implements efficient analytical techniques within the Caputo operator to investigate the solutions of some fractional partial differential equations. The Adomian decomposition method, homotopy perturbation method, and Elzaki transformation are used to calculate the results for the specified issues. In the current procedures, we first used the Elzaki transform to simplify the problems and then applied the decomposition and perturbation methods to obtain comprehensive results for the problems. For each targeted problem, the generalized schemes of the suggested methods are derived under the influence of each fractional derivative operator. The current approaches give a series-form solution with easily computable components and a higher rate of convergence to the precise solution of the targeted problems. It is observed that the derived solutions have a strong connection to the actual solutions of each problem as the number of terms in the series solution of the problems increases. Graphs in two and three dimensions are used to plot the solution of the proposed fractional models. The methods used currently are simple and efficient for dealing with fractional-order problems. The primary benefit of the suggested methods is less computational time. The results of the current study will be regarded as a helpful tool for dealing with the solution of fractional partial differential equations. Full article

Entropy generation in peristaltic transport of hybrid nanofluid possessing temperature-dependent thermal conductivity through a two-dimensional vertical channel is studied in this paper. The hybrid nanofluid consists of multi-walled carbon nanotubes mixed with zinc oxide suspended in engine oil. Flow is affected by a uniform external magnetic field, hence generating Lorentz force, Hall and heating effects. Given the vertical orientation of the channel, the analysis accounts for mixed convection. To study heat transfer in the current flow configuration, the model considers phenomena such as viscous dissipation, heat generation or absorption, and thermal radiation. The mathematical modeling process employs the lubrication approach and Galilean transformation for enhanced accuracy. The slip condition for the velocity and convective conditions for the temperature are considered at the boundaries. The study analyzes entropy generation using the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and includes convergence curves for HAM solutions. Results are presented using graphs and bar charts. The analysis shows that higher Brinkman and thermal radiation parameters result in higher temperatures, while higher thermal conductivity parameters lead to reduced entropy generation and temperature profile. Additionally, higher Hall parameter values decrease entropy generation, while an increased Hartman number improves entropy generation. Full article

Universal Causality is a mathematical framework based on higher-order category theory, which generalizes previous approaches based on directed graphs and regular categories. We present a hierarchical framework called UCLA (Universal Causality Layered Architecture), where at the top-most level, causal interventions are modeled as a higher-order category over simplicial sets and objects. Simplicial sets are contravariant functors from the category of ordinal numbers $\Delta$ into sets, and whose morphisms are order-preserving injections and surjections over finite ordered sets. Non-random interventions on causal structures are modeled as face operators that map n-simplices into lower-level simplices. At the second layer, causal models are defined as a category, for example defining the schema of a relational causal model or a symmetric monoidal category representation of DAG models. The third layer corresponds to the data layer in causal inference, where each causal object is mapped functorially into a set of instances using the category of sets and functions between sets. The fourth homotopy layer defines ways of abstractly characterizing causal models in terms of homotopy colimits, defined in terms of the nerve of a category, a functor that converts a causal (category) model into a simplicial object. Each functor between layers is characterized by a universal arrow, which define universal elements and representations through the Yoneda Lemma, and induces a Grothendieck category of elements that enables combining formal causal models with data instances, and is related to the notion of ground graphs in relational causal models. Causal inference between layers is defined as a lifting problem, a commutative diagram whose objects are categories, and whose morphisms are functors that are characterized as different types of fibrations. We illustrate UCLA using a variety of representations, including causal relational models, symmetric monoidal categorical variants of DAG models, and non-graphical representations, such as integer-valued multisets and separoids, and measure-theoretic and topological models. Full article

In this research, three numerical methods, namely the variational iteration method, the Adomian decomposition method, and the homotopy analysis method are considered to achieve an approximate solution for a third-order time-fractional partial differential Equation (TFPDE). The equation is obtained from the classical (FW) equation by replacing the integer-order time derivative with the Caputo fractional derivative of order $\mathsf{\eta }=(0,1]$ with variable coefficients. We consider homogeneous boundary conditions to find the approximate solutions for the bounded space variable $l<\mathit{\chi }<L$ and $l,L\in \mathbb{R}$. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods of non-integer order $\mathsf{\eta }$, the computation of two test problems was presented. A comparison is made between the obtained results of the (VIM), (ADM), and (HAM) through tables and graphs. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the three numerical methods. Full article

