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22 pages, 2542 KiB  
Article
Wheat Under Warmer Nights: Shifting of Sowing Dates for Managing Impacts of Thermal Stress
by Roshan Subedi, Mani Naiker, Yash Chauhan, S. V. Krishna Jagadish and Surya P. Bhattarai
Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151687 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
High nighttime temperature (HNT) due to asymmetric diurnal warming threatens wheat productivity. This study evaluated the effect of HNT on wheat phenology, physiology, and yield through field and controlled environment experiments in Central Queensland, Australia. Two wheat genotypes, Faraday and AVT#6, were assessed [...] Read more.
High nighttime temperature (HNT) due to asymmetric diurnal warming threatens wheat productivity. This study evaluated the effect of HNT on wheat phenology, physiology, and yield through field and controlled environment experiments in Central Queensland, Australia. Two wheat genotypes, Faraday and AVT#6, were assessed under three sowing dates—1 May (Early), 15 June (Mid), and 1 August (Late)—within the recommended sowing window for the region. In a parallel growth chamber study, the plants were exposed to two nighttime temperature regimes, of 15 °C (normal) and 20 °C (high), with consistent daytime conditions from booting to maturity. Late sowing resulted in shortened vegetative growth and grain filling periods and increased exposure to HNT during the reproductive phase. This resulted in elevated floret sterility, lower grain weight, and up to 40% yield loss. AVT#6 exhibited greater sensitivity to HNT despite maturing earlier. Leaf gas exchange analysis revealed increased nighttime respiration (Rn) and reduced assimilation (A), resulting in higher Rn/A ratio for late-sown crops. The results from controlled environment chambers resembled trends of the field experiment, producing lower grain yield and biomass under HNT. Cumulative nighttime hours above 20 °C correlated more strongly with yield losses than daytime heat. These findings highlight the need for HNT-tolerant genotypes and optimized sowing schedules under future climate scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)
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23 pages, 3106 KiB  
Article
Preparation of a Nanomaterial–Polymer Dynamic Cross-Linked Gel Composite and Its Application in Drilling Fluids
by Fei Gao, Peng Xu, Hui Zhang, Hao Wang, Xin Zhao, Xinru Li and Jiayi Zhang
Gels 2025, 11(8), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080614 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
During the process of oil and gas drilling, due to the existence of pores or micro-cracks, drilling fluid is prone to invade the formation. Under the action of hydration expansion of clay in the formation and liquid pressure, wellbore instability occurs. In order [...] Read more.
During the process of oil and gas drilling, due to the existence of pores or micro-cracks, drilling fluid is prone to invade the formation. Under the action of hydration expansion of clay in the formation and liquid pressure, wellbore instability occurs. In order to reduce the wellbore instability caused by drilling fluid intrusion into the formation, this study proposed a method of forming a dynamic hydrogen bond cross-linked network weak gel structure with modified nano-silica and P(AM-AAC). The plugging performance of the drilling fluid and the performance of inhibiting the hydration of shale were evaluated through various experimental methods. The results show that the gel composite system (GCS) effectively optimizes the plugging performance of drilling fluid. The 1% GCS can reduce the linear expansion rate of cuttings to 14.8% and increase the recovery rate of cuttings to 96.7%, and its hydration inhibition effect is better than that of KCl and polyamines. The dynamic cross-linked network structure can significantly increase the viscosity of drilling fluid. Meanwhile, by taking advantage of the liquid-phase viscosity effect and the physical blocking effect, the loss of drilling fluid can be significantly reduced. Mechanism studies conducted using zeta potential measurement, SEM analysis, contact angle measurement and capillary force assessment have shown that modified nano-silica stabilizes the wellbore by physically blocking the nano-pores of shale and changing the wettability of the shale surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when the contact angle exceeds 60°, thereby reducing capillary force and surface free energy. Meanwhile, the dynamic cross-linked network can reduce the seepage of free water into the formation, thereby significantly lowering the fluid loss of the drilling fluid. This research provides new insights into improving the stability of the wellbore in drilling fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Gels for Oil Recovery (2nd Edition))
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43 pages, 2191 KiB  
Review
Photochemical Haze Formation on Titan and Uranus: A Comparative Review
by David Dubois
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157531 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The formation and evolution of haze layers in planetary atmospheres play a critical role in shaping their chemical composition, radiative balance, and optical properties. In the outer solar system, the atmospheres of Titan and the giant planets exhibit a wide range of compositional [...] Read more.
