Search Results (208)

Accurate measurement of streamflow is fundamental for water resources management, ecological conservation, flash flood early warning, and climate change impact studies. This study presents a proof of concept on the usage of Internet of Things (IoT) for automatic streamflow measurements using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware. The system is designed, implemented, and experimentally evaluated as a low-cost, solar-powered IoT device tailored to small-order streams and headwater tributaries. At its core is the Hall-effect YF-S201 flow sensor. Although primarily designed for closed-conduit applications, the sensor was tested in a controlled setup where stream water was diverted into a short pipe section, enabling continuous monitoring and calibration. This paper provides details on the design and validation of a low-cost (approximately 24 Euros), solar-powered streamflow measurement system based on a water flow sensor, using wireless communications, and cloud storage based on an ESP32 board, PostgreSQL, and a web interface. The device was tested in a simulated environment. Results indicate the proposed device reliably tracks flow variability, while offering portability, energy autonomy, and cost efficiency, and may serve as a feasible alternative for low-infrastructure, temporary deployments. Full article

In recent years, frequent blockage of water intake structures at nuclear power plants (NPPs) by marine organisms has increased the risk of cooling source loss for the plants. Optimizing the layout of water intake structure to actively avoid or divert blockages near the intake entrance is one of the effective measures for cooling source risk prevention and control, and relevant research remains scarce at present. Taking a certain NPP as the research object, this paper simulates the flow field and particle transport in the sea area around the water intake based on a hydrodynamic-particle coupling model. A method for determining the maximum water source range and critical tidal conditions under risk source uncertainty is proposed. The flow pattern and entrainment risks of different open channel inlet types are compared. The results show that when the water intake open channel is arranged perpendicular to the ambient flow, a large recirculation zone exists at the intake entrance. Simply increasing the width at the intake entrance by expanding the local opening has an insignificant effect on reducing the water intake velocity and entrainment risk, while adopting additional side opening intake plays a certain role in dispersing the water intake entrainment intensity. The research results provide a basis for the optimal design and operation of water intake at NPPs. Full article

The stability of subsea tunnels is governed by the strong coupling among stress redistribution, damage evolution, and seepage flow (Stress–Damage–Seepage, SDS). The dynamic interplay, especially under high water pressure, often leads to catastrophic failures, yet its mechanisms, particularly the role of support timing, remain insufficiently understood due to limitations in conventional numerical methods. This study aims to unravel the SDS coupling mechanisms during tunnel excavation under high hydraulic head, and to quantitatively investigate how support timing influences the stability of the surrounding rock within this coupled system. A coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) framework was employed. In this approach, excavation-induced damage, crack propagation, and fluid–particle interactions are explicitly resolved at the particle scale, whereas the macroscopic permeability evolution is captured through an imposed empirical exponential relationship. Simulations were conducted under both steady-state and transient seepage conditions with varying stress ratios and water heads. High-head transient seepage intensifies SDS coupling, dynamically redistributing seepage forces to damage zone edges and amplifying damage. Support timing critically mediates this interaction: premature support risks tensile failure at the tunnel periphery, while delayed support allows a vicious cycle of shear failure and increased inflow. Optimal “timely” support, applied after initial deformation, diverts high seepage forces inward, minimizing final damage. The spatiotemporal synchronization of transient seepage forces with damage evolution is pivotal for stability. Support timing acts as a key control variable. The CFD-DEM framework effectively elucidates these micro-mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for the dynamic design of support in high-pressure subsea tunnels. Full article

Conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) acidizing in carbonate reservoirs is often limited by excessively rapid acid–rock reactions and preferential flow through high-permeability paths, resulting in shallow penetration and inefficient stimulation. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based diverting acids have been widely applied to address these challenges; however, the intrinsic relationship between reaction retardation and diversion efficiency, particularly under varying shear conditions, remains insufficiently clarified. In this study, a VES-based diverting acid system formulated with erucamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (EH50) was systematically investigated through multiscale experiments, including rotating disk reaction kinetics, rheological characterization, porous core flooding, and fracture-scale plate flow tests. The results reveal a pronounced shear-dependent transition in the governing mechanism of the system. Under low-shear conditions, the VES system significantly reduces the apparent acid–rock reaction rate, with a maximum reduction of 77.3%, and exhibits a synergistic retardation effect in the presence of Ca²⁺, indicating mass transfer limitation. However, under high-shear porous media flow, the intrinsic retarding effect is substantially weakened due to partial disruption of the viscoelastic structure. Despite this attenuation of chemical retardation, effective diversion performance persists under dynamic flow conditions, manifested by pressure plateau behavior, enhanced flow redistribution, more distributed wormhole networks, and greater overall dissolution. Fracture-scale experiments further demonstrate that the diversion acid suppresses excessive inlet etching and promotes spatially distributed etching patterns favorable for fracture conductivity maintenance. These findings clarify that reaction retardation and diversion are distinct yet dynamically coupled mechanisms, whose relative dominance depends on shear intensity and ionic environment. The proposed shear-responsive mechanism framework provides new insight into the design and optimization of VES diverting acid systems for carbonate reservoir stimulation. Full article

The climate impact of bivalve aquaculture remains inadequately quantified for China, the world’s dominant producer. Prevailing carbon footprint assessments often overlook the complexity of biological carbon flows and fail to capture effects that evolve across different timescales. To address these gaps, we developed a novel multi-temporal dual-carbon flow life cycle assessment framework that systematically quantifies both the anthropogenic (ACF) and biological (BCF) carbon footprints and evaluates the climate impacts across different time horizons. Applied to China’s largest mussel farm, the framework reveals the system’s total carbon footprint decreases from +261.7 kg CO₂-eq/t under a conventional Cradle-to-Gate perspective to +84.6 kg CO₂-eq/t over a centennial scale and further to +27.9 kg CO₂-eq/t over a geological timescale. With the ACF constant across all timescales (+256.2 kg CO₂-eq/t), the transition in total carbon footprint is driven entirely by the BCF. The BCF changes from a minor positive contribution during farming (+5.5 kg CO₂-eq/t, from enhanced sea-to-air CO₂ efflux) to a major net sink at centennial (–171.6 kg CO₂-eq/t ) and geological (–228.3 kg CO₂-eq/t) scales, primarily due to long-term carbon sequestration from shell removal, burial, and weathering. Consequently, the net carbon footprint is not a fixed attribute but a function of temporal perspective, controlled decisively by shell-waste management. Aligning the industry with climate goals thus requires not only reducing the ACF through material and energy efficiency during the production chain but, crucially, also diverting shells from incineration to burial or weathering pathways to secure their long-term sink potential. Full article

Staged multi-cluster fracturing in horizontal wells is a key technology for efficiently developing unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Extreme Limited-Entry Fracturing (ELF) and Temporary Plugging Fracturing (TPF) are effective techniques to enhance the uniformity of fracture stimulation within a stage. However, in fractured reservoirs, the propagation morphology of multiple intra-stage fractures and fluid distribution patterns becomes significantly more complex under the influence of ELF and TPF. This complexity results in a lack of theoretical guidance for optimizing field operational parameters. This study establishes a competitive propagation model for multiple hydraulic fractures (HFs) within a stage under ELF and TPF conditions in fractured reservoirs based on the Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) and fluid mechanics theory. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing it with laboratory experimental results and existing numerical simulation results. Using this model, the influence of ELF and TPF on intra-stage fracture propagation morphology and fluid partitioning was investigated. Results demonstrate that extremely limited-entry perforation and ball-sealer diversion effectively mitigate the additional flow resistance induced by both the stress shadow effect and the connection of natural fractures (NFs), thereby mitigating uneven fluid distribution and imbalanced fracture propagation among clusters. ELF artificially creates extremely high perforation friction by drastically reducing the number of perforations or the perforation diameter, thereby forcing the fracturing fluid to enter multiple perforation clusters relatively uniformly. Compared to the unlimited-entry scheme (16 perforations/cluster), the limited-entry scheme (5 perforations/cluster) yielded a 37.84% improvement in fluid distribution uniformity and reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) for fracture length and fluid intake by 54.28% and 44.16%, respectively. The essence of the TPF is non-uniform perforation distribution, which enables the perforation clusters with large fluid intake to obtain more temporary plugging balls (TPBs), so that their perforation friction can be increased and their fluid intake can be reduced, thereby diverting the fluid to the perforation clusters with small fluid intake. Deploying TPBs (50% of total perforations) at the mid-stage of fracturing (50% time) increased fluid distribution uniformity by 37.86% and reduced the CV of fracture length and fluid intake by 72.54% and 58.39%, respectively. This study provides methodological and modeling foundations for systematic optimization of balanced stimulation parameters in fractured reservoirs. Full article

