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Keywords = gasoline particulate filter

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17 pages, 3065 KiB  
Article
Soot Mass Concentration Prediction at the GPF Inlet of GDI Engine Based on Machine Learning Methods
by Zhiyuan Hu, Zeyu Liu, Jiayi Shen, Shimao Wang and Piqiang Tan
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143861 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
To improve the prediction accuracy of soot load in gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) and the control accuracy during GPF regeneration, this study developed a prediction model to predict the soot mass concentration at the GPF inlet of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines using [...] Read more.
To improve the prediction accuracy of soot load in gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) and the control accuracy during GPF regeneration, this study developed a prediction model to predict the soot mass concentration at the GPF inlet of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines using advanced machine learning methods. Three machine learning approaches, namely, support vector regression (SVR), deep neural network (DNN), and a Stacking integration model of SVR and DNN, were employed, respectively, to predict the soot mass concentration at the GPF inlet. The input data includes engine speed, torque, ignition timing, throttle valve opening angle, fuel injection pressure, and pulse width. Exhaust gas soot mass concentration at the three-way catalyst (TWC) outlet is obtained by an engine bench test. The results show that the correlation coefficients (R2) of SVR, DNN, and Stacking integration model of SVR and DNN are 0.937, 0.984, and 0.992, respectively, and the prediction ranges of soot mass concentration are 0–0.038 mg/s, 0–0.030 mg/s, and 0–0.07 mg/s, respectively. The distribution, median, and data density of prediction results obtained by the three machine learning approaches fit well with the test results. However, the prediction result of the SVR model is poor when the soot mass concentration exceeds 0.038 mg/s. The median of the prediction result obtained by the DNN model is closer to the test result, specifically for data points in the 25–75% range. However, there are a few negative prediction results in the test dataset due to overfitting. Integrating SVR and DNN models through stacked models extends the predictive range of a single SVR or DNN model while mitigating the overfitting of DNN models. The results of the study can serve as a reference for the development of accurate prediction algorithms to estimate soot loads in GPFs, which in turn can provide some basis for the control of the particulate mass and particle number (PN) emitted from GDI engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engines: Research and Applications—3rd Edition)
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8 pages, 713 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Characterization of Six Common Household Pollutants in Multilayered Indoor Air Quality System for Monitoring and Reducing Volatile Organic Compounds and PM2.5
by Glenn V. Magwili, Mathew G. Bandiez and Jobert A. Carbon
Eng. Proc. 2025, 92(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025092084 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Air pollution is a significant health concern identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as it poses serious health risks and climate impacts. WHO indicates that 99% of the global population breathes air with pollutant levels exceeding safe guidelines. Indoor particulate level (IPL) [...] Read more.
Air pollution is a significant health concern identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as it poses serious health risks and climate impacts. WHO indicates that 99% of the global population breathes air with pollutant levels exceeding safe guidelines. Indoor particulate level (IPL) is approximately 20% higher in naturally ventilated buildings than mechanically ventilated ones. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), found in products such as pesticides and gasoline, and pollutants including PM2.5 and PM10 contribute to these health risks. This study aims to characterize six common household pollutants, focusing on their concentrations and potential health impacts indoor environments. By understanding the characteristics of the pollutants, indoor air quality can be improved to mitigate associated health risks. The results showed that VOC showed the highest level of concentration as 23.8% was filtered while vape showed the highest concentration of PM2.5 with 83.3% filtered. No significant difference was observed among the VOC concentrations of candles, mosquito coils, and cigarettes. For PM2.5, frying and LPG had the same levels of concentration while the other groups had similar levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2024 IEEE 6th Eurasia Conference on IoT, Communication and Engineering)
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16 pages, 6872 KiB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Removal and IoT-Based Monitoring of CO2 Emissions Released from Gasoline Engines Using a Novel Compact Nomex/Activated Carbon Sandwich Filter
by Saad S. M. Hassan, Nora R. G. Mohamed, Mohamed M. A. Saad, Yasser H. Ibrahim, Alia A. Elshakour and Mahmoud Abdelwahab Fathy
Polymers 2025, 17(11), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111447 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
A novel cost-effective, rapid, and eco-friendly method was described for the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the gaseous emissions of gasoline engines. This involved the use of a sandwich filter (~10 cm diameter) made of a nonwoven poly (m [...] Read more.