The formation and evolution of haze layers in planetary atmospheres play a critical role in shaping their chemical composition, radiative balance, and optical properties. In the outer solar system, the atmospheres of Titan and the giant planets exhibit a wide range of compositional and seasonal variability, creating environments favorable for the production of complex organic molecules under low-temperature conditions. Among them, Uranus—the smallest of the ice giants—has, since Voyager 2, emerged as a compelling target for future exploration due to unanswered questions regarding the composition and structure of its atmosphere, as well as its ring system and diverse icy moon population (which includes four possible ocean worlds). Titan, as the only moon to harbor a dense atmosphere, presents some of the most complex and unique organics found in the solar system. Central to the production of these organics are chemical processes driven by low-energy photons and electrons (<50 eV), which initiate reaction pathways leading to the formation of organic species and gas phase precursors to high-molecular-weight compounds, including aerosols. These aerosols, in turn, remain susceptible to further processing by low-energy UV radiation as they are transported from the upper atmosphere to the lower stratosphere and troposphere where condensation occurs. In this review, I aim to summarize the current understanding of low-energy (<50 eV) photon- and electron-induced chemistry, drawing on decades of insights from studies of Titan, with the objective of evaluating the relevance and extent of these processes on Uranus in anticipation of future observational and in situ exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry Triggered by Low-Energy Particles)
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14 pages, 6587 KiB  
Article
Research on the Optimization of Self-Injection Production Effects in the Middle and Later Stages of Shale Gas Downdip Wells Based on the Depth of Pipe String
by Lujie Zhang, Guofa Ji and Junliang Li
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8633; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158633 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
In the final phases of casing production, shale gas horizontal wells with a downward slope frequently find it difficult to sustain self-flow production. The ideal tubing insertion depth for self-flow production in gas wells has not been thoroughly studied, even though the timely [...] Read more.
In the final phases of casing production, shale gas horizontal wells with a downward slope frequently find it difficult to sustain self-flow production. The ideal tubing insertion depth for self-flow production in gas wells has not been thoroughly studied, even though the timely adoption of tubing production can successfully prolong the self-flow production period. Using a fully dynamic multiphase flow simulation program, the ideal tubing depth for gas well self-flow production was ascertained. A wellbore structural model was built using a particular well as an example. By altering the tubing depth, the formation pressure limit values necessary to sustain gas well self-flow production at various tubing depths were simulated. The appropriate tubing depth for gas well self-flow production was examined, along with the well’s cumulative gas output at various tubing depths. Using the example as a case study, it was discovered that the critical formation pressure for gas well self-flowing production dropped to 7.8 MPa when the tubing was lowered to 2600 m. This effectively increased cumulative production by 56.19 × 106 m3 and extended the self-flow production time by roughly 135 days. The study’s findings offer strong evidence in favor of maximizing shale gas wells’ self-flow production performance in later phases of production. Full article
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15 pages, 3175 KiB  
Article
Creep Deformation Mechanisms of Gas-Bearing Coal in Deep Mining Environments: Experimental Characterization and Constitutive Modeling
by Xiaolei Sun, Xueqiu He, Liming Qiu, Qiang Liu, Limin Qie and Qian Sun
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2466; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082466 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The impact mechanism of long-term creep in gas-containing coal on coal and gas outbursts has not been fully elucidated and remains insufficiently understood for the purpose of disaster engineering control. This investigation conducted triaxial creep experiments on raw coal specimens under controlled confining [...] Read more.