Lighter-than-air parakites deployed at sea in the close proximity of wind turbines may offer the possibility of mitigating wake losses encountered in large offshore wind farms. Such devices, having an order of magnitude similar to wind turbine rotors, can divert the stronger winds available at high altitudes to the lower level within the atmospheric boundary layer to enhance the wind flow between turbines. Mooring the parakites directly to the offshore wind turbine support structures would avoid the need for additional offshore structures. This paper investigates a novel and simple approach for mooring a parakite to an offshore wind turbine. The proposed approach exploits the lift forces of the inflatable parakite to reduce the tower bending moment at the base of the turbine induced by the rotor thrust. An iterative numerical model coupling the parakite loads to a catenary cable piecewise model is developed in Python 3.12.7 to quantify the bending moment reduction and shear load variations at the wind turbine tower base induced by the different kite geometries, windspeeds, and mooring cable lengths. The numerical model revealed that the proposed approach for mooring parakites can substantially reduce the tower bending loads experienced during rotor operation without considerably increasing the shearing forces. It was estimated that the tower bending moment decreased by 7.7% at the rated wind speed, where the rotor thrust is at its maximum, while the corresponding shear force increased by 0.6%. At higher wind speeds, where the magnitude of the rotor thrust decreases, the percentage reduction in bending moment gradually increases to 51.7% at a wind speed of 24 m/s, with the corresponding shear force increasing by only around 4.6%. Furthermore, while upscaling the parakite augments the tower bending moment reduction, changes in cable length had little effect on bending moment reduction and shear increase. Full article

To address the problem of serious gas channeling during CO₂ flooding in low-permeability reservoirs, which leads to poor oil recovery, this study developed a CO₂-resistant gel using a novel CO₂-responsive polymer (ADA) for gas channel control. The ADA polymer was synthesized via free-radical copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), which introduced protonatable tertiary-amine groups and sulfonate moieties into the polymer backbone. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed the designed structure and adequate thermal stability of the ADA polymer. Rheological tests demonstrated that the ADA polymer solution exhibits significant CO₂-triggered viscosity enhancement and excellent shear resistance. When crosslinked with phenolic resin, the resulting ADA gel showed outstanding CO₂ tolerance under simulated reservoir conditions (110 °C, 10 MPa). After 600 s of CO₂ exposure, the ADA gel retained over 99% of its initial viscosity, whereas a conventional HPAM-based industrial gel degraded to 61% of its original viscosity. The CO₂-resistance mechanism involves protonation of tertiary amines to form quaternary ammonium salts, which electrostatically interact with sulfonate groups, creating a reinforced dual-crosslinked network that effectively protects the gel from H⁺ ion attack. Core flooding experiments confirmed its ability to enhance oil recovery by plugging high-permeability channels and diverting flow, achieving a final recovery of up to 48.5% in heterogeneous cores. This work provides a novel gel system for improving sweep efficiency and storage security during CO₂ flooding in low-permeability reservoirs. Full article

