Search Results (4,249)

Background/Objectives: Falls have devastating consequences for older adults. The Functional Ambulation and Stair Test (FAST) was developed to characterize older adult mobility and eventual fall risk. This project aimed to determine the criterion validity of the FAST assessment by comparing the relationship between FAST outcomes and existing gold-standard clinical assessments of mobility and fall risk. A secondary aim was assessing the FAST’s capacity to elicit dual-task effects in older adults. Methods: The FAST is a multi-faceted mobility assessment combining stair navigation, turning and level-ground walking; total time and time spent in each phase are the calculated outcomes. Data from 199 older adults completing the FAST, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Ten Meter Walk Test (10MWT) at comfortable and fast speed were evaluated. Relationships between the FAST and clinical outcomes were evaluated with Spearman’s correlations. The FAST and TUG were assessed under single- and dual-task conditions; linear mixed models evaluated the dual-task effects for overall FAST time and each phase. Results: Spearman’s correlations between the FAST and the BBS, TUG, 10MWT comfortable and 10MWT fast were −0.65, 0.88, −0.79, and −0.83, respectively. Participants experienced an 8.6% and 13.2% dual-task cost in the FAST and TUG, respectively. The greatest dual-task cost during the FAST was in the gait initiation, walking, and wide turn phases. Conclusions: Agreement between the FAST and gold-standard clinical mobility assessments confirms the criterion validity of the FAST. Delineation of mobility phases via the FAST offers insight into specific mobility deficits. Future work is ongoing to evaluate the FAST as a fall risk assessment in older adults. Full article

Introduction: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is often required to stabilize the intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Both sinking flap syndrome (SFS) and hydrocephalus are known complications of DC. The pathophysiology of each is unknown. Case Report: We report on a patient who underwent DC for TBI who suffered both SFS and low-pressure hydrocephalus. We measured the changes in volumes of each hemisphere and the ventricles with CT and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and aqueduct flow with phase-contrast MRI during different stages of the disease process. Discussion: The SFS in this patient was associated with a reduction in volume of both supratentorial cavities. There was a significant reduction in CBF bilaterally, which increased by an average of 26% following cranioplasty. During the low-pressure hydrocephalus phase of the patient’s illness, there was reversed CSF flow directed toward the ventricles. Once the ventricles returned to normal size, this reversed flow was lost. Conclusions: Lumped parameter modelling of the patients’ CSF and vascular systems suggested a new hypothesis, i.e., that the reduction in blood flow was due to reversible constriction of the arterioles secondary to a reset of the autoregulation rather than compression of the venous structures. We suggest there is an increase in CSF absorption efficiency despite the known CSF-absorption mechanisms being unlikely to function at such a low ICP. A hypothesis is put forward that CSF absorption occurs via the brain capillary bed in these diseases. Full article

Air temperature measurements in atmospheric environmental monitoring are susceptible to radiation-induced bias under natural ventilation. This study develops a low-power naturally ventilated air temperature sensor and a correction method combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with machine learning. The sensor integrates a Pt100 thin-film platinum resistance probe (Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), symmetric guide plates, and a dual aluminum-plate radiation shield to reduce radiative heating while improving airflow around the probe. A three-dimensional fluid–solid coupled heat-transfer model was established in ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 to optimize guide-plate spacing and inclination angle and quantify the effects of solar radiation, long-wave radiation, scattered radiation, air density, wind speed, solar elevation angle, and surface albedo on radiation error. CFD results identified a guide-plate spacing of 24 mm and an inclination angle of 45° as the preferred parameters. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) model trained with CFD-derived data was validated in field experiments using a Model 076B aspirated radiation shield (Met One Instruments, Inc., Grants Pass, OR, USA) as the reference. The model predicted radiation error with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.052 °C, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.042 °C, and a correlation coefficient of 0.92. The proposed sensor and correction method provide a low-power and easy-to-maintain approach for reducing radiation-induced bias in naturally ventilated air-temperature measurements, with potential applications in meteorological observation, air-quality monitoring, and agricultural microclimate assessment. Full article

