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7,173 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
7,564 Views
25 Pages

30 September 2021

Treetop walkways are unique trail constructions. Their support structure suspends a walkway platform several meters from the ground, shuttling among the canopies of trees in the forest. Many countries have built canopy trails for forest recreation, t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,411 Views
16 Pages

Comparison of Modeling Algorithms for Forest Canopy Structures Based on UAV-LiDAR: A Case Study in Tropical China

  • Xi Peng,
  • Anjiu Zhao,
  • Yongfu Chen,
  • Qiao Chen,
  • Haodong Liu,
  • Juan Wang and
  • Huayu Li

14 December 2020

Knowledge of forest structure is vital for sustainable forest management decisions. Terrestrial laser scanning cannot describe the canopy trees in a large area, and it is unclear whether unmanned aerial vehicle-light detection and ranging (UAV-LiDAR)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,071 Views
15 Pages

Transcriptome Profiling Revealed Light-Mediated Gene Expression Patterns of Plants in Forest Vertical Structures

  • Qiming Mei,
  • Yi Zheng,
  • Jiayi Feng,
  • Zhengfeng Wang,
  • Honglin Cao and
  • Juyu Lian

17 April 2025

Light is a critical environmental factor that shapes forest communities. The canopy trees intercept the light, thus understory plants become shaded. Shade leads to the attenuation of light intensity and a shift in the spectrum through the forest vert...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,572 Views
19 Pages

Forest Canopy Structures and Bamboo Rhizome Internodes Impact the Appearance Quality of Bamboo Shoots

  • Chunyan She,
  • Yulin Yu,
  • Maji Wan,
  • Adamu Abdullahi Abubakar,
  • Weixue Luo,
  • Jinchun Liu and
  • Jianping Tao

13 December 2023

Bamboo shoots are a healthy vegetable with significant commercial value, and their appearance quality is a key factor influencing consumer preference and market pricing. Their growth characteristics—after being unearthed, they maintain basal di...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
9,267 Views
27 Pages

20 June 2014

Amongst all the methodologies readily available to estimate forest canopy and aboveground carbon (AGC), in-situ plot surveys and airborne laser scanning systems appear to be powerful assets. However, they are limited to relatively local scales. In th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,274 Views
12 Pages

Timber Structures of Florence Cathedral: Wood Species Identification, Technological Implications and Their Forest Origin

  • Nicola Macchioni,
  • Marco Degl’Innocenti,
  • Francesca Mannucci,
  • Ilaria Stefani,
  • Simona Lazzeri and
  • Samuele Caciagli

27 August 2023

The Cathedral of Florence is one of the largest churches in the world and is known for one of the most famous domes ever, which characterizes the skyline of the city. The dimensions of the building mean that the dimensions of the roof are equally lar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
427 Views
25 Pages

Experimental Evaluation of RC Structures with Brick Infills for Vertical Forest Adaptation in Seismic Regions

  • Theodoros Rousakis,
  • Vachan Vanian,
  • Martha Lappa,
  • Adamantis G. Zapris,
  • Ioannis P. Xynopoulos,
  • Maristella Voutetaki,
  • Stefanos Kellis,
  • George Sapidis,
  • Maria Naoum and
  • Emmanouil Golias
  • + 5 authors

17 November 2025

Existing Mediterranean reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infills exhibit critical seismic vulnerabilities, yet real-time damage detection capabilities remain limited. This study validates a novel dense piezoelectric transducer (PZT) network...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,803 Views
9 Pages

Analysis of Dynamic Forest Structures Based on Hierarchical Features Extracted from Multi-Station LiDAR Scanning

  • Xiuyun Lin,
  • Yulin Gong,
  • Yuan Sun,
  • Jiawen Jiang,
  • Yanli Zhang and
  • Xiaorong Wen

This study aims at searching for characteristic parameters of tree trunks to establish a volume model and dynamic analysis of volume based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). We collected three phases of data over 5 years from an artificial Lirioden...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,999 Views
19 Pages

Study of the Vertical Structures, Thermal Comfort, Negative Air Ions, and Human Physiological Stress of Forest Walking Spaces in Summer

  • Wei Lin,
  • Chengcheng Zeng,
  • Wenbin Nie,
  • Xinge Nan,
  • Shanshan Shen,
  • Yan Shi,
  • Hai Yan,
  • Fan Yang,
  • Renwu Wu and
  • Zhiyi Bao

18 February 2022

Forest walking is a popular, healthy, and light outdoor activity. The potential comprehensive relationships between the vertical structures, thermal comfort, negative air ions (NAI), and human physiological stress in forest walking spaces have not be...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,416 Views
18 Pages

11 April 2022

The structure of a prestressed steel structure is complex, which can result in insufficient control accuracy and the low efficiency of the structural safety. The traditional analysis method only obtains the mechanical parameters of the structure and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,963 Views
11 Pages