Water diversion projects are a crucial measure for addressing eutrophication in shallow lakes worldwide. However, the impacts of different water diversion operation schemes on lake hydrodynamics and water quality can vary significantly, necessitating targeted, refined simulation assessments. This study focuses on Chaohu Lake, one of China’s most eutrophic lakes, and uses a mesoscale meteorological model coupled with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model to conduct detailed numerical simulations. The study evaluates the effects of three water diversion operation scenarios and three subsurface flow guide dam scenarios during the ecological water replenishment period in Chaohu Lake from September to November. The simulation results indicate that all three water diversion operation scenarios improve the hydrodynamic conditions of Chaohu Lake, but there are significant differences in their effects on pollutant reduction in the lake. The retention of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the water ranges from −36,812.1 to 472.8 tons, total nitrogen (TN) retention ranges from −22,637.2 to 3 tons, total phosphorus (TP) retention ranges from −4974 to 10.7 tons, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) retention ranges from −310.8 to −3.3 tons. Among the three subsurface flow guide dam schemes, all can promote the outflow of pollutants from Chaohu Lake. The combined subsurface flow guide dam scheme is the most effective, enabling an approximately 7.4% increase in pollutant export. The study demonstrates that diverting Huaihe River water through Paihe into Chaohu Lake, along with adding a combined subsurface flow guide dam in the West Lake area, can significantly improve the hydrodynamics and water quality in the West Lake area. This research provides essential technical support for the future operation of the Yangtze-to-Huaihe River Water Diversion Project and the layout of subsurface flow guide dams in Chaohu Lake, offering valuable insights for the ecological management of other shallow lakes. Full article

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms are rare, accounting for less than 2% of intracranial aneurysms. Among them, dissecting aneurysms frequently occur in the P2 segment. Traumatic PCA aneurysms are extremely uncommon and usually reported in pediatric or young adults following high-energy injuries. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who sustained a ruptured left PCA P2 dissecting aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage, accompanied by an L2 unstable burst fracture after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Initial neuroimaging revealed diffuse basal cistern hemorrhage with more predominance at the left side ambient cistern and a fusiform aneurysm with a superimposed saccular component along its anterior portion of left PCA P2 segment. The patient underwent endovascular treatment with a flow-diverting stent and stent-assisted coiling, achieving complete obliteration, followed by lumbar minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS). The patient recovered without neurological deficits and remained fully independence at a one-year follow-up. Traumatic PCA dissecting aneurysms pose a diagnostic challenge due to their rarity and potential for delayed clinical manifestation, yet they carry a substantial risk of morbidity and rebleeding if untreated. Early recognition through detailed vascular imaging and timely reconstructive endovascular intervention are essential to preventing secondary hemorrhage and optimizing clinical outcomes. This case underscores the need for heightened suspicion for vascular injury in patients with significant craniovertebral trauma. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Although rupture of aneurysms at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (ICA-PCom) junction accounts for a small percentage of all ruptured intracranial aneurysms, they are clinically relevant due to their proximity to perforator-rich cisterns, the optic-carotid-oculomotor pathways and flow-diverting zones, as well as their high likelihood for causing early neurological instability. Additionally, ruptured ICA-PCom aneurysms that have multiple lobulations are associated with increased variability in wall shear stress, local inflammatory remodeling and higher propensity for rupture at smaller sizes compared to other types of aneurysms. Due to the rapidity of early physiological destabilization in most patients with ruptured ICA-PCom aneurysms, clinical–anatomical correlations in these cases are often obscured by neurological deterioration; therefore, the presentation of this patient provides a unique opportunity to correlate the minimal early symptoms, tri-lobulation of the aneurysm and confined cisternal hemorrhage, to better understand rupture behavior, surgical decision-making in an anatomically challenging area, and postoperative recovery. Case Presentation: A 48-year-old hypertensive female experienced an acute “thunderclap” headache accompanied by intense photophobia and focal meningeal irritation, but, unexpectedly, retained a normal neurologic examination. She did exhibit some minor ocular motor micro-latencies, early cortical attentional strain and lateralized pain sensation that suggested localized cisternal involvement despite lack of generalized neurologic impairment. Digital subtraction angiography and three-dimensional CT angiography revealed a ruptured, tri-lobulated aneurysm originating from the communicating portion of the left internal carotid artery proximal to its origin from the posterior communicating artery, oriented toward the perimesencephalic cisterns. The aneurysm was surgically clipped using a standard left pterional craniotomy with direct visualization, after careful dissection through the carotid and optic windows to preserve the anterior choroidal artery, oculomotor nerve, and surrounding perforators. The neck of the aneurysm was reconstructed with a single straight clip, without compromise to the parent vessel lumen. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course without vasospasm or neurologic deficit. At both 3 and 9 months postoperatively the patient remained free of clinical neurologic deficit, and imaging demonstrated continued aneurysm exclusion, preserved ICA-PCom anatomy, and no evidence of delayed ischemic injury or hydrocephalus. Conclusions: The goal of this report is to demonstrate how a ruptured, morphologically complex ICA-PCom aneurysm may present with preserved neurologic function, thereby enabling the study of clinical–anatomical associations before secondary injury mechanisms intervene. The relationship between the configuration of the patient’s symptoms, geometry of the aneurysm and pattern of hemorrhage within the cisterns offers insight into a rare rupture pattern observed during routine clinical experience. Through complete anatomical analysis, timely microsurgical reconstruction and consistent follow-up, the authors were able to achieve long-term recovery of this particular patient. Continued advancements in vascular imaging techniques, aneurysmal wall modeling, and postoperative monitoring will likely help clarify the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for such presentations. Full article