The impact mechanism of long-term creep in gas-containing coal on coal and gas outbursts has not been fully elucidated and remains insufficiently understood for the purpose of disaster engineering control. This investigation conducted triaxial creep experiments on raw coal specimens under controlled confining pressures, axial stresses, and gas pressures. Through systematic analysis of coal’s physical responses across different loading conditions, we developed and validated a novel creep damage constitutive model for gas-saturated coal through laboratory data calibration. The key findings reveal three characteristic creep regimes: (1) a decelerating phase dominates under low stress conditions, (2) progressive transitions to combined decelerating–steady-state creep with increasing stress, and (3) triphasic decelerating–steady–accelerating behavior at critical stress levels. Comparative analysis shows that gas-free specimens exhibit lower cumulative strain than the 0.5 MPa gas-saturated counterparts, with gas presence accelerating creep progression and reducing the time to failure. Measured creep rates demonstrate stress-dependent behavior: primary creep progresses at 0.002–0.011%/min, decaying exponentially to secondary creep rates below 0.001%/min. Steady-state creep rates follow a power law relationship when subject to deviatoric stress (R2 = 0.96). Through the integration of Burgers viscoelastic model with the effective stress principle for porous media, we propose an enhanced constitutive model, incorporating gas adsorption-induced dilatational stresses. This advancement provides a theoretical foundation for predicting time-dependent deformation in deep coal reservoirs and informs monitoring strategies concerning gas-bearing strata stability. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding and engineering monitoring of creep behavior in deep coal rocks. Full article
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19 pages, 2474 KiB  
Article
Unraveling the Role of Aluminum in Boosting Lithium-Ionic Conductivity of LLZO
by Md Mozammal Raju, Yi Ding and Qifeng Zhang
Electrochem 2025, 6(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6030029 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The development of high-performance solid electrolytes is critical to advancing solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSBs), with lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) emerging as a leading candidate due to its chemical stability and wide electrochemical window. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of [...] Read more.
The development of high-performance solid electrolytes is critical to advancing solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSBs), with lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) emerging as a leading candidate due to its chemical stability and wide electrochemical window. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of cation dopants, including aluminum (Al3+), tantalum (Ta5+), gallium (Ga3+), and rubidium (Rb+), on the structural, electronic, and ionic transport properties of LLZO using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. It appeared that, among all simulated results, Al-LLZO exhibits the highest ionic conductivity of 1.439 × 10−2 S/cm with reduced activation energy of 0.138 eV, driven by enhanced lithium vacancy concentrations and preserved cubic-phase stability. Ta-LLZO follows, with a conductivity of 7.12 × 10−3 S/cm, while Ga-LLZO and Rb-LLZO provide moderate conductivity of 3.73 × 10−3 S/cm and 3.32 × 10−3 S/cm, respectively. Charge density analysis reveals that Al and Ta dopants facilitate smoother lithium-ion migration by minimizing electrostatic barriers. Furthermore, Al-LLZO demonstrates low electronic conductivity (1.72 × 10−8 S/cm) and favorable binding energy, mitigating dendrite formation risks. Comparative evaluations of radial distribution functions (RDFs) and XRD patterns confirm the structural integrity of doped systems. Overall, Al emerges as the most effective and economically viable dopant, optimizing LLZO for scalable, durable, and high-conductivity solid-state batteries. Full article
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18 pages, 2769 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the Flavors and Organoleptic Attributes of Petit Manseng Noble Rot Wines from the Eastern Foothills of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, China
by Fuqi Li, Fan Yang, Quan Ji, Longxuan Huo, Chen Qiao and Lin Pan
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2723; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152723 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
To investigate the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection severity on the flavor characteristics of Petit Manseng noble rot wine, this study analyzed wines produced from Petit Manseng grapes grown in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, Ningxia, China. The grapes were categorized into [...] Read more.
To investigate the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection severity on the flavor characteristics of Petit Manseng noble rot wine, this study analyzed wines produced from Petit Manseng grapes grown in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, Ningxia, China. The grapes were categorized into three groups based on infection status: uninfected, mildly infected, and severely infected with Botrytis cinerea. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and an electronic nose were employed to detect and analyze the aroma components of wines under the three infection conditions. Additionally, trained sensory panelists conducted sensory evaluations of the wine aromas. The results revealed that wines made from severely infected grapes exhibited the richest and most complex aroma profiles. A total of 70 volatile compounds were identified, comprising 32 esters, 17 alcohols, 5 acids, 8 aldehydes and ketones, 4 terpenes, and 4 other compounds. Among these, esters and alcohols accounted for the highest contents. Key aroma-active compounds included isoamyl acetate, ethyl decanoate, phenethyl acetate, ethyl laurate, hexanoic acid, linalool, decanoic acid, citronellol, ethyl hexanoate, and methyl octanoate. Sensory evaluation indicated that the “floral aroma”, “pineapple/banana aroma”, “honey aroma”, and “overall aroma intensity” were most pronounced in the severely infected group. These findings provide theoretical support for the harvesting of severely Botrytis cinerea-infected Petit Manseng grapes and the production of high-quality noble rot wine in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drinks and Liquid Nutrition)
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22 pages, 2066 KiB  
Article
Optimizing In Vitro Establishment Protocols for ‘Merensky 2’ Avocado Rootstock (Persea americana Mill.)
