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Keywords = glucose resin

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25 pages, 2127 KiB  
Article
Isolation, Preliminary Structural Insights, Characterization, and Antioxidant Potential of a New High-Molecular Weight Complex Phenolic Polymer Developed from Olive Mill Wastewater
by Antonio Lama-Muñoz, Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria, Fátima Rubio-Senent, Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, África Fernández-Prior and Juan Fernández-Bolaños
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070791 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a byproduct of the olive oil industry, is a potential source of natural bioactive phenolic polymers. In this work, a column chromatography technique was used for the isolation of a new complex polymer (named OMW-2000XAD) from OMW via fractionation [...] Read more.
Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a byproduct of the olive oil industry, is a potential source of natural bioactive phenolic polymers. In this work, a column chromatography technique was used for the isolation of a new complex polymer (named OMW-2000XAD) from OMW via fractionation on Amberlite® XAD16 resin. The developed procedure was simple and proved to be reproducible using OMW from two different sources. OMW-2000XAD was further characterized by elemental, glycosidic, and amino acid composition analysis, as well as spectroscopic techniques. The polymer’s molecular size, which was estimated via gel filtration chromatography, was 1960 kDa, which is significantly larger than other high-molecular weight fractions previously isolated from OMW or other agro-industrial wastes. OMW-2000XAD was mainly composed of phenolic compounds (89.8%). It also contained polysaccharides (16.1%) and proteins (10.3%), with glucose (12.25%) and cysteine (1.71%) being the most abundant sugar and amino acid, respectively, as well as metals (1.29%, primarily potassium). However, due to its low solubility, complexity, and heterogeneous composition, it was not possible to identify all phenolic compounds or elucidate a definitive structure via MS, FTIR, and NMR. OMW-2000XAD exhibited strong radical scavenging antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+, DPPH and peroxyl radicals), with results up to 7415 µmol Trolox equivalent/mol (ORAC method), but showed no antiproliferative effects, highlighting the need for further research. Full article
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15 pages, 7187 KiB  
Article
Hexoses Biorefinery: Driving Glucose Dehydration over Sulfonic Polymer and Hybrid Acid Catalysts
by Kryslaine M. A. Santos, Simone J. Canhaci, Rafael F. Perez and Marco A. Fraga
Reactions 2025, 6(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6020026 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide as it is the primary unit of cellulose and starch, which are the more relevant feedstocks for biorefineries. Dehydration of glucose can lead to anhydroglucoses, whose interest has been increasing due to its potential industrial use. Commercial [...] Read more.
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide as it is the primary unit of cellulose and starch, which are the more relevant feedstocks for biorefineries. Dehydration of glucose can lead to anhydroglucoses, whose interest has been increasing due to its potential industrial use. Commercial sulfonic polymer resins and a synthesized organic–inorganic mesoporous material were taken as Brønsted acid catalysts. High hexose conversion (up to 98%) and selectivity to anhydroglucoses (~80%) could be reached, turning this process into an alternative route to carbohydrate pyrolysis that presents an energy-intensive downstream. Hexose conversion to anhydroglucoses was related to the amount of acid sites, and the removal of one molecule of water from hexoses to produce anhydroglucoses was found as the preferential dehydration route over a bare Brønsted acid catalyst in anhydrous polar aprotic solvent (DMF) at mild conditions. Product distribution changed dramatically upon catalyst deactivation with HMF and fructose emerging as relevant products. It was suggested that an additional Lewis surface is produced during the deactivation process, probably arising from the formation of insoluble high molecular weight compounds in acidic media. Full article
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15 pages, 5204 KiB  
Article
Bifunctional Chromium-Doped Phenolic Porous Hydrothermal Carbon Catalysts for the Catalytic Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
by Pize Xiao, Wei Mao, Zhiming Wu, Huimin Gao, Chutong Ling and Jinghong Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(8), 3648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083648 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
A sustainable and efficient approach for converting carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) via heterogeneous catalysis is crucial for effectively utilizing biomass. In this study, we synthesized a series of CrX-polyphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTF) catalysts, which are composites of Cr-doped phenolic-resin-based hydrothermal carbon, using a chelation-assisted [...] Read more.