This study assesses the environmental implications of reusing used electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE) in Slovenia. Reuse operations at four centres Ponovne Uporabe were analysed by integrating material flow analysis with a simplified life cycle assessment approach. Four scenarios were evaluated: S1 (optimistic reuse), S2 (conservative reuse), S3 (no reuse), and S4 (full reuse), each varying in allocation of materials to reuse, recycling, and incineration, as well as in the assumed reuse effectiveness. The results show that S4 (full reuse) achieved the highest emissions reduction of 7.87 kg CO₂-eq per kg of material input, highlighting the substantial environmental benefits of reuse over recycling. Optimistic reuse (S1), which assumes full substitution, also yields significant environmental benefits of 7.82 kg CO₂-eq per kg of material input. In contrast, S3 (the no-reuse scenario), in which materials are diverted mainly to recycling, results in an emission reduction of 5.2 kg CO₂-eq per kg of material input. S2 (conservative reuse), applying a conservative reuse factor, shows the lowest emission avoided at 4.1 kg CO₂-eq per kg of material input. Although based in Slovenia, this study offers transferable insights for countries aiming to scale reuse systems. The results highlight that maximizing environmental benefits within the circular economy model requires system supports, including design for reuse, durability, reparability, effective preparation for reuse operations, supportive policy frameworks and adequate financial and infrastructural capacity. Full article

This paper introduces a novel control archetype designed to mitigate high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) $E_3$ disturbances on the power grid, as well as information on performance and specifications of different control laws for the controller archetype. This method of protection has been overlooked in the literature until now. A controlled voltage supply is placed on the load-side of a transformer, diverting unwanted power from the transformer core to prevent saturation. The controlled voltage source is modeled using four control laws: an integral controller (capacitor), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), an energy storage minimized feedforward control law, and a Hamiltonian feedback law. Results show that the Hamiltonian feedback law and the energy storage minimization feedforward control law both flat-line magnetic flux with similar actuator requirements. The LQR approach requires less energy storage than the other two laws, depending on control tuning, as it allows greater exogenous current flow through the neutral path to ground. This leads to further optimization opportunities based on acceptable exogenous current levels. A sweep of different LQR gains revealed a reduction of approximately $32\%$ in minimum control effort, $47\%$ in minimum power to maintain saturation bounds, $20\%$ in energy storage requirements, and $59\%$ in required controller bandwidth. Voltage and bandwidth requirements of the load-side controller are comparable to neutral blocking requirements with energy and power requirements being higher for the load-side controller. This, however, comes with the benefit of being able to use pre-existing assets—neutral blocking devices have not been deployed. Additionally, the load-side blocking capacitor degrades transformer performance compared to the unmitigated system. Full article