20 October 2023

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures are often used to support shallow foundations of various infrastructure systems including bridges, railways, and highways. When such infrastructures are located in seismic areas, their performance is linked to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,337 Views
19 Pages

18 March 2020

In the presented research, we studied the forest edge structure of urban and peri-urban forests on the outskirts of Ljubljana (Slovenia) consisting of a number of patches covering the collective surface of 1884 ha. They differ from each other accordi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
68 Citations
12,318 Views
22 Pages

Monitoring of Forest Structure Dynamics by Means of L-Band SAR Tomography

  • Victor Cazcarra-Bes,
  • Maria Tello-Alonso,
  • Rico Fischer,
  • Michael Heym and
  • Konstantinos Papathanassiou

28 November 2017

Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography (TomoSAR) allows the reconstruction of the 3D reflectivity of natural volume scatterers such as forests, thus providing an opportunity to infer structure information in 3D. In this paper, the potential of TomoSAR d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,054 Views
19 Pages

6 July 2022

In order to understand forest services at stand level through the integration of structural attributes, forest structures in three main stand types were analyzed based on various structural attributes relating to the services of habitat conservation,...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,881 Views
13 Pages

Landscape Composition and Forest Structure Shape Phyllostomid Bat Assemblages in the Atlantic Forest Remnants

  • Ricardo Bovendorp,
  • Eduardo Mariano-Neto,
  • Albérico Queiroz and
  • Deborah Faria

15 July 2025

Habitat loss and land-use intensification are major threats to biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, particularly for bat assemblages that provide key ecosystem services. In this study, we examined how landscape composition (forest and pastu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,143 Views
17 Pages

Forest Structure and Fine Root Biomass Influence Soil CO2 Efflux in Temperate Forests under Drought

  • Antonios Apostolakis,
  • Ingo Schöning,
  • Beate Michalzik,
  • Christian Ammer,
  • Peter Schall,
  • Falk Hänsel,
  • Thomas Nauss,
  • Susan Trumbore and
  • Marion Schrumpf

17 February 2023

Soil respiration is rarely studied at the landscape scale where forest and soil properties can be important drivers. We performed forest and soil inventories in 150 temperate forest sites in three German landscapes and measured in situ soil CO2 efflu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,203 Views
25 Pages

Modeling Forest Snow Using Relative Canopy Structure Metrics

  • C. David Moeser,
  • Graham Sexstone and
  • Jake Kurzweil

14 May 2024

Snow and watershed models typically do not account for forest structure and shading; therefore, they display substantial uncertainty when attempting to account for forest change or when comparing hydrological response between forests with varying cha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,916 Views
24 Pages

31 December 2020

Research Highlights: We used airborne lidar to assess the multi-scalar patterns of forest structure across a large (471,000 hectare), multi-owner landscape of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. The results of this study can be used in the development and e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,286 Views
12 Pages

Forest Structure and Composition Are Critical to Hurricane Mortality

  • Jiaying Zhang,
  • Tamara Heartsill-Scalley and
  • Rafael L. Bras

28 January 2022

Hurricanes can cause severe damage to tropical forests. To understand the nature of hurricane impacts, we analyze and compare immediate effects from category-4 hurricane María in 2017 and category-3 hurricane Hugo in 1989 at Bisley Experimenta...

  • Article
  • Open Access
80 Citations
9,282 Views
15 Pages

20 November 2015

The Plain Forestation Project is an important measure designed to alleviate air pollution in Beijing, the capital of China. Ten commonly cultivated forest types of the Plain Forestation Project were studied at three growth stages of leaves. The parti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
90 Citations
11,144 Views
26 Pages

11 September 2017

Accurate and timely estimation of forest structural parameters plays a key role in the management of forest resources, as well as studies on the carbon cycle and biodiversity. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a promising active remote sensing t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,516 Views
12 Pages

Forest Harvesting Impacts on the Structure and Composition of Coniferous Forests in Mexico

  • Giovanni Estrada Valdés,
  • Angel Rolando Endara Agramont,
  • Santiago Vazquez-Lozada and
  • Fredericksen S. Todd

10 August 2021

The effect of forest harvesting on the composition and structure of a temperate coniferous forest in Mexico was evaluated after three harvesting periods from 2007–2015. In this forest, we identified seven families and eight tree species. The dominant...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,212 Views
14 Pages

Forest Structure and Composition Affect Bats in a Tropical Evergreen Broadleaf Forest

  • Emma V. Willcox,
  • William M. Giuliano,
  • Lauren N. Watine,
  • Daniel J. Mills and
  • Michael G. Andreu

29 August 2017

The lack of knowledge regarding many aerial insectivorous bats and their relationships with forest characteristics limits conservation decision-making for tropical rainforests and for this important bat group. Therefore, our objective was to understa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
392 Views
14 Pages