A sustainable and efficient approach for converting carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) via heterogeneous catalysis is crucial for effectively utilizing biomass. In this study, we synthesized a series of CrX-polyphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTF) catalysts, which are composites of Cr-doped phenolic-resin-based hydrothermal carbon, using a chelation-assisted multicomponent co-assembly strategy. The performance of the synthesized catalysts was assessed through various analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Cr incorporation into the catalysts enhanced the total and Lewis acidities. Notably, the optimized catalyst, designated as Cr0.6-PTF, achieved an effective glucose conversion into HMF, yielding a maximum of 69.5% at 180 °C for 180 min in a saturated NaCl solution (NaClaq)/dimethyl sulfoxide (2: 18) solvent system. Furthermore, Cr0.6-PTF maintained excellent catalytic activity and a stable chemical structure after nine cyclic reactions, resulting in a 63.8% HMF yield from glucose. This study revealed an innovative approach for utilizing metal-doped phenolic resin hydrothermal carbon to transform glucose into platform chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)
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20 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Role of Microencapsulated Essential Oil and Pepper Resin in the Diet of Cows in the Third Lactation Phase on Immunological Pathways
by Karoline Wagner Leal, Marta Lizandra do Rego Leal, Gabriel S. Klein, Andrei Lucas R. Brunetto, Guilherme Luiz Deolindo, Camila Eduarda Justen, Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera, Tainara L. Santos, Daniela Zanini, Rafael C. de Araujo and Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040344 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 755
Abstract
The objective was to determine whether dairy cows may activate traditional and alternative inflammatory pathways by consuming a combination of a phytogenic diet (essential oil and pepper resin). Twenty pregnant Jersey cows in the final (third) lactation phase (260 days in milk) were [...] Read more.
The objective was to determine whether dairy cows may activate traditional and alternative inflammatory pathways by consuming a combination of a phytogenic diet (essential oil and pepper resin). Twenty pregnant Jersey cows in the final (third) lactation phase (260 days in milk) were divided into two groups: control, with no additive consumption, and test, with the addition of the phytogenic to the concentrate portion of the diet (150 mg/day/kg dry matter). Blood samples were collected on experimental days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 by coccygeal vein puncture to assess the complete blood count, serum biochemistry of levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin, as well as carbohydrate metabolism (glucose), lipid metabolism (cholesterol and triglycerides), protein metabolism (urea), activities of hepatic enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), cytokine levels (interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), antioxidant response [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total thiol (PSH), and non-protein thiol (NPSH), and glutathione S(GST)], cholinergic system [total cholinesterase (ChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)], purinergic signaling [NTPDase, 5′ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA)], and energetic metabolism enzymes [creatine kinase (CK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and adenylate kinase (AK)]. Productive performance was assessed through feed intake and milk production. The results revealed that the use of phytogenic compounds significantly influenced the cholinergic system and purinergic signaling associated with immunology. The reduction in cholinesterase (ChE) activity and the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in lymphocytes suggest the modulation of the cholinergic system, enhancing the immune response. Furthermore, the elevated activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in lymphocytes and platelets, together with increased ATP and ADP hydrolysis in platelets, indicates the beneficial regulation of purinergic signaling, potentially contributing to inflammatory modulation. These effects were accompanied by a lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and a higher production of IL-10, reinforcing an anti-inflammatory profile. The reduced leukocyte and lymphocyte counts may reflect a lower inflammatory demand, while the increased levels of NPSH and GST antioxidants suggest cellular protection. Despite these physiological changes, productive performance and milk quality remained unaffected. In summary and practical terms, including this additive in the cows’ diet benefits the cow’s health in the final third of gestation when the animal already has a reduced immune response due to advanced gestation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Ruminant Health and Production: Alternatives to Antibiotics)
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14 pages, 2266 KiB  
Article
Performance Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Few-Layer Graphene Obtained by the Method of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
by Nikita Podlozhnyuk, Aleksei Vozniakovskii, Sergey Kidalov and Alexander Voznyakovskii
Polymers 2025, 17(6), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17060812 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 585
Abstract
This study presents the results of an investigation into the influence of few-layer graphene, produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis from various types of biopolymers (glucose, cellulose, and lignin), on the mechanical, thermophysical, and tribological properties of epoxy resin. It was found that the [...] Read more.