A novel cost-effective, rapid, and eco-friendly method was described for the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the gaseous emissions of gasoline engines. This involved the use of a sandwich filter (~10 cm diameter) made of a nonwoven poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (Nomex) fabric loaded with a thin layer of activated carbon. The optimized filter, with an activated carbon mass of 2.89 mg/cm2, a thickness of 4.8 mm, and an air permeability of 0.5 cm3/cm2/s, was tested. A simple homemade sampling device equipped with solid-state electrochemical sensors to monitor the concentration levels of CO2 before and after filtration of the emissions was utilized. The data were transmitted via a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) link to an Internet of Things (IoT)-based gas monitoring system for remote management, and real-time data visualization. The proposed device achieved a 70 ± 3.4% CO2-removal efficiency within 7 min of operation. Characterization of the filter was conducted using a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The effects of loaded activated carbon mass, fabric type, filter porosity, gaseous removal time, and adsorption kinetics were also examined. The proposed filter displayed several advantages, including simplicity, compactness, dry design, ease of regeneration, scalability, durability, low cost, and good efficiency. Heat resistance, fire retardancy, mechanical stability, and the ability to remove other gasoline combustion products such as CO, SOx, NOx, VOCs, and particulates were also offered. The filtration system enabled both in situ and on-line CO2 real-time continuous emission monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Inorganic Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications)
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25 pages, 10523 KiB  
Article
Impact Investigation of Structural Parameters and Inlet Exhaust Gas Boundary Conditions on Particles Trapping Efficiency of Carrier Wall in GPF Based on a Non-Homogeneous Dynamic Extended Capture Model
by Zhiyuan Hu, Jiayi Shen, Xinshun Gao, Piqiang Tan and Diming Lou
Energies 2025, 18(9), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092255 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
To accurately predict the performance of GPF trapping, this study proposes a non-homogeneous dynamic extended capture model for a gasoline particulate filter (GPF). The model consists of a non-homogeneous filter wall sub-model, a filter wall temperature sub-model, a particle size distribution sub-model, and [...] Read more.
To accurately predict the performance of GPF trapping, this study proposes a non-homogeneous dynamic extended capture model for a gasoline particulate filter (GPF). The model consists of a non-homogeneous filter wall sub-model, a filter wall temperature sub-model, a particle size distribution sub-model, and a capture unit sub-model. The distribution of pore size, inlet particles, and growth of the trapping unit were considered in the model to improve its accuracy. A bench test was conducted to validate the model on a GS61 1.5 L direct injection gasoline engine, combined with three particle filters of different structural parameters. Based on the proposed model, the influence of structural parameters and inlet tail gas boundary conditions, as well as the inlet particle’s properties, on the filtration efficiency of the carrier wall was investigated. The results show that the length, cell density, and wall thickness of the carrier wall have a significant effect on the filtration efficiency of the filter wall, while the porosity, mean, and variance in pore size distribution of the carrier wall have a greater effect on the initial filtration efficiency. As for the inlet tail gas boundary conditions and the inlet particle’s properties, the inlet tail gas flow rate and the amount of particles have a significant impact on the filtration efficiency of the GPF. Specifically, GPFs with shorter length, smaller cell density, and thicker walls, while appropriately reducing the porosity and the mean and variance of pore size of the carrier wall, can effectively improve the filtration efficiency. The larger the number of particles, the larger the average particle diameter, and the more dispersed the particle size distribution, the higher the filtration efficiency of the GPF. Full article
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19 pages, 5247 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Axial Velocity Uniformity in Porous Medium of Gasoline Particulate Filters
by Yuxin Hu, Fan Zhang and Yiqiang Pei
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073854 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 362
Abstract
In order to meet new real-world emissions standards and reduce particulates emitted by GDI engines, automakers are increasingly adopting gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The uniformity of axial permeation velocity through porous medium in GPFs significantly impacts filtration efficiency. Consequently, a three-dimensional single-channel GPF–CFD [...] Read more.
