Search Results (108)

The kinetics of liquid transport in textiles are determined by the thermodynamic boundary conditions and the substrate’s structure. The knitting process offers a wide range of possibilities for modifying the fabric structure, making it ideal for high-performance garments and technical applications. Given the highly complex nature of textiles’ interaction with liquids, this paper investigates how fabric structure affects combined wicking and drying behaviour. This facilitates comprehension of the underlying transport processes on the yarn and fabric scale, which is important for understanding the behaviour of the material as a whole. The presented experiment combines analysis of wicking through radial liquid spread using imaging techniques and analysis of the drying process through gravimetric measurement of evaporation. Eight samples of single jersey knitted fabrics were produced using polyester yarns of different texturization and fibre diameters on flat and circular knitting machines. The fabrics demonstrate significantly different wicking behaviours depending on their structure. The fabric’s drying time and rate are directly linked to the macroscopic spread of the liquid. Large inter-yarn pores hinder liquid spread. For the lowest liquid saturations, the yarn structure plays a critical role. Using fine, dense yarns can hinder convective drying within the yarn. Textured yarns tend to exhibit higher specific drying rates. The results offer a comprehensive insight into the interplay between the fabric’s structure and its wicking and drying behaviour, which is crucial for the development of functional fabrics in the knitting process. Full article

Burn injuries result in complex physiological and psychological sequelae, including hypermetabolism, muscle wasting, mobility impairment, scarring, and disrupted body image. While advances in acute care have improved survival, comprehensive rehabilitation strategies are critical for restoring function, appearance, and psychosocial well-being. Structured physical activity, including resistance and aerobic training, plays a central role in counteracting muscle atrophy, improving cardiovascular function, enhancing scar quality, and promoting psychological resilience and body image restoration. This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on the effects of exercise-based interventions on post-burn recovery, highlighting their therapeutic mechanisms, clinical applications, and implementation challenges. In addition to physical training, emerging technologies such as virtual reality, aquatic therapy, and compression garments offer promising adjunctive benefits. Notably, artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in burn rehabilitation through its integration into wearable biosensors and telehealth platforms that enable real-time monitoring, individualized feedback, and predictive modeling of recovery outcomes. These AI-driven tools have the potential to personalize exercise regimens, support remote care, and enhance scar assessment and wound tracking. Overall, the integration of exercise-based interventions with digital technologies represents a promising, multimodal approach to burn recovery. Future research should focus on optimizing exercise prescriptions, improving access to personalized rehabilitation tools, and advancing AI-enabled systems to support long-term recovery, functional independence, and positive self-perception among burn survivors. Full article

Recent pressure sensor research often focuses on developing sensors for impulse applications, including touch sensors, e-skin development, or physiological monitoring. However, static loading applications, such as those needed for compression garment design, are significantly under-researched in comparison. Many technology solutions do not translate across applications, as static loading requires measurements which have high accuracy, high precision, and low drift. To address the gap in sensor development between impulse and static applications, we define a literature-based taxonomy providing two conceptual classifications based on sensor functionality and specific design characteristics. The taxonomy’s utility is demonstrated through the mapping of sensors onto compression garment development phases by matching application requirements with sensor performance. The taxonomy developed will advance research and the industry by providing a roadmap of how sensor characteristics influence performance to drive a focused development for future sensors, specifically for compression garment innovation. Full article

A crucial factor when developing e-textiles is ensuring their robustness and functionality during everyday activities, particularly washing. The ability to launder e-textile garments is not merely a matter of convenience but a necessity for widespread adoption. Incorporating electronics into textiles can lead to damage due to mechanical and chemical stresses, which most electronics are not designed to withstand. This work focuses on electronic yarn technology (e-yarn), in which electronic functionality is added to textiles by embedding small electronic components into a flexible yarn-like structure. First, the component is soldered onto thin conductive wires. The soldered component is then enclosed in a protective polymer resin (micro-pod). Micro-pods have different diameters depending on the size of the embedded electronic component. The ensemble is finally covered in a textile sheath. This study focuses on the wash durability of e-yarns integrated with textiles in three different ways: embroidered onto the surface of a woven fabric, within a knitted channel in a knitted fabric, and woven as a weft yarn. Further, the work studied the impact of using different sizes of micro-pods on the e-yarns’ wash durability. Ultimately, good wash durability was observed under all testing conditions. Full article