This study presents the results of an investigation into the influence of few-layer graphene, produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis from various types of biopolymers (glucose, cellulose, and lignin), on the mechanical, thermophysical, and tribological properties of epoxy resin. It was found that the addition of few-layer graphene at concentrations of up to 1 wt.% leads to an increase in compressive strength by up to 40%, flexural strength by up to 15%, and thermal conductivity by up to 40% compared to the original resin. A fivefold increase in the wear resistance of the composites was also observed compared to pure epoxy resin, due to a reduction in the friction coefficient. Full article
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27 pages, 5231 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Ultrasonic-Enzyme Synergistic Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Jujube: Purification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Study
by Qiaoshuang Lu, Zheng Ye and Chun Yang
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030619 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1008
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins have received extensive attention due to their high functional value, but their sources are limited. Therefore, this experiment studied the preparation, biological activities, and characterization of proanthocyanidins from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Muzao) at different periods, aiming to [...] Read more.
Proanthocyanidins have received extensive attention due to their high functional value, but their sources are limited. Therefore, this experiment studied the preparation, biological activities, and characterization of proanthocyanidins from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Muzao) at different periods, aiming to explore a new source of proanthocyanidins and enhance their utilization value. Through ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction, the optimal extraction conditions for PC from Muzao were determined, yielding a proanthocyanidin content of 2.01%. Purification using AB-8 macroporous resin increased the proanthocyanidin content by 11 times. The bioactivity results indicated that proanthocyanidins demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activity (scavenging rate ≥ 83.4%) and blood glucose-lowering activity (inhibition rate ≥ 84.7%). Both activities decreased with maturity, while the degree of polymerization also exhibited a positive effect. Mass spectrometry identified a total of 102 compounds, with cyanidin-based compounds being the most abundant, comprising 28 species. The comprehensive research results indicate that the oligomeric proanthocyanidins extracted, purified, and isolated from Muzao during the young fruit stage exhibit diverse biological activities and are abundant in content. They can be utilized for the extraction and purification of proanthocyanidins, offering a reference for the expansion of natural sources of proanthocyanidins and the development of functional foods. Full article
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22 pages, 3271 KiB  
Article
Phenolic Characterization and Quality Evaluation of Herbal Coffee from Roasted Juniper Berry Fruits (Juniperus drupacea L.): Elucidating the Impact of Roasting
by Hasim Kelebek, Merve Carikcioglu, Pınar Kadiroglu, Esra Ereli, Turkan Uzlasir and Serkan Selli
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3946; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233946 - 6 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1577
Abstract
Consumers’ demand for foods with health benefits and different tastes is on an increasing trend. Juniper berries (“andiz” in Turkish) are the fruits of perennial, aromatic, and resinous Juniperus drupacea trees. In this study, quality properties of herbal coffee samples obtained from juniper [...] Read more.
Consumers’ demand for foods with health benefits and different tastes is on an increasing trend. Juniper berries (“andiz” in Turkish) are the fruits of perennial, aromatic, and resinous Juniperus drupacea trees. In this study, quality properties of herbal coffee samples obtained from juniper berries roasted at three different temperatures (120, 160, and 200 °C) and four different durations (10, 25, 32.5, and 55 min) were elucidated. The herbal coffee samples were prepared from roasted and powdered fruits, and their total phenolic contents (TPCs), sugar profiles, antioxidant activities (AAs), and other quality parameters were examined. The highest AA value was determined as 17.99 and 29.36 mM Trolox/L (DPPH and ABTS, respectively) in the herbal coffee prepared from berries roasted at 120 °C for 25 min. Sucrose and glucose were dominant in all herbal coffee samples. Sixteen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by a LC-ESI-MS/MS device. The TPC values of the herbal coffee varied from 236.7 to 917.0 g/L, and the procyanidin dimer, amentoflavone, methyl-biflavone, and digalloylquinic acid were dominant in all samples. The hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content of the herbal coffee varied between 0.01 and 0.39 mg/kg. According to a sensory analysis, the herbal coffee obtained from fruits roasted at 120 °C for 25 min was the most appreciated sample. In sum, this work shows that herbal coffee is non-caffeinated and is an alternative to regular coffee drinks derived from juniper berries roasted at lower temperatures and has more significant phenolic and antioxidant contents. It also has the potential to offer innovative and healthy alternatives to the food industry. Future research should focus on investigating how this herbal coffee can be positioned in the market and can influence consumer preference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drinks and Liquid Nutrition)
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19 pages, 3245 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived Hemicellulose Sugars by the One-Pot Method into Carboxylic Acids Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
by Natalia Sobuś, Marcin Piotrowski and Izabela Czekaj
Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120857 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 832
Abstract
This article presents the conditions for the transformation of pulp containing mixtures that occur in the hemicellulose fraction derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Selected materials with strong acid centers were used as catalytic materials: ion exchange resins, including AMBERLYST 15(H) and DOWEX DR-G8(H), and [...] Read more.