Effects of Species and Structural Diversity on Carbon Storage in Subtropical Forests

  • Liyang Tong,
  • Yixuan Wang,
  • Zhengxuan Zhu,
  • Zhe Chen,
  • Shigang Tang,
  • Xueyi Zhao,
  • Kai Chen and
  • Lijin Wang

31 December 2025

Global CO2 concentrations are gradually increasing, and forests, as the main terrestrial carbon pool, are attracting growing attention in mitigating climate change. However, the impacts of forest types, species diversity, structural diversity, and en...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,203 Views
19 Pages

New Structural Complexity Metrics for Forests from Single Terrestrial Lidar Scans

  • Jonathan L. Batchelor,
  • Todd M. Wilson,
  • Michael J. Olsen and
  • William J. Ripple

27 December 2022

We developed new measures of structural complexity using single point terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds. These metrics are depth, openness, and isovist. Depth is a three-dimensional, radial measure of the visible distance in all direction...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,390 Views
25 Pages

22 May 2024

Modeling forest structure using multi-source satellite data is beneficial to understanding the relationship between vertical and horizontal structure and image features to provide more comprehensive and abundant information for the study of forest st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,832 Views
21 Pages

24 March 2021

A forest’s structure changes as it progresses through developmental stages from establishment to old-growth forest. Therefore, the vertical structure of old-growth forests will differ from that of younger, managed forests. Free, publicly available sp...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,881 Views
10 Pages

Tree size diversity is an indicator of biodiversity values of a forest. Microsite conditions of a forest determine the survival and growth of trees. However, the contribution of variable habitats to tree size hierarchy and segregation is poorly under...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
8,016 Views
27 Pages

7 April 2023

Monitoring forest conditions is an essential task in the context of global climate change to preserve biodiversity, protect carbon sinks and foster future forest resilience. Severe impacts of heatwaves and droughts triggering cascading effects such a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,288 Views
19 Pages

29 December 2022

Eucalyptus plantations play an important role in the timber supply and global warming mitigation around the world. Forest age is a critical factor for evaluating and modeling forest structure (e.g., diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), aboveg...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,668 Views
24 Pages

Identifying Forest Structural Types along an Aridity Gradient in Peninsular Spain: Integrating Low-Density LiDAR, Forest Inventory, and Aridity Index

  • Julián Tijerín-Triviño,
  • Daniel Moreno-Fernández,
  • Miguel A. Zavala,
  • Julen Astigarraga and
  • Mariano García

5 January 2022

Forest structure is a key driver of forest functional processes. The characterization of forest structure across spatiotemporal scales is essential for forest monitoring and management. LiDAR data have proven particularly useful for cost-effectively...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
8,212 Views
19 Pages

28 November 2013

The Evergreen forest type develops along the Valdivian and North-Patagonian phytogeographical regions of the south-central part of Chile (38° S–46° S). These evergreen forests have been scarcely studied south of 43° S, where there is still a large ar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,157 Views
18 Pages

Sensitivity of Bistatic TanDEM-X Data to Stand Structural Parameters in Temperate Forests

  • Stefan Erasmi,
  • Malte Semmler,
  • Peter Schall and
  • Michael Schlund

11 December 2019

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data provide a valuable means for the large-scale and long-term monitoring of structural components of forest stands. The potential of TanDEM-X interferometric SAR (InSAR) for the assessment of forest structur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,699 Views
12 Pages

6 December 2019

Research Highlights: Using a long-term dataset on temperate forests in South Korea, we established the interrelationships between tree species and structural diversity and forest productivity and stability, and identified a strong, positive effect of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,756 Views
14 Pages

30 May 2022

Structure-based forest management (SBFM) is a method for improving forest structure and quality based on nearest-neighbor analysis. Stand spatial structure directly affects the health and stability of forest ecosystems. Research on the effects of SBF...

  • Article
  • Open Access
54 Citations
4,426 Views
11 Pages

Stand Structure and Abiotic Factors Modulate Karst Forest Biomass in Southwest China

  • Lu Liu,
  • Fuping Zeng,
  • Tongqing Song,
  • Kelin Wang and
  • Hu Du

15 April 2020

Understanding the driving factors of forest biomass are critical for further understanding the forest carbon cycle and carbon storage management in karst forests. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
148 Citations
10,725 Views
26 Pages

10 February 2019

Estimating forest structural attributes of planted forests plays a key role in managing forest resources, monitoring carbon stocks, and mitigating climate change. High-resolution and low-cost remote-sensing data are increasingly available to measure...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,103 Views
21 Pages

29 January 2023

The present study aims to analyze the set-aside effect on the current structure diversity of mountain temperate forests from the Natura 2000 site Rarău-Giumalău. In the past 80 years, the area of entirely protected forests successively incr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,389 Views
25 Pages

23 June 2022

Regarded as a marked category of global forests, forest plantations not only have great significance for the development of the global economy, but also contribute ecological and social benefits. The accurate acquisition of the multi-scale (from indi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,740 Views
27 Pages

2 November 2018

Accurate acquisition of forest structural parameters, which is essential for the parameterization of forest growth models and understanding forest ecosystems, is also crucial for forest inventories and sustainable forest management. In this study, si...