Background and purpose: Stent-assisted coiling (SAC) achieves immediate aneurysm occlusion, while flow diversion (FD) promotes progressive remodeling. Comparative data in unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms remain limited. Methods: A retrospective review of our institutional database was conducted between 2021 and 2024. A total of 129 aneurysms treated with SAC (n = 33) or FD (n = 96) were identified and included in the analysis. Outcomes included angiographic occlusion, retreatment, complications, and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed on sex, age, aneurysm size, and location (caliper 0.2, exact sex matching). Results: A total of 130 patients (89 women, 41 men) were included in the study, with a mean age of 59.8 years (range 22–81). In the full cohort, SAC achieved higher immediate complete occlusion (62.5% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001), while FD demonstrated superior long-term stability (71.9% vs. 60.6%). Retreatment occurred in 18.2% of SAC cases and none with FD (p < 0.001). Complication rates were comparable overall: intraoperative (15.2% SAC vs. 10.4% FD, p = 0.37), periprocedural ≤72 h (15.2% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.34), and delayed ≥12 months (9.1% vs. 10.4%, p = 0.85). In patients aged 70–80 years, periprocedural complications were more frequent with SAC (37.5% vs. 5.9%, p = 0.08). Functional independence (mRS 0–2) at last follow-up was 87.9% for SAC and 89.6% for FD (p = ns). In the matched cohort, SAC preserved higher immediate occlusion (60% vs. 10%, p < 0.001), whereas FD provided greater long-term occlusion (65% vs. 55%, p = 0.33) and required no retreatments versus 15% in SAC (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SAC-related complications were largely confined to complex Y/T-stent reconstructions for MCA bifurcation and AComA aneurysms, while single-stent SAC demonstrated a safety profile comparable to FD. Conclusions: SAC offers rapid angiographic exclusion but at the cost of higher retreatment. FD ensures durable occlusion and absence of retreatment, with a consistent safety profile. After stratification by technical complexity, excess morbidity associated with SAC originated from anatomically demanding multistent constructs, whereas single-stent SAC showed safety comparable to FD. Age may influence periprocedural risk, particularly with SAC. These findings reinforce a tailored strategy: “Close fast with SAC, close forever with FD.” Full article

Background/Objectives: Complex aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) remain challenging because of their deep location, variable morphology, and proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Although endovascular therapy is preferred, its feasibility is limited in wide-necked, fusiform, or dissecting lesions. We describe our tertiary referral hospital single-center experience with tailored microsurgical and endovascular strategies—emphasizing occipital artery–PICA (OA-PICA) bypass, transcondylar fossa craniotomy, and cerebellomedullary fissure opening—and analyze perioperative factors that influence outcome. Methods: All consecutive patients treated for PICA origin or distal-PICA aneurysms between January 2021 and April 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, aneurysm characteristics, procedure type, antithrombotic regimen, complications, diffusion-weighted MRI findings, and 3-month modified Rankin Scale scores were collected. Results: Twelve aneurysms (mean age 61.4 ± 15.2 years; 8 women) were treated: trapping + OA-PICA bypass in 5, direct clipping in 2, flow diverter in 1, endovascular parent artery occlusion in 2, coil embolization in 1, and a hybrid bypass-plus-coil strategy in 1. Two cases were ruptured aneurysms. Perioperative aspirin was used in 2/5 bypass cases; heparin was added in one hybrid case. Asymptomatic PICA-territory infarcts occurred in the three bypasses performed without antiplatelet therapy (one with intra-anastomotic thrombus). No leaks or subcutaneous collections of cerebrospinal fluid were encountered, and no graft occlusions were observed. At 3 months, 9/12 patients achieved a good outcome (mRS 0–2); among them, only one patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) experienced postoperative worsening of the mRS. Two cranial nerve palsies (one permanent, one transient) and one wound site hematoma (heparin-associated) resolved without sequelae. Conclusions: Meticulous operative planning allows safe treatment of complex PICA aneurysms. Perioperative aspirin appears beneficial for OA-PICA bypass, whereas perioperative heparin increases bleeding risk. Individualized selection of endovascular, microsurgical, or combined strategies yields favorable early neurological outcomes in this demanding subset of cerebrovascular disease. Full article