This article presents the conditions for the transformation of pulp containing mixtures that occur in the hemicellulose fraction derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Selected materials with strong acid centers were used as catalytic materials: ion exchange resins, including AMBERLYST 15(H) and DOWEX DR-G8(H), and selected zeolite in the hydrogen form of the Beta type (H-BEA). The group was marked with the abbreviations M1, M2 and M3, where it differs in the content of xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose and uronic acids. The catalytic process was carried out in the reactor as a one-pot technique at temperatures of 180–250 °C for 1–5 h. Based on the collected results, the transformation products of hemicellulose pulp were determined and the catalytic abilities of selected materials were determined. The proposed conditions led to the production of organic acids. Levulinic acid was obtained with a selectivity of 25.95% after 1 h of the process at a temperature of 250 °C with the participation of H-BEA, and lactic acid was obtained with a selectivity of 73.28% after 5 h of the process at a temperature of 250 °C using DOWEX DRG8(H). The presence of oxalic, propionic and acetic acids was also observed. Full article
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13 pages, 4105 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Microscopical and Microbiological Assessment of the Sealing Ability of Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers
by Karin Christine Huth, Sabina Noreen Wuersching, Leander Benz, Stefan Kist and Maximilian Kollmuss
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110341 - 12 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1296
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the sealing ability and microleakage of calcium silicate-based sealers compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer. One hundred twenty-five roots from anterior teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and divided into four groups: AH Plus (AH), ProRoot MTA (PR), Medcem MTA [...] Read more.
This in vitro study evaluated the sealing ability and microleakage of calcium silicate-based sealers compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer. One hundred twenty-five roots from anterior teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and divided into four groups: AH Plus (AH), ProRoot MTA (PR), Medcem MTA (MC), and Total Fill BC Sealer/BC-coated gutta-percha (TF); n = 30. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure sealer penetration at three horizontal levels in 10 roots per group, while glucose leakage over 30 days was assessed in 20 roots. A lateral compaction technique was used for most groups, except for TF, which employed a single-cone method. Data were analyzed using Python with a Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test. TF showed significantly greater penetration in the coronal and middle sections, while PR had the least penetration in the apical section. PR exhibited the highest canal circumference penetration, especially compared to MC and TF. Glucose leakage increased over time in all groups, with TF showing the highest permeability after 30 days. Overall, calcium silicate-based sealers PR, MC, and TF performed similarly to the epoxy resin standard AH, with all groups exhibiting decreasing penetration from coronal to apical and increased leakage over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 7453 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Tumor Inhibitory Activity of Tricin from Carex Meyeriana Kunth
by Baiji Cui, Jie Sun, Sheng Chang, Hongmei Zhang, Yawei Li, Xianmin Feng and Zengjun Guo
Molecules 2024, 29(19), 4530; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194530 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 999
Abstract
This study describes the purification and preparation of tricin (5, 7, 4-trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyflavone) from Carex Meyeriana Kunth via adsorption and desorption using macroporous resins and high-performance liquid chromatography. Six resins were tested to evaluate the static adsorption and desorption capacities. The HPD-300 resin [...] Read more.
This study describes the purification and preparation of tricin (5, 7, 4-trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyflavone) from Carex Meyeriana Kunth via adsorption and desorption using macroporous resins and high-performance liquid chromatography. Six resins were tested to evaluate the static adsorption and desorption capacities. The HPD-300 resin was selected as the adsorption material to enrich tricin because of its suitable adsorption and desorption capacities. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were studied on HPD-300 resin, and the results agreed with the Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetics model, respectively. The parameters of the dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were then optimized. The purity of tricin increased from 2.6 mg/g to 45.1 mg/g with a recovery yield of 76.4% after purification using HPD-300 resin. Then, Prep-HPLC was used to further purify tricin. The purity of tricin reached 99.4%, with a recovery yield of 78.0% thereafter. Tricin exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of various tumor cells, including gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. It significantly suppresses cell colony formation while also altering cell cycle progression metabolism by decreasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and increasing the proportion in the S and G2/M phases. Additionally, tricin affects the efficiency of SGC-7901 cell lactate production, ATP content, and glucose uptake. These findings suggest that tricin may impede tumor cell proliferation through its impact on cell cycle progression and energy metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development II)
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14 pages, 2345 KiB  
Review
Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health
by Sarah A. Blomquist and Maria Luz Fernandez
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2941; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172941 - 2 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4729
Abstract
Chios mastic gum (CMG) is a resin obtained from the Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia tree that grows in the Mediterranean. For millennia, it has been renowned for its medicinal properties, but recently, CMG has gained attention due to its pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative [...] Read more.
