Skip to Content

938 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
54 Citations
18,178 Views
16 Pages

E-Cigarettes and Associated Health Risks: An Update on Cancer Potential

  • Rakesh Sahu,
  • Kamal Shah,
  • Rishabha Malviya,
  • Deepika Paliwal,
  • Sakshi Sagar,