by Fernanda García-Cabrera, Mónica Castro, Ricardo Cautin, Carmen Estay, Leda Guzmán, María José Marchant and Francesca Guerra
Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080900 (registering DOI) - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 46
Abstract
In vitro propagation of avocado faces several limitations. To optimize the establishment phase, we evaluated three plant material types: etiolated shoots, 30-day covered field shoots, and uncovered field shoots, collected at two time points. Biochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted to understand material [...] Read more.
In vitro propagation of avocado faces several limitations. To optimize the establishment phase, we evaluated three plant material types: etiolated shoots, 30-day covered field shoots, and uncovered field shoots, collected at two time points. Biochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted to understand material performance during establishment. Across both collection times, etiolated shoots exhibited minimal oxidation, enhanced bud sprouting, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increased peroxidase (POD) activity, and improved xylem development, consistently outperforming field-derived materials. Using etiolated shoots, we optimized disinfection and in vitro multiplication protocols. Pre-disinfection with 3 mL L−1 Phyton 27® and 2% sodium hypochlorite yielded the highest survival rates. In multiplication experiments, varying concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and meta-topolin (MT), supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3), did not significantly affect growth variation. However, 8.88 µM BAP with 0.29 µM GA3 resulted in the greatest number of sprouted buds. Full article
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21 pages, 4289 KiB  
Article
H2 Transport in Sedimentary Basin
by Luisa Nicoletti, Juan Carlos Hidalgo, Dariusz Strąpoć and Isabelle Moretti
Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080298 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 104
Abstract
Natural hydrogen is generated by fairly deep processes and/or in low-permeability rocks. In such contexts, fluids circulate mainly through the network of faults and fractures. However, hydrogen flows from these hydrogen-generating layers can reach sedimentary rocks with more typical permeability and porosity, allowing [...] Read more.
Natural hydrogen is generated by fairly deep processes and/or in low-permeability rocks. In such contexts, fluids circulate mainly through the network of faults and fractures. However, hydrogen flows from these hydrogen-generating layers can reach sedimentary rocks with more typical permeability and porosity, allowing H2 flows to spread out rather than be concentrated in fractures. In that case, three different H2 transport modes exist: advection (displacement of water carrying dissolved gas), diffusion, and free gas Darcy flow. Numerical models have been run to compare the efficiency of these different modes and the pathway they imply for the H2 in a sedimentary basin with active aquifers. The results show the key roles of these aquifers but also the competition between free gas flow and the dissolved gas displacement which can go in opposite directions. Even with a conservative hypothesis on the H2 charge, a gaseous phase exists at few kilometers deep as well as free gas accumulation. Gaseous phase displacement could be the faster and diffusion is neglectable. The modeling also allows us to predict where H2 is expected in the soil: in fault zones, eventually above accumulations, and, more likely, due to exsolution, above shallow aquifers. Full article
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12 pages, 2107 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Harvest Season on Oolong Tea Aroma Profile and Quality
by Chao Zheng, Shuilian Gao, Xiaxia Wang, Zhenbiao Yang, Junling Zhou and Ying Liu
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152378 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 102
Abstract
The impact of seasonality on the aroma quality of tea has been documented in various tea types, but not specifically in oolong tea. This study is the first to explore the complex relationships between seasonality, volatile compounds, and aroma quality in oolong tea. [...] Read more.