In order to meet new real-world emissions standards and reduce particulates emitted by GDI engines, automakers are increasingly adopting gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The uniformity of axial permeation velocity through porous medium in GPFs significantly impacts filtration efficiency. Consequently, a three-dimensional single-channel GPF–CFD model is developed to investigate the impact of partition coatings and pins on flow characteristics. Different coating amounts are compared by adjusting porosity using a single-channel GPF model, with pins strategically placed along the upper and lower sides of the inlet channel. Simulation results indicate that optimizing porosity and length across different coated sections enhances the consistency of axial permeation velocity, particularly when the ratio of coated length falls within the range of 30–40%. Pins reduce the axial variance by increasing permeation velocity near the inlet surface, with a symmetrical arrangement of four pairs and a height of 0.3 mm yielding optimal performance. Moreover, the combination of partitions and pins shows potential to improve maximum homogeneity by approximately 75%. Full article
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19 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Effect of Lubricating Oil Volatility and Ash Content on the Emission of Sub-23 nm Particles
by Salvatore Lagana, Sebastian A. Pfau, Ephraim Haffner-Staton, Antonino La Rocca and Alasdair Cairns
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042212 - 19 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 765
Abstract
As the world transitions to decarbonized fuels, understanding the impact of engine oil on emissions remains crucial. Lubricant-derived particulate emissions can influence air quality and regulatory compliance in future transport. Researchers have predominantly focused on transient driving cycles to replicate real-world conditions and [...] Read more.
As the world transitions to decarbonized fuels, understanding the impact of engine oil on emissions remains crucial. Lubricant-derived particulate emissions can influence air quality and regulatory compliance in future transport. Researchers have predominantly focused on transient driving cycles to replicate real-world conditions and capture the full range of particle size. This emphasis has led to a lack of comprehensive data on oil-related particulate emissions during steady-state operations, particularly for particles smaller than 23 nm. This paper addresses this gap as upcoming regulations, such as Euro 7, are expected to impose stricter limits by extending measurement thresholds down to 10 nm. The investigation was conducted on a 1.0 L gasoline direct injection engine, assessing total particulate number (TPN) emissions using three oil formulations: a baseline oil with mid-ash content and mid-volatility, a low-ash and low-volatility oil (LoLo), and a high-ash and high-volatility oil (HiHi). A DMS500, with and without a catalytic stripper, measured particle size distribution and TPN. Two digital filters were applied to obtain particle number (PN) metrics comparable to condensation particle counters: “F1-PN > 23” with d50 = 23 nm and “F3-PN > 10” with d50 = 10 nm. Sub-23 nm particles dominated emissions, with baseline oil generally producing higher PN emissions except at low loads. Using F1-PN > 23, HiHi exhibited higher PN counts across moderate to high speeds, while F3-PN > 10 revealed lower PN emissions for HiHi at specific conditions, excluding 2250 rpm-fast idle. By a weighted arithmetic mean, HiHi’s emissions were 9.7% higher than LoLo with F1-PN > 23 and 3.6% higher with F3-PN > 10. Oil formulation did not influence nucleation mode diameter. A three-way ANOVA demonstrated that load and speed were the predominant factors affecting emissions over the entire testing map; albeit at specific operating conditions the effect of the oil is evident. This suggests that under steady-state conditions, carbon-based fuel still plays a key role in particle formation. Future work will investigate decarbonised fuels to further isolate the effect of oil on emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Advances of Combustion and Its Emissions)
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20 pages, 4855 KiB  
Article
Potential of PN Reduction in Passenger Cars with DPF and GPF
by Zbigniew Stepien, Pierre Comte, Danilo Engelmann, Jan Czerwinski, Andreas Mayer and Lauretta Rubino
Energies 2025, 18(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030494 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 739
Abstract
Particle number concentration (PN) in vehicle exhaust and ambient air describes the number of ultrafine particles (UFPs) below 500 nm, which are recognized as a toxic and carcinogenic component of pollution and are regulated in several countries. Metal nuclei, ash, and organic matter [...] Read more.
Particle number concentration (PN) in vehicle exhaust and ambient air describes the number of ultrafine particles (UFPs) below 500 nm, which are recognized as a toxic and carcinogenic component of pollution and are regulated in several countries. Metal nuclei, ash, and organic matter contribute significantly to the ultrafine particle size fraction and, thus, to the particle number concentration. Exhaust gas filtration is increasingly being used worldwide to significantly reduce this pollution, both on diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF) engines. In recent years, the EU has also funded research projects dealing with the possibilities of retrofitting gasoline vehicles with GPFs. This paper presents the results and compares the PN emissions of different vehicles. An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) diesel car with a DPF is considered as a benchmark. The PN emissions of this car are compared with a CNG car without filtration and with gasoline cars equipped with GPFs. It can be concluded that the currently used GPFs still have some potential to improve their filtration efficiency and that a modern CNG car would still have remarkable possibilities to reduce PN emissions with an improved quality GPF. Full article
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15 pages, 2371 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Two Particle Number (PN) Counters with Different Test Protocols for the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Gasoline Vehicles
by Anastasios Melas, Jacopo Franzetti, Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa and Barouch Giechaskiel
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6509; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206509 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
Thousands of particle number (PN) counters have been introduced to the European market, following the implementation of PN tests during the periodic technical inspection (PTI) of diesel vehicles equipped with particulate filters. Expanding the PN-PTI test to gasoline vehicles may face several challenges [...] Read more.