Education for Sustainability (EfS) has emerged as a key framework through which higher education engages ecological, social, and civic challenges. Although EfS is well represented in policy and conceptual scholarship, few empirical studies have examined how sustainability is enacted in everyday teaching practice. This exploratory qualitative collective case study investigates the pedagogical experiences of four faculty members at a U.S. land-grant university. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, supported by syllabi, observations, and student responses, and analyzed using cross-case thematic analysis. Four interconnected themes were identified: latent complexity, personal commitment, inclusive scholarship, and adaptability to student motivations and context. Taken together, the findings offer an initial mapping of how EfS is interpreted and enacted in faculty teaching, while also underscoring the context-bound nature of these cases. The study contributes an exploratory, practice-based account of sustainability teaching and provides a foundation for future comparative research across institutions, disciplines, and regions. Full article

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operate under conditions of rapid change, competitive pressure and growing informational complexity, while their owner-managers often have limited time and cognitive bandwidth to interpret emerging strategic possibilities. Artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to change this by extending how firms detect signals, interpret shifting environments and evaluate possible strategic responses. However, existing work in dynamic capabilities, sensemaking and microfoundations does not fully explain how AI-augmented cognitive systems shape organisational interpretive capacity, strategic adaptability and sustainable competitive positioning. This article addresses that gap by developing Strategic Edge Architecture (SEA), a sociotechnical microfoundational theory of how AI-augmented cognitive infrastructure enhances environmental sensing, prospective sensemaking, adaptive strategic response and sustainability integration in SMEs. Drawing on a multiparadigm theoretical synthesis, this article integrates insights from strategic management, organisational cognition, microfoundations, AI governance and sustainability strategy. SEA conceptualises strategic capability as an emergent property of cognitive infrastructure within which human and AI systems interact to support environmental interpretation, strategic adaptation and sustainable growth. The framework proposes a causal pathway through which AI augmentation strengthens sensing and sensemaking, with human-in-the-loop governance acting as a key moderating condition. The article concludes with formal propositions to guide future empirical research on AI-augmented organisational cognition, whilst recognising that the framework’s claims remain inferential and require empirical examination before SEA’s explanatory power can be assessed. Full article

This study investigates the effect of (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) passivation time on the adhesive bonding performance of aluminum substrates using an epoxy adhesive. Alkaline etching was used to generate a chemically active surface prior to silane treatment. GPTMS passivation led to the formation of silane-derived species on the aluminum surface. SEM/EDS indicated the presence of silicon-containing species. ATR-FTIR analysis showed the progressive development of siloxane (Si–O–Si) bonding with increasing passivation time. The mechanical performance of the bonded joints was evaluated using single-lap shear (SLS) testing. The SLS strength increased from 4.3 ± 1.0 MPa in the as-received substrate to 5.5 ± 1.2 MPa after etching. After GPTMS passivation, the strength reached a plateau beginning at 3 min, with a value of 13.5 ± 1.8 MPa. This corresponds to increases of 28% after etching and 223% after GPTMS passivation. This plateau behavior indicates a self-limiting interfacial process. The improved adhesion is attributed to siloxane formation within the silane layer and the chemical compatibility between GPTMS and the epoxy adhesive. A first-order conceptual semi-quantitative model was developed to relate silane surface coverage to adhesion strength. The results demonstrate that adhesion depends on both surface coverage and the development of siloxane bonding within the silane layer. This study highlights the importance of controlled passivation time in improving adhesion performance under the present experimental conditions. Full article

Background and Objectives: Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain common after elective colorectal surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether adding oral antibiotic bowel preparation (OAB) to mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) reduces SSIs compared with MBP alone. Materials and Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for English-language randomized controlled trials published from January 2005 to January 2025. Eligible trials enrolled adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery and compared MBP+OAB versus MBP alone, with standard intravenous prophylaxis in both groups. The primary outcome was overall SSI; secondary outcomes were incisional SSI and organ-space SSI. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2, certainty with GRADE, and odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using DerSimonian–Laird random-effects models. The protocol was prespecified but not prospectively registered. Results: Twelve trials including 4073 patients were included (MBP+OAB, n = 2069; MBP, n = 2004). MBP+OAB reduced overall SSI (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.37–0.75; p < 0.001; I² = 62.5%; 95% prediction interval 0.17–1.66), incisional SSI (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34–0.80; p = 0.003; I² = 57.5%), and organ-space SSI (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45–0.88; p = 0.007; I² = 8.3%). The effect was preserved in metronidazole-containing regimens (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.33–0.65), but this subgroup was exploratory. Excluding high-risk-of-bias studies supported the primary result. Publication-bias assessment was underpowered. Overall and organ-space SSI were moderate-certainty outcomes; incisional SSI was low-certainty, and anastomotic leak was very low-certainty. Conclusions: In contemporary elective colorectal surgery when MBP is used, adding preoperative OAB probably reduces SSIs. Findings do not establish whether OAB alone is sufficient or whether MBP is necessary; stewardship-relevant outcomes remain insufficiently reported. Funding was provided by ISCIII grant PI25/01285. Full article

Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurological conditions, and kidney disease continue to rise worldwide. These conditions create a growing demand for continuous, non-invasive, and personalized health monitoring technologies. Wearable biosensors meet this need by enabling real-time physiological and biochemical measurements outside traditional clinical settings. Among wearable biosensors, those based on biofluids like sweat, tears, and saliva provide a painless alternative to blood sampling. These fluids also grant access to metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, and disease related biomarkers that reflect systemic health status. Advanced sensing technology allow us to continuously track health status by analyzing key biomarkers in these accessible biofluids. This review summarizes recent advances in non-invasive wearable biosensors and focuses on their sensing principles which includes biorecognition elements, signal transduction mechanisms, and data acquisition strategies. We also discussed key sensing modalities, including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric approaches, highlighting their advantages for wearable integration and performance in biofluid sensing. Finally the review also outlines recent developments and applications of these systems in biofluid sensing. In the end we highlights existing challenges, potential solutions, and future directions toward clinically deployable, AI-assisted precision healthcare systems. Full article

Bayesian estimation of nonlinear mixed-effects models typically relies on Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods due to the intractability of the posterior distribution. While widely used for longitudinal data with missing observations, the performance of MCMC algorithms is often taken for granted, despite their critical impact on inference quality. This paper investigates MCMC-based estimation for Bayesian nonlinear mixed-effects models with missing data, focusing on convergence behavior and computational efficiency. We propose a hybrid sampling framework that combines Gibbs sampling with Metropolis–Hastings (MH) and adaptive MH algorithms to improve mixing and stability. Convergence diagnostics, the effective sample size, and computational performance are systematically evaluated. Simulation studies assess the effects of the iteration length, burn-in proportion, and sample size, and the methodology is illustrated using orthodontic growth data and the Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) trial. Full article

This study investigates the effect of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) parameters and T7 heat treatment on the defect formation, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a high-strength Al-Cu 224 aluminum alloy. The laser power (200–370 W), scanning speed (130–1900 mm/s), and hatch spacing (90–130 μm) were varied to evaluate their influence on hot cracking and porosity. Microstructural characterization using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction revealed that an energy density of 400 J/mm³ substantially reduced visible hot cracking in the examined microscopic regions by reducing the thermal gradients. However, this resulted in increased keyhole porosity, thereby limiting the relative density to 95%. The as-built samples exhibited a yield strength of 152 MPa and an elongation of 9.2%, and the T7 heat treatment improved the yield strength to 233 MPa, whereas the elongation remained unchanged. Keyhole pores served as primary crack initiation/propagation sites during tensile loading, reducing ductility. Lower energy densities increased the geometrically necessary dislocation density and promoted cracking because of higher residual stresses due to greater accumulated plastic strain and lattice curvature. These results clarify process–structure–property relationships, emphasize the trade-offs between defect types and performance, and provide a robust framework for optimizing L-PBF processing of high-strength Al alloys through parameter tuning and post-heat treatment. Full article