Advancements in thermoregulating textiles have been propelled by innovations in nanotechnology, composite materials, and smart fiber engineering. This article reviews recent scholarly papers on experimental passive and active thermoregulating textiles to present the latest advancements in these fabrics, their mechanisms of thermoregulation, and their feasibility for use. The review underscores that phase-change materials enhanced with graphene, boron nitride, and carbon nanofibers offer superior thermal conductivity, phase stability, and flexibility, making them ideal for wearable applications. Shape-stabilized phase-change materials and aerogel-infused fibers have shown promising results in outdoor, industrial, and emergency settings due to their durability and high insulation efficiency. Radiative cooling textiles, engineered with hierarchical nanostructures and Janus wettability, demonstrate passive temperature regulation through selective solar reflection and infrared emission, achieving substantial cooling effects without external energy input. Thermo-responsive, shape-memory materials, and moisture-sensitive polymers enable dynamic insulation and actuation. Liquid-cooling garments and thermoelectric hybrids deliver precise temperature control but face challenges in portability and power consumption. While thermoregulating textiles show promise, the main challenges include achieving scalable manufacturing, ensuring material flexibility, and integrating multiple functions without sacrificing comfort. Future research should focus on hybrid systems combining passive and active mechanisms, user-centric wearability studies, and cost-effective fabrication methods. These innovations hold significant potential for applications in extreme environments, athletic wear, military uniforms, and smart clothing, contributing to energy efficiency, health, and comfort in a warming climate. Full article

This study examines the symbolic ambiguity of Buddhist robes in the Heian period, focusing particularly on their representation in The Tale of Genji. While Buddhist monastic garments traditionally signify religious renunciation, they also functioned as fashion items regulated by strict social norms. Through an analysis of Heian-era dress codes and deviations from them, as well as literary portrayals of robes associated with ordination scenes, this study reveals that robes embodied not only religious aspirations but also worldly attachments. Literary depictions highlight the tension between formal religious identity and persistent human desires, demonstrating how Buddhist robes served not only as religious symbols but also as mediators between spiritual ideals and secular emotions. By examining robes as visual and emotional media within a broader cultural and historical framework, this paper argues that Buddhist robes during the Heian period symbolized the complex intersection of salvation and desire. Ultimately, this study sheds light on how religious symbols, rather than representing pure spiritual transcendence, reveal the enduring contradictions inherent in human nature. Full article

Overconsumption and unplanned disposal of garments result in millions of tons of textile products going to landfills. Understanding the environmental benefits and impact of various recycling options is crucial for integrating recycling into the apparel waste stream. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of products made from post-consumer textile waste fibers, highlighting the importance of closed-loop textile supply chains in developing countries. Using Open LCA software, the cradle-to-gate approach for life cycle assessment is used to calculate the environmental impacts of post-consumer textile waste, virgin cotton, virgin polyester fibers, and their blends in two different scenarios. The life cycle inventory data for functional units (1000 kg apparel) has been collected from the industrial units and the Ecoinvent v3.0 database. The results of 16 environmental impact categories are computed, showing that textile products made from virgin cotton fiber have 60% more global warming potential than those made from post-consumer textile waste fibers. Hence, the environmental impact of textile products can be controlled by recycling them. Consumption of post-consumer textile waste fiber is the key to reducing the new material needs in the textile supply chain. The closed-loop apparel supply chain can help developing countries generate maximum financial value with minimal environmental damage. In developing countries, value extraction from post-consumer textile waste recycling is essential to meet international consumer demands for cleaner production. Full article

This study aims to develop an innovative and functional mastectomy bra that addresses the physical, aesthetic, and psychological needs of post-mastectomy women. Mastectomy bras play a vital role in prosthesis stability, body image improvement, and quality of life. Using CLO 3D virtual fitting software-2024.2.214, two bra models were designed and evaluated for ergonomic fit and aesthetic appearance. The virtual prototyping method enabled design evaluation without physical sample production, providing an efficient and sensitive approach for user-centered design. Features such as prosthesis stability, user comfort, and aesthetic elements were optimized, while Tencel–PES–elastane and nylon–elastane fabrics were compared for pressure performance and body fit. Results showed similar performance for both fabrics; however, Tencel was recommended as a sustainable option due to its superior moisture absorption, breathability, and skin-friendly properties. The 3D virtual prototyping method offered an effective evaluation tool while addressing the psychological needs of women who prefer not to participate in physical fittings. This approach presents an innovative and sustainable model that can be applied to the design of other specialized garments. This study presents an innovative contribution by integrating advanced CLO 3D virtual prototyping technology into the design process, enabling ergonomic and aesthetic evaluations without the need for physical samples, especially for women in the sensitive post-operative period. This innovative approach not only streamlines the design process but also establishes a sustainable framework for specialized garment production. The utilization of Tencel–polyester–elastane fabric as a sustainable alternative demonstrates suitable performance in terms of comfort and ergonomic fit while promoting environmentally friendly practices. These findings highlight the significance of digital prototyping methods in garment design and offer a user-centric, eco-conscious model applicable to other specialized garments. Full article