Chios mastic gum (CMG) is a resin obtained from the Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia tree that grows in the Mediterranean. For millennia, it has been renowned for its medicinal properties, but recently, CMG has gained attention due to its pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties and its use in oral health, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This narrative review seeks to briefly overview its bioactive constituents and examine and describe its potential as a cardiometabolic disease (CMD) phytotherapeutic. The results of clinical trials and in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies provide accumulating evidence of the mechanisms underlying CMG’s impacts on lipid and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular and hepatic health, inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition, and microbiota. Despite the relatively limited studies with mixed results, they have provided the foundation to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities moving forward that may help to establish CMG and its bioactives as viable therapeutics for CMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Approaches and Prevention of Chronic Diseases)
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20 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Extraction and Purification of Flavonoids from Stigmaless Floral Residues of Crocus sativus L. and Their Stimulatory Effect on Glucose Uptake In Vitro
by Sunce Chen, Quanhe Lv, Chunhui Liu, Hongxia Yuan, Chunfei Li, Yifan Liu and Wen Zhang
Molecules 2024, 29(14), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143271 - 10 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a renowned spice and medicinal herb. During its production, a significant amount of floral residues, rich in bioactive compounds, are discarded as agricultural by-products. This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable utilization [...] Read more.
Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a renowned spice and medicinal herb. During its production, a significant amount of floral residues, rich in bioactive compounds, are discarded as agricultural by-products. This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable utilization of these stigmaless floral residues (FRC) by optimizing the extraction and purification of their flavonoids, analyzing their chemical composition, and evaluating their effect on glucose uptake. The extraction of flavonoids from FRC was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were an ethanol concentration of 67.7%, a temperature of 67.6 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, an extraction time of 3 h, and two extractions. The crude extract obtained was then purified using macroporous resin HPD100, selected after comparing the adsorption and desorption characteristics of six different resins. The optimal purification parameters were an adsorption concentration of 40 mg/mL, a loading volume of 7 bed volumes (BV) at a flow rate of 3 BV/h, and 80% ethanol as the eluent with a volume of 4 BV. The resulting flavonoid-enriched extract (FFRC) had an experimental yield of 8.67% ± 0.01 and a flavonoid content of 128.30 ± 4.64 mg/g. The main flavonoids in FFRC were identified as kaempferol glycosides, isorhamnetin glycosides, and quercetin glycosides. Moreover, FFRC significantly stimulated glucose consumption and uptake in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting its potential utility as a natural hypoglycemic agent. This study contributes to the sustainable and value-added utilization of agricultural resources by providing data for the exploitation and application of flavonoids from saffron by-products. Full article
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14 pages, 4197 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Lyocell Fibers with Inherent Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Properties
by Frank Wendler, Thomas Schulze, Janine Bauer and Benjamin Redlingshöfer
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092054 - 29 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1612
Abstract
Functional Lyocell fibers gain interest in garments and technical textiles, especially when equipped with inherently bioactive features. In this study, Lyocell fibers are modified with an ion exchange resin and subsequently loaded with copper (Cu) ions. The modified Lyocell process enables high amounts [...] Read more.