In this study, we aim to provide reliable methods for the initial value problem of the fractional modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) equations. Fractional differential equations are essential for more precise simulation of numerous processes. The hybrid Yang transformation decomposition method (YTDM) and Yang homotopy perturbation method (YHPM) are employed in a very simple and straightforward manner to handle the current problems. The derivative of fractional order is displayed in a Caputo form operator. To illustrate the conclusion given from the findings, a few numerical cases are taken into account for their approximate analytical solutions. We looked at two cases and contrasted them with the actual result to validate the methodologies. These techniques create recurrence relations representing the proposed problem’s solution. It is possible to find the series solutions to the given problems, and these solutions have components that converge to precise solutions more quickly. Tables and graphs are used to describe the new results, which demonstrate the present methods’ adequate accuracy. The actual and estimated outcomes are demonstrated in graphs and tables to be quite similar, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed approaches. The innovation of the current work resides in the application of effective methods that require less calculation and achieve a greater level of accuracy. Additionally, the suggested approaches can be applied in the future to resolve other nonlinear fractional problems, which will be a scientific contribution to the research community. Full article

This paper examines two methods for solving the nonlinear fractional Phi-four problem with variable coefficients. One of the distinct states of the Klein–Gordon model yields the Phi-four equation. It is also used to simulate the kink and anti-kink solitary wave connections that have recently emerged in biological systems and nuclear particle physics. The approaches that are being suggested consist of the Yang transform, the homotopy perturbation approach, the decomposition approach, and the fractional derivative as stated by Caputo. The advantages of the proposed techniques are their capability of combining two dominant approaches for attaining precise and approximate solutions of nonlinear equations. It is important to keep in mind that the suggested methods can perform better in general as they need less computational effort than the alternative methods, while keeping a high level of numerical precision. The actual and estimated outcomes are demonstrated in graphs and tables to be quite similar, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed approaches. Additionally, several simulations are used to show the physical behaviors of the found solutions with regard to fractional order. The article’s results possess complimentary properties that relate to the symmetry of partial differential equations. Full article

The importance of partial differential equations in physics, mathematics and engineering cannot be emphasized enough. Partial differential equations are used to represent physical processes, which are then solved analytically or numerically to examine the dynamical behaviour of the system. The new iterative approach and the Homotopy perturbation method are used in this article to solve the fractional order Fokker–Planck equation numerically. The Caputo sense is used to characterize the fractional derivatives. The suggested approach’s accuracy and applicability are demonstrated using illustrations. The proposed method’s accuracy is expressed in terms of absolute error. The proposed methods are found to be in good agreement with the exact solution of the problems using graphs and tables. The results acquired using the given approaches are also obtained at various fractional orders of the derivative. It is observed from the graphs and tables that fractional order solutions converge to an integer solution when the fractional orders approach the integer-order of the problems. The tabular and graphical view for the given problems is obtained through Maple. The presented approaches can be applied to existing non-linear fractional partial differential equations due to their accurate, simple and straightforward implementation. Full article

The integral-order derivative is not suitable where infinite variances are expected, and the fractional derivative manages to consider effects with more precision; therefore, we considered timefractional Emden–Fowler-type equations and solved them using the rational homotopy perturbation method (RHPM). The RHPM method is based on two power series in rational form. The existence and uniqueness of the equation are proved using the Banach fixed-point theorem. Furthermore, we approximate the term h(z) with a polynomial of a suitable degree and then solve the system using the proposed method and obtain an approximate symmetric solution. Two numerical examples are investigated using this proposed approach. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is checked by representing the graphs of exact and approximate solutions. The table of absolute error is also presented to understand the method′s accuracy. Full article