Thousands of particle number (PN) counters have been introduced to the European market, following the implementation of PN tests during the periodic technical inspection (PTI) of diesel vehicles equipped with particulate filters. Expanding the PN-PTI test to gasoline vehicles may face several challenges due to the different exhaust aerosol characteristics. In this study, two PN-PTI instruments, type-examined for diesel vehicles, measured fifteen petrol passenger cars with different test protocols: low and high idling, with or without additional load, and sharp accelerations. The instruments, one based on diffusion charging and the other on condensation particle counting, demonstrated good linearity compared to the reference instrumentation with R-squared values of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. However, in a considerable number of tests, they registered higher particle concentrations due to the presence of high concentrations below their theoretical 23 nm cut-off size. The evaluation of the different test protocols showed that gasoline direct injection engine vehicles without particulate filters (GPFs) generally emitted an order of magnitude or higher PN compared to those with GPFs. However, high variations in concentration levels were observed for each vehicle. Port-fuel injection vehicles without GPFs mostly emitted PN concentrations near the lower detection limit of the PN-PTI instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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14 pages, 4899 KiB  
Article
Emission Durability of a China-6 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle
by Junfang Wang, Zhenxian Xu, Wenhui Lu, Yan Ding, Yunjing Wang, Lijun Hao and Yunshan Ge
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177526 - 30 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297
Abstract
Reducing vehicle emissions and minimizing the impact of the transportation industry on the environment are key to achieving global sustainable development goals. China-6 emissions standard requires light-duty gasoline vehicles to meet the emissions limit requirements for particulate number (PN) emissions. Therefore, light-duty gasoline [...] Read more.
Reducing vehicle emissions and minimizing the impact of the transportation industry on the environment are key to achieving global sustainable development goals. China-6 emissions standard requires light-duty gasoline vehicles to meet the emissions limit requirements for particulate number (PN) emissions. Therefore, light-duty gasoline vehicles must also be equipped with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) in addition to the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) and meet the emissions limit requirements within a durability mileage of 200,000 km. Currently, there is very little research on the impact of GPF degradation on the fuel economy and emissions of gasoline vehicles, especially on the newly restricted N2O emissions. This study adopts the vehicle test method to study the deterioration of emissions of a China-6 light-duty gasoline vehicle with driving mileage. The research results show that the emissions of gasoline vehicles still meet the emissions limit after driving 200,000 km, and the deterioration factors of various emission pollutants are less than the recommended deterioration factors. The gasoline vehicle’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and fuel consumption increase by less than 3%, indicating that the aging of vehicle components, including TWC and GPF, has no significant impact on vehicle fuel economy. Full article
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19 pages, 6339 KiB  
Article
Study on the Influence of the Cell Structure on the Pressure Drop of Gasoline Particulate Filter
by Lishuan Huang, Chao He, Nan Yang, Jiaqiang Li, Yanlin Chen, Haisheng Yu, Dongge Wang and Yangyu Yao
Atmosphere 2024, 15(7), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070805 - 4 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1056
Abstract
The cell structure of a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) is made up of thousands of individual cells. Although the symmetric square cell structure of the GPF is commonly used internationally, several cell designs have been proposed to reduce the pressure drop in the [...] Read more.