The necessity of brownfield remediation has drawn more attention to scholarly literature in recent years. This review aims to understand the application of brownfield regeneration to sustainable housing and infrastructure development. With an emphasis on deciding the obstacles to regeneration, success factors, and their effects on outcomes, including the environmental, social, and economic aspects of housing and infrastructure development, this paper employs a systematic literature review approach to analyse current perspectives on brownfield regeneration for housing and infrastructure. This paper employs the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach and frequency based meta-synthesis to systematically quantify how often specific teams, variables, barriers, or concepts appear in body of literature. This investigation thoroughly examined 88 publications from the Scopus database. The research also classified and highlighted institutional and legal, financial and economic, socio-political, and environmental challenges to brownfield regeneration. The main success criteria for brownfield regeneration are mature policy alignment, approval processes, grants, and access to financial incentives. The developing gap found in this study should be the focus of future research. To address financial obstacles, a strong business case model for brownfield sites that provide investors or stakeholders with a financial forecast is needed. Finally, it is essential to develop a sustainable framework for brownfield site regeneration that encompasses all sustainable dimensions related to housing and infrastructure development. Finally, the review contributes to theory and practice by giving a comprehensive overview of brownfield barriers, success factors, and their impact on academics and industry. Full article

Various industry organisations point to a pressing need for future employees to master a variety of soft skills. These include skills such as communication, empathy, active listening, flexibility, and so on. As higher education institutions have noted this industry need, they are dedicating more attention to integrating the development of these skills throughout their curricula. However, they are faced with several organisational challenges in doing so. Immersive virtual reality has been identified as a promising avenue to address both industry need and higher education challenges. In this study, we investigate the perceptions of higher education instructors of IVR technology for soft skills training, using Bodyswaps software. A total of 103 instructors from 45 higher education institutions across five countries participated in our study, via self-selection within a vendor-coupled, grant-driven deployment. An extended UTAUT2 research model was adopted to investigate their perceptions. Next, we asked them to rate commonly cited educational affordances of IVR technology, further detailing the concept of performance expectancy. The results indicate that our research model could account for 57% of the explained variance and show that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and personal innovativeness significantly affect the behavioural intention to use. No significant moderating effects of age, gender, or prior IVR experience could be retrieved. Despite the limitations of self-selection recruitment bias in this grant-driven study, our findings provide both theoretical and practical contributions, following the ecological validity of this study. Several directions for future research are formulated. Full article

Teacher evaluation has evolved over time from focusing on the moral values of a teacher in the early 1900s to standards-based evaluation models today. In contemporary terms, teacher evaluation systems often seek to serve two needs: accountability and improvement. While multiple reform efforts across the world have focused on these dual purposes of teacher evaluation, professional growth and accountability, they continue to be debated. In recent years, the focus shifted from the inputs of teaching (teacher quality) to the outcomes of teaching (teacher effectiveness) and, more recently, to a balance of inputs and outcomes to support teacher improvement and student success. This literature review focuses on the most recent ten years of empirical studies and conceptual/theoretical papers to examine the continued evolution of thinking related to these dual purposes of teacher evaluation systems. Of the 79 articles we examined, three key themes emerged: (1) a focus on what drives improvement in teacher practice; (2) the consequences of an accountability-oriented teacher evaluation system; and (3) validity, context, and authenticity concerns. From these themes, we discuss the need for reconsidering the dual purposes of evaluation, re-centering teacher feedback and professional dialogue to reflect a balanced approach to evaluation that reflects teachers’ voices. Full article

This study proposes a comprehensive techno-economic methodology to assess the economic viability and optimal sizing of grid-connected residential photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption systems without storage in emerging economies. The model uses net present value (NPV) as the optimization criterion and estimates internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback time (DPBT) as complementary profitability indicators. It integrates hourly PV generation, synthesized hourly demand profiles, local tariff structures, surplus-energy remuneration, investment and operating costs, inflation, performance losses, and discount-rate assumptions, while explicitly accounting for context-specific limitations related to data availability, storage-free operation, and financing assumptions. The methodology is applied to 30 Colombian residential scenarios, covering five cities and six socioeconomic strata, and is complemented with a replicability case in Jaén, Spain. In Colombia, PV self-consumption is economically viable in all cases, but profitability is highly uneven: maximized NPV ranges from 2.8 € in the least favorable low-income case to 2816 € in the best high-income case, IRR ranges from 5.0% to 14.7%, and DPBT ranges from 8 to 24 years. From an energy-justice perspective, tariff subsidies improve affordability but may reduce PV attractiveness for low-income users, highlighting the need for capital grants, low-interest loans, or community solar schemes. Full article