The impact of seasonality on the aroma quality of tea has been documented in various tea types, but not specifically in oolong tea. This study is the first to explore the complex relationships between seasonality, volatile compounds, and aroma quality in oolong tea. Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics, we analyzed 266 samples of Tieguanyin oolong tea. The data identified linalool, linalool oxides (trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) and trans-linalool oxide (pyranoid)), and their metabolites (diendiol I; hotrienol) as key seasonal discriminants. Four out of the top ten key differential compounds for distinguishing aroma scores were metabolites from fatty acid degradation, namely trans-3-hexenyl butyrate, trans-2-hexenyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate, and hexyl 2-methyl butyrate. Approximately one-fifth of the seasonal discriminant volatile compounds were significant in influencing aroma quality. Overall, the impact of seasonality on the aroma quality of finished Tieguanyin oolong tea is marginal. These findings enhance our understanding of the interplay between seasonal variations, volatile composition, and aroma quality in oolong tea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production, Quality and Function of Tea)
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30 pages, 4423 KiB  
Review
Overview of Fatty Acids and Volatiles in Selected Nuts: Their Composition and Analysis
by Gbolahan Alagbe, Klara Urbanova and Olajumoke Alagbe
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082444 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Nuts are nutrient-dense foods recognized for their complex chemical composition and associated health benefits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical classification, morphology, production, and consumption patterns of key nut species, including walnuts, almonds, pistachios, pecans, peanuts, cashews, bitter kola, and [...] Read more.
Nuts are nutrient-dense foods recognized for their complex chemical composition and associated health benefits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical classification, morphology, production, and consumption patterns of key nut species, including walnuts, almonds, pistachios, pecans, peanuts, cashews, bitter kola, and kola nuts. It emphasizes the fatty acid profiles, noting that palmitic acid (C16:0) is the predominant saturated fatty acid, while oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) are the most abundant monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The review also details various analytical techniques employed for extracting and characterizing bioactive compounds, which are crucial for assessing nut quality and health benefits. Methods such as Soxhlet extraction, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are highlighted. Furthermore, it discusses scientific evidence linking nut consumption to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, improved cardiovascular health, and a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, establishing nuts as important components in a healthy diet. This review underscores the role of nuts as functional foods and calls for standardized methodologies in future lipidomic and volatilomic studies. Full article
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21 pages, 5468 KiB  
Article
Simulation Study of Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation Phenomena and Key Influencing Factors in a Six-Cylinder Natural Gas Engine
by Demin Jia, Qi Cao, Xiaoying Xu, Zhenlin Wang, Dan Wang and Hongqing Wang
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154078 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 150
Abstract
Cylinder-to-cylinder variation (CTCV) is a prevalent issue for natural gas (NG) premixed engines with port fuel injection (PFI), which significantly impacts the engine’s power performance, fuel economy, and reliability. Focusing on this issue, this study established a three-dimensional simulation platform based on a [...] Read more.
Cylinder-to-cylinder variation (CTCV) is a prevalent issue for natural gas (NG) premixed engines with port fuel injection (PFI), which significantly impacts the engine’s power performance, fuel economy, and reliability. Focusing on this issue, this study established a three-dimensional simulation platform based on a six-cylinder natural gas premixed engine. Quantitative analysis was conducted to discuss the differences in the main boundaries, combustion process, and engine power between cylinders. Additionally, influencing factors of CTCV were explored in terms of mixture uniformity and distribution uniformity. The results indicate that, for the NG premixed engine, many parameters vary significantly between cylinders even under the economical operating condition of 1200 rpm. For example, the difference rate in the peak cylinder pressure and peak phase between cylinder 3 and cylinder 2 can reach 23.5% and 24.3%, respectively. Through the design of simulation cases, it was found that improving the mixture uniformity had a more significant impact on CTCV than improving the distribution uniformity. For example, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak pressure decreased by 2.15% through mixture uniformity improvement, while it only decreased by 0.39% through distribution uniformity improvement. At a high speed of 1800 rpm, the influence of distribution uniformity on CTCV increased notably, but the influence of mixture uniformity still remained greater than that of distribution uniformity. Full article
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15 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
Role of Cation Nature in FAU Zeolite in Both Liquid-Phase and Gas-Phase Adsorption
by Baylar Zarbaliyev, Nizami Israfilov, Shabnam Feyziyeva, Gaëtan Lutzweiler, Narmina Guliyeva and Benoît Louis