  • Review
  • Open Access
62 Citations
11,721 Views
24 Pages

19 March 2020

Including biodiversity assessments in forest management planning is becoming increasingly important due to the importance of biodiversity for forest ecosystem resilience provision and sustainable functioning. Here we investigated the potential to inc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,487 Views
21 Pages

Estimation of Forest Phenology’s Relationship with Age-Class Structure in Northeast China’s Temperate Deciduous Forests

  • Xiaoqing Zuo,
  • Kaijian Xu,
  • Wanwan Yu,
  • Ping Zhao,
  • Huaipeng Liu,
  • Hailan Jiang,
  • Anxin Ding and
  • Yi Li

5 December 2024

Phenological changes in forests directly influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon fixation and the carbon and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies have shown that variations in biological factors (e.g., canopy height, leaf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,892 Views
16 Pages

Spatial Analysis of Temperate Forest Structure: A Geostatistical Approach to Natural Forest Potential

  • Jesús A. Prieto-Amparán,
  • Eduardo Santellano-Estrada,
  • Federico Villarreal-Guerrero,
  • Martin Martinez-Salvador,
  • Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez,
  • Griselda Vázquez-Quintero,
  • María C. Valles-Aragón and
  • Carlos Manjarrez-Domínguez

16 February 2019

Forest ecosystems represent an important means of ecosystem services; they are key as carbon sinks, water collectors, soil stabilizers, suppliers of great biological diversity, among other benefits. In addition, regionalization based on forest condit...

  • Review
  • Open Access
37 Citations
7,285 Views
14 Pages

14 June 2018

The consequences of silviculture and management on the genetic variation and structure of long-impacted populations of forest tree are reviewed assessed and discussed, using Mediterranean forests as a working paradigm. The review focuses on silvicult...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,871 Views
14 Pages

20 September 2018

Close-to-nature urban forests and remnants of natural vegetation represent an important opportunity for urban residents to experience daily perception of and access to the natural environment. Despite there being a high percentage of forest cover (59...

  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
10,026 Views
14 Pages

Compatibility of Aerial and Terrestrial LiDAR for Quantifying Forest Structural Diversity

  • Elizabeth A. LaRue,
  • Franklin W. Wagner,
  • Songlin Fei,
  • Jeff W. Atkins,
  • Robert T. Fahey,
  • Christopher M. Gough and
  • Brady S. Hardiman

29 April 2020

Structural diversity is a key feature of forest ecosystems that influences ecosystem functions from local to macroscales. The ability to measure structural diversity in forests with varying ecological composition and management history can improve th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,857 Views
21 Pages

17 September 2021

The role of forests is increasing because of rapid land use changes worldwide that have implications on ecosystems and the carbon cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain accurate information about forests and build forest inventories. However, it...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,963 Views
26 Pages

Forest Area and Structural Variable Estimation in Boreal Forest Using Suomi NPP VIIRS Data and a Sample from VHR Imagery

  • Tuomas Häme,
  • Heikki Astola,
  • Jorma Kilpi,
  • Yrjö Rauste,
  • Laura Sirro,
  • Teemu Mutanen,
  • Eija Parmes,
  • Jussi Rasinmäki and
  • Mohammad Imangholiloo

9 June 2023

Our objective was to develop a method for the assessment of forest area and structural variables for cases in which the availability of representative ground reference data is poor and these data are not collected from the whole area of interest. We...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,311 Views
12 Pages

Assessment of Species Composition and Community Structure of the Suburban Forest in Hangzhou, Eastern China

  • Liangjin Yao,
  • Zhigao Wang,
  • Xiaohao Zhan,
  • Weizhi Wu,
  • Bo Jiang,
  • Jiejie Jiao,
  • Weigao Yuan,
  • Jinru Zhu,
  • Yi Ding and
  • Chuping Wu
  • + 2 authors

5 April 2022

The forest community structure and dynamic structure provide basic data for in-depth study of the community maintenance mechanisms and succession processes of urban forest ecosystems. Moreover, the study on the dynamics of suburban forest communities...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,380 Views
16 Pages

12 October 2023

There is increasing interest in optimizing stand structure through forest management. The forest structure influences growth and maintains the structure, promoting sustainability. Structure-based forest management (SBFM), which is based on the spatia...

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