The cell structure of a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) is made up of thousands of individual cells. Although the symmetric square cell structure of the GPF is commonly used internationally, several cell designs have been proposed to reduce the pressure drop in the GPF trapping process. The aim of this paper was to use AVL-Fire software to establish GPF models of different cell structures, mainly including the symmetric square cell structure, asymmetric square cell structure, and symmetric hexagonal cell structure, and analyze the GPF pressure drop characteristics of different cell structures according to the carrier structural parameters and altitude. The results show that compared with the pressure drop of the symmetric square cell structure, the pressure drop of the asymmetric cell structure with inlet/outlet side length ratios ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 is decreased by 4.61%, 9.07%, 12.19%, and 13.22%, respectively, and the pressure drop of the symmetric hexagonal cell structure is decreased by 33.17%. Both asymmetric and symmetric hexagonal cell structure GPFs can decrease the pressure drop during trapping by increasing the cell density. From 200 CPSI to 300 CPSI, the pressure drop of the asymmetric cell structure with inlet/outlet side length ratios ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 is decreased by 20.43%, 20.53%, 20.39%, and 18.56%, respectively, and the pressure drop of the symmetric hexagonal cell structure is decreased by 18.70%. The pressure drop values of GPFs with asymmetric and symmetric hexagonal cell structures show an increasing trend with an increasing filter wall thickness and inlet/outlet plug length. The pressure drop values of GPFs with asymmetric and symmetric hexagonal cell structures show an increasing trend with an increasing altitude, and the larger the inlet/outlet ratio, the more significant the increase in the pressure drop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution Control)
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19 pages, 2949 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) of a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle at Different Routes in Europe
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Victor Valverde, Anastasios Melas, Michaël Clairotte, Pierre Bonnel and Panagiota Dilara
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061308 - 8 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
On-road real-driving emissions (RDE) tests with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are part of the vehicle emissions regulations in the European Union (EU). For a given vehicle, the final emission results depend on the influence of the ambient conditions and the trip characteristics [...] Read more.
On-road real-driving emissions (RDE) tests with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are part of the vehicle emissions regulations in the European Union (EU). For a given vehicle, the final emission results depend on the influence of the ambient conditions and the trip characteristics (including the driver’s behaviour) on the vehicle performance and the instrument measurement uncertainty. However, there are not many studies that have examined the emissions variability of a single vehicle following different routes. In this study, a 1.2 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) Euro 5b passenger car without a particulate filter and a PEMS was circulated in seven European laboratories. At their premises, the laboratories performed two to five repetitions of on-road trips compliant with the EU RDE regulation. The ambient temperature ranged between 7 °C and 23 °C. The average emission levels of the vehicle were 135 g/km for CO2, 77 mg/km for CO, 55 mg/km for NOx, and 9.2 × 1011 #/km for particle number. The coefficient of variance in the emissions following the same route was 2.9% for CO2, 23.8% for CO, 23.0% for NOx, and 5.8% for particle number. The coefficient of variance in the emissions following different routes in Europe was 6.9% for CO2, 9.1% for CO, 0.0% for NOx, and 9.1% for particle number. The previous values include the specific vehicle emissions variability under the narrow test conditions of this study, but only partly the PEMS measurement uncertainty because the same instrument was used in all the trips. The results of this study can be used by laboratories conducting RDE tests to assess their uncertainty budget when testing or comparing vehicles of similar technology. Full article
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25 pages, 10829 KiB  
Article
Selection of a Particulate Filter for a Gasoline-Powered Vehicle Engine in Static and Dynamic Conditions
by Jacek Pielecha and Jerzy Merkisz
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237777 - 26 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
Current challenges in terms of exhaust emission limits are related to the reduction of the particle numbers in spark ignition direct injection engines. The article concerns the analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of engine operation, allowing the selection of the particulate filter configuration [...] Read more.
Current challenges in terms of exhaust emission limits are related to the reduction of the particle numbers in spark ignition direct injection engines. The article concerns the analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of engine operation, allowing the selection of the particulate filter configuration and its technical parameters. The designed system consisting of an internal combustion engine and an exhaust system with an exhaust gas treatment system should be sufficient to meet ecological requirements in the form of reducing particulate matter emissions. The analysis of particulate matter emissions for the system without a filter and with a filter installed in the engine exhaust system was carried out for the mass, number and dimensional distribution of particulate matter. The result was an assessment of filtration efficiency for the entire spectrum of particulate diameters in the identified engine operating ranges. As a result, it was found that the particulate filter used in the engine exhaust system effectively reduces the particle number due to the greater filtration efficiency of large particles. The summary of the work related to the analysis of the ecological parameters of a spark ignition engine with direct fuel injection was a simulation of road tests of a vehicle with the proposed modified vehicle exhaust system equipped with a particulate filter. For this configuration, the analysis of particulate number emissions in the parameterized engine operating areas showed that it is possible to meet the particulate number emission limits, and the obtained road emission results are fully acceptable in terms of the obtained absolute values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)
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19 pages, 3927 KiB  
Article
Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor
by Stefanie Walter, Peter Schwanzer, Gunter Hagen, Hans-Peter Rabl, Markus Dietrich and Ralf Moos
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7861; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187861 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions [...] Read more.
Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions that lead to partial regeneration. As an alternative approach, radio-frequency-based (RF) sensors can accurately measure the soot loading, even under these conditions, by detecting soot through its dielectric properties. However, they face a different challenge as their sensitivity may depend on the engine operation conditions during soot formation. In this article, this influence is evaluated in more detail. Various soot samples were generated on an engine test bench. Their dielectric properties were measured using the microwave cavity perturbation (MCP) method and compared with the corresponding sensitivity of the RF sensor determined on a lab test bench. Both showed similar behavior. The values for the soot samples themselves, however, differed significantly from each other. A way to correct for this cross-sensitivity was found in the influence of exhaust gas humidity on the RF sensor, which can be correlated with the engine load. By evaluating this influence during significant humidity changes, such as fuel cuts, it could be used to correct the influence of the engineon the RF sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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16 pages, 1504 KiB  
Article
Determination of Vehicle Emission Rates for Ammonia and Organic Molecular Markers Using a Chassis Dynamometer
by Geun-Hye Yu, Myoung-Ki Song, Sea-Ho Oh, Seo-Yeong Choe, Min-Wook Kim and Min-Suk Bae
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9366; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169366 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
Stringent regulations have been implemented to address vehicle exhaust emissions and mitigate air pollution. However, the introduction of exhaust gas reduction devices, such as Three-Way Catalytic converters, has raised concerns about the generation and release of additional pollutants such as NH3. [...] Read more.
Stringent regulations have been implemented to address vehicle exhaust emissions and mitigate air pollution. However, the introduction of exhaust gas reduction devices, such as Three-Way Catalytic converters, has raised concerns about the generation and release of additional pollutants such as NH3. This study utilized a chassis dynamometer to investigate the characteristics of exhaust pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). The emissions were examined across various vehicle fuel types, namely liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and diesel (EURO4, EURO6), to assess their individual contributions to exhaust emissions. The results revealed significant variations in the emission levels of regulated pollutants (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) during driving, depending on factors such as engine technology, emissions control strategies, fuel type, and test cycle. Notably, NH3 emissions analysis according to driving mode indicated that gasoline vehicles exhibited the highest NH3 emissions, while diesel vehicles emitted negligible amounts. This observation can be attributed to the production of NH3 as a byproduct of catalytic reduction processes implemented by exhaust gas reduction devices targeting CO, HC, and NOx. In addition, EURO4 vehicles demonstrated higher emission levels of OC and EC compared with other fuel types. Furthermore, the presence of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in diesel vehicles effectively reduced PM emissions. Moreover, this study investigated the emission characteristics of organic molecular markers within the organic carbon fraction, revealing distinct emission profiles for each vehicle and fuel type. These findings contribute to the identification of emission sources by discerning the primary components emitted by specific fuel types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short- and Long-Term Air Pollution Analysis, Modeling and Prediction)
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13 pages, 3825 KiB  
Article
Off-Cycle Emissions of Particle Number from Gasoline and DPF Diesel Passenger Cars in High-Load Conditions
by Hiroyuki Yamada, Taichi Kimura, Hidenori Konno and Yoshinori Kondo
Atmosphere 2023, 14(4), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040732 - 18 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2007
Abstract
To evaluate regulated gases and solid particle number (SPN) emissions in high-load off-cycle conditions, two diesel vehicles with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, respectively, and four gasoline port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles were tested with [...] Read more.
To evaluate regulated gases and solid particle number (SPN) emissions in high-load off-cycle conditions, two diesel vehicles with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, respectively, and four gasoline port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles were tested with the worldwide light-duty test cycle, including an extra-high (Ex-hi) phase. All the tested vehicles were developed for the Japanese market and did not comply with the Ex-hi phase. All vehicles exhibited higher CO2 emissions in the Ex-hi phase than in low, the mid and high phases. Increased NOx and SPN10-23 emissions were observed with the DPF vehicle. These increased emissions were due to the occurrence of passive regeneration of the DPF, and the urea SCR system was stopped as a result. The small gasoline PFI cars showed increased CO and SPN emissions in the Ex-hi phase. These emissions were due to enrichment control, which occurred in a quite high load operation condition. The feature of higher emissions with enrichment control differed from that observed in a warming-up process in the cold-start mode. SPN23 increased mainly in the warming-up process, whereas SPN10-23 increased in the Ex-hi phase with enrichment control. Hybrid vehicles seem to have fewer opportunities to show the enrichment control due to motor assist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Emissions: New Challenges and Potential Solutions)
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