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080734 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
This study focuses on the exchange of mono- and divalent metal cations in FAU-type zeolite and their behavior in gas-phase CO2 adsorption measurements and liquid-phase methylene blue (MB) adsorption in the absence of oxidizing agents under dark conditions. Firstly, zeolites exchanged with [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the exchange of mono- and divalent metal cations in FAU-type zeolite and their behavior in gas-phase CO2 adsorption measurements and liquid-phase methylene blue (MB) adsorption in the absence of oxidizing agents under dark conditions. Firstly, zeolites exchanged with different cations were characterized by several techniques, such as XRD, SEM, XRF, XPS, and N2 adsorption–desorption, to reveal the impact of the cations on the zeolite texture and structure. The adsorption studies revealed a positive effect of cation exchange on the adsorption capacity of the zeolite, particularly for silver-loaded FAU zeolite. In liquid-phase experiments, Ag-Y zeolite also demonstrated the highest MB removal, with a value of 79 mg/g. Kinetic studies highlighted that Ag-Y could reach the MB adsorption equilibrium within 1 h, with its highest rate of adsorption occurring during the first 5 min. In gas-phase adsorption studies, the highest CO2 adsorption capacity was also achieved over Ag-Y, yielding 10.4 µmol/m2 of CO2 captured. Full article
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33 pages, 870 KiB  
Article
Decarbonizing Urban Transport: Policies and Challenges in Bucharest
by Adina-Petruța Pavel and Adina-Roxana Munteanu
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030099 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
Urban transport is a key driver of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, making its decarbonization essential to achieving EU climate neutrality targets. This study examines how European strategies, such as the Green Deal, the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, and the Fit for [...] Read more.
Urban transport is a key driver of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, making its decarbonization essential to achieving EU climate neutrality targets. This study examines how European strategies, such as the Green Deal, the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, and the Fit for 55 package, are reflected in Romania’s transport policies, with a focus on implementation challenges and urban outcomes in Bucharest. By combining policy analysis, stakeholder mapping, and comparative mobility indicators, the paper critically assesses Bucharest’s current reliance on private vehicles, underperforming public transport satisfaction, and limited progress on active mobility. The study develops a context-sensitive reform framework for the Romanian capital, grounded in transferable lessons from Western and Central European cities. It emphasizes coordinated metropolitan governance, public trust-building, phased car-restraint measures, and investment alignment as key levers. Rather than merely cataloguing policy intentions, the paper offers practical recommendations informed by systemic governance barriers and public attitudes. The findings will contribute to academic debates on urban mobility transitions in post-socialist cities and provide actionable insights for policymakers seeking to operationalize EU decarbonization goals at the metropolitan scale. Full article
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15 pages, 4578 KiB  
Article
Improving Balance Between Oxygen Permeability and Stability of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ Through High-Entropy Design
by Yongfan Zhu, Meng Wu, Guangru Zhang, Zhengkun Liu and Gongping Liu
Membranes 2025, 15(8), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15080232 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Currently, the trade-off between oxygen permeation flux and structural stability in conventional perovskite oxides restricts the practical application of oxygen permeable membranes. In this study, a high-entropy design was applied to the B-site of BSCF matrix materials, resulting in the successful synthesis of [...] Read more.
Currently, the trade-off between oxygen permeation flux and structural stability in conventional perovskite oxides restricts the practical application of oxygen permeable membranes. In this study, a high-entropy design was applied to the B-site of BSCF matrix materials, resulting in the successful synthesis of a high-entropy perovskite, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.71Fe0.2Ta0.03Ni0.03Zr0.03O3−δ. The crystal structure, microstructure, and elemental composition of the material were systematically characterized and analyzed. Theoretical analysis and experimental characterization confirm that the material exhibits a stable single-phase high-entropy perovskite oxide structure. Under He as the sweep gas, the membrane achieved an oxygen permeation flux of 1.28 mL·cm−2·min−1 and operated stably for over 100 h (1 mm thick, 900 °C). In a 20% CO2/He atmosphere, the flux remained above 0.92 mL·cm−2·min−1 for over 100 h, demonstrating good CO2 tolerance. Notably, when the sweep gas is returned to the pure He atmosphere, the oxygen permeation flux fully recovers to 1.28 mL·cm−2·min−1, with no evidence of leakage. These findings indicate that the proposed B-site doping strategy can break the trade-off between oxygen permeability and structural stability in conventional perovskite membranes. This advancement supports the industrialization of oxygen permeable membranes and offers valuable theoretical guidance for the design of high-performance perovskite materials. Full article
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