This study presents new, knitted fabrics that combine woven and knitted structures to better control compression garments. This can be achieved by incorporating inlay yarns that utilize a woven configuration within knitted fabrics. As a result, this structure enhances the fabric’s functionality. Central to the research is the development and evaluation of various prototypes of arm sleeves using nylon–spandex, specifically engineered to apply the desired pressure on arms. The sleeves were knitted using different base structures including single jersey, single pique, 1 × 1 mock rib, and 2 × 2 mock rib, with and without inlays. A commercial sleeve was added as a reference. According to the protocol, the applied pressure of each sleeve was measured at three different points on the dominant arm of 12 healthy females. Stretch properties of arm sleeves were examined using an elongation tester. The thickness and weight of fabrics were evaluated as well. Also, the results of surveys—featuring four questions about the ease of motion, softness, thermal sensation, and overall comfort—were statistically analyzed. The analysis showed that the commercial and 2 × 2 mock rib sleeves were the most comfortable, creating pleasant subjective wearing sensations. The findings showed that the fabric’s tensile properties were significantly changed by the inclusion of inlay yarns in the weft and warp directions. According to survey results, 1 × 1 mock rib and 1 × 1 mock rib with inlay negatively affected subjective wearing sensations, while exerting the highest pressure on the subject’s arm. This is associated with the fabric’s compressive structure which directly contributes to the increased thickness and weight of the fabric. Full article

This study aimed to develop and evaluate cosmetic textiles integrated into sportswear to enhance skin hydration and reduce the appearance of cellulite. The research involved the creation of leggings and long-sleeve shirts treated with microencapsulated natural extracts targeting moisture and anti-cellulite effects. A total of 18 healthy female volunteers participated in the wear trials with a control group and an experimental group wearing the microencapsulated garments. The participants underwent a standardized training procedure, and their skin’s moisture level and cellulite (orange peel) appearance were assessed using Tewameter measurements and thermal imaging. Additionally, dermatological clinical evaluations were performed. The results demonstrated that the microencapsulated products significantly improved skin hydration and reduced cellulite grades compared to the control group. All nine participants in the microencapsulated group displayed negative values for the appearance of orange peel skin, whereas two of the nine participants in the control group exhibited negative cellulite levels, one showed a positive value, and six showed no change at all. Statistical analyses also confirmed the efficacy of the microencapsulated garments. The study highlights the potential of cosmetic textiles in providing added value to sportswear by offering functional skin benefits during physical activity. Full article

The position that a woman adopts during breastfeeding is important for both infant and maternal health; however, many women experience musculoskeletal pain due to poor posture during breastfeeding, which is a known factor in low exclusive breastfeeding rates. Posture monitoring is an effective intervention, but existing wearable devices do not consider the ergonomics of nursing mothers and breastfeeding scenarios. In this study, nursing underwear was developed with posture monitoring and a real-time feedback system using accelerometers and flexible bending sensors targeting the neck and upper thoracic spine. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Chinese mothers to identify key challenges and inform the design. After designing and producing the prototype, wear trials were conducted with two participants who tested both the prototype and a commercial sample while holding a 4 kg baby doll. Video recordings and questionnaires were used to assess the underwear’s effectiveness. The results showed improvements in postural alignment and an increase in the frequency and duration of relaxation periods. Participants reported that the prototype surpassed the commercial sample in functionality, comfort, and aesthetics. These findings are significant for postpartum health and provide guidelines for future smart nursing garment development. Full article