Functional Lyocell fibers gain interest in garments and technical textiles, especially when equipped with inherently bioactive features. In this study, Lyocell fibers are modified with an ion exchange resin and subsequently loaded with copper (Cu) ions. The modified Lyocell process enables high amounts of the resin additive (>10%) through intensive dispersion and subsequently, high uptake of 2.7% Cu throughout the whole cross-section of the fiber. Fixation by Na2CO3 increases the washing and dyeing resistance considerably. Cu content after dyeing compared to the original fiber value amounts to approx. 65% for reactive, 75% for direct, and 77% for HT dyeing, respectively. Even after 50 household washes, a recovery of 43% for reactive, 47% for direct and 26% for HT dyeing is proved. XRD measurements reveal ionic bonding of Cu fixation inside the cellulose/ion exchange resin composite. A combination of the fixation process with a change in Cu valence state by glucose/NaOH leads to the formation of Cu2O crystallites, which is proved by XRD. Cu fiber shows a strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria, even after 50 household washing cycles of both >5 log CFU. In nonwoven blends with a share of only 6% Cu fiber, a strong antimicrobial (CFU > log 5) and full antiviral effectiveness (>log 4) was received even after 50 washing cycles. Time-dependent measurements already show strong antiviral behavior after 30 s. Further, the fibers show an increased die off of the fungal isolate Candida auris with CFU log 4.4, and nonwovens made from 6% Cu fiber share a CFU log of 1.7. Findings of the study predestines the fiber for advanced textile processing and applications in areas with high germ loads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers and Biohybrids for Human Health)
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15 pages, 2558 KiB  
Article
Preparation, Purification, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Rice Bran Fermentation Broth with Hypsizigus marmoreus
by Yanping Chi, Lining Kang, Xiangying Liu, Hongrui Sun, Yue Meng, Jialin Zhang, You Kang and Yonggang Dai
Fermentation 2024, 10(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040188 - 29 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1863
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the composition, characterization and antioxidant activity of rice bran fermentation broth, and provide a new way for high-value utilization of rice bran. Firstly, we fermented rice bran with Hypsizigus marmoreus and purified fermentation broth [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the composition, characterization and antioxidant activity of rice bran fermentation broth, and provide a new way for high-value utilization of rice bran. Firstly, we fermented rice bran with Hypsizigus marmoreus and purified fermentation broth with macroporous resins. We took feruloyl oligosaccharides (FOs) concentration as the measure index, and the results showed that the maximum concentration of FOs was 0.72 mmol/L on the 6th day of rice bran fermentation. We took D101 macroporous resin as adsorption resin for rice bran fermentation broth, and the result showed that FOs concentration reached 2.38 mmol/L with the optimal purification process at pH 4.5, temperature 29 °C, ethanol concentration 55%, sample flow rate 1.5 mL/min, sample concentration 1.7 mL/min and elution flow rate 2.0 mmol/L. Secondly, the characters of rice bran fermentation broth were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These methods showed the presence of ferulic acid (FA), arabinose, xylose and glucose in rice bran fermentation broth. Finally, the in vitro antioxidant activities of rice bran fermentation broth were tested and the result showed that fermentation broth had good antioxidant activities and significantly improved after purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Wastes: Feedstock for Value-Added Products: 5th Edition)
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15 pages, 2812 KiB  
Article
Novel Technologies for Butyric Acid Fermentation: Use of Cellulosic Biomass, Rapid Bioreactor, and Efficient Product Recovery
by Nasib Qureshi, Richard D. Ashby, Nancy N. Nichols and Ronald Hector
Fermentation 2024, 10(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10030142 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 2902
Abstract
Butyric acid, a four-carbon fatty acid, is an important industrial chemical and feedstock. To produce this chemical, a control fermentation was run with a 126.5 g.L−1 glucose concentration in the feed medium. In this medium, the strain produced 44.8 g.L−1 total [...] Read more.
Butyric acid, a four-carbon fatty acid, is an important industrial chemical and feedstock. To produce this chemical, a control fermentation was run with a 126.5 g.L−1 glucose concentration in the feed medium. In this medium, the strain produced 44.8 g.L−1 total acid with a productivity of 0.23 g.L−1h−1 and a yield of 0.41 g.g−1. The strain (Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755) was also able to utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously with similar fermentation performance. The culture was also used to produce butyric acid from wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH) employing a hot water pretreatment. In a batch system, the strain resulted in a productivity and yield of 0.27 g.L−1h−1 and 0.44 g.g−1, respectively, which was an improvement over the use of glucose or xylose alone or mixtures of both. To improve reactor productivity, a membrane cell recycle bioreactor was used which resulted in a productivity of 1.89 g.L−1h−1. This productivity was 822% of that achieved in the glucose or xylose batch fermentation. Furthermore, a butyric acid recovery method was developed using XAD-4 adsorbent resin. In this system, up to 206.1 g.L−1 of butyric acid was used in the feed and, as a result of the quick adsorption, the residual butyric acid concentration was 29.5 g.L−1. In this experiment, the rate of acid removal of 1059.4 g.L−1h−1 was achieved. Full article
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