The integration of robotics in the garment industry remains relatively limited, primarily due to the challenges in the highly deformable nature of garments. The objective of this study is thus to explore a vision-based garment recognition and environment reconstruction model to facilitate the application of robots in garment processing. Object SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) was employed as the core methodology for real-time mapping and tracking. To enable garment detection and reconstruction, two datasets were created: a 2D garment image dataset for instance segmentation model training and a synthetic 3D mesh garment dataset to enhance the DeepSDF (Signed Distance Function) model for generative garment reconstruction. In addition to garment detection, the SLAM system was extended to identify and reconstruct environmental planes, using the CAPE (Cylinder and Plane Extraction) model. The implementation was tested using an Intel Realsense^® camera, demonstrating the feasibility of simultaneous garment and plane detection and reconstruction. This study shows improved performance in garment recognition with the 2D instance segmentation models and an enhanced understanding of garment shapes and structures with the DeepSDF model. The integration of CAPE plane detection with SLAM allows for more robust environment reconstruction that is capable of handling multiple objects. The implementation and evaluation of the system highlight its potential for enhancing automation and efficiency in the garment processing industry. Full article

Physical therapy is often essential for complete recovery after injury. However, a significant population of patients fail to adhere to prescribed exercise regimens. Lack of motivation and inconsistent in-person visits to physical therapy are major contributing factors to suboptimal exercise adherence, slowing the recovery process. With the advancement of virtual reality (VR), researchers have developed remote virtual rehabilitation systems with sensors such as inertial measurement units. A functional garment with an integrated wearable sensor can also be used for real-time sensory feedback in VR-based therapeutic exercise and offers affordable remote rehabilitation to patients. Sensors integrated into wearable garments offer the potential for a quantitative range of motion measurements during VR rehabilitation. In this research, we developed and validated a carbon nanocomposite-coated knit fabric-based sensor worn on a compression sleeve that can be integrated with upper-extremity virtual rehabilitation systems. The sensor was created by coating a commercially available weft knitted fabric consisting of polyester, nylon, and elastane fibers. A thin carbon nanotube composite coating applied to the fibers makes the fabric electrically conductive and functions as a piezoresistive sensor. The nanocomposite sensor, which is soft to the touch and breathable, demonstrated high sensitivity to stretching deformations, with an average gauge factor of ~35 in the warp direction of the fabric sensor. Multiple tests are performed with a Kinarm end point robot to validate the sensor for repeatable response with a change in elbow joint angle. A task was also created in a VR environment and replicated by the Kinarm. The wearable sensor can measure the change in elbow angle with more than 90% accuracy while performing these tasks, and the sensor shows a proportional resistance change with varying joint angles while performing different exercises. The potential use of wearable sensors in at-home virtual therapy/exercise was demonstrated using a Meta Quest 2 VR system with a virtual exercise program to show the potential for at-home measurements. Full article

More than a third of microplastics in surface waters are formed by microplastics released from textile products containing textile fibers (fibrous microplastics). A large amount of fibrous microplastics enters the environment during textile production and the first few washing cycles. Mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological damage to textiles causes the generation of fibrous microplastics. Textile manufacturers, dyers and finishers, garment producers, distributors, or consumers contribute to this process. During the construction of textiles, multiple issues need to be addressed simultaneously. They are related to the optimization of technological processes and the construction and functionalization of fiber structures, considering ecological requirements, including suppressing the formation of fibrous microplastics. This research is focused on the specification of reasons for the generation of fibrous microplastics during textile production. The influence of the structure of fibers, abrasive deformations, and surface structure of fabrics on the generation of fibrous microplastics is discussed. The release of fibrous microplastics during washing is mentioned as well. Full article

Textile-based wearable robotics increasingly integrates sensing and energy materials to enhance functionality, particularly in physiological monitoring, demanding higher-performing and abundant robotic textiles. Among the alternatives, activated carbon cloth stands out due to its monolithic nature and high specific surface area, enabling uninterrupted electron transfer and energy storage capability in the electrical double layer, respectively. Yet, the potential of monolithic activated carbon cloth electrodes (MACCEs) in wearables still needs to be explored, particularly in sensing and energy storage. MACCE conductance increased by 29% when saturated with Na₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte and charged from 0 to 0.375 V. MACCE was validated for measuring pressure up to 28 kPa at all assessed charge levels. Electrode sensitivity to compression decreased by 30% at the highest potential due to repulsive forces between like charges in electrical double layers at the MACCE surface, counteracting compression. MACCE’s controllable sensitivity decrease can be beneficial for garments in avoiding irrelevant signals and focusing on essential health changes. A MACCE charge-dependent sensitivity provides a method for assessing local electrode charge. Our study highlights controlled charging and electrolyte interactions in MACCE for multifunctional roles, including energy transmission and pressure detection, in smart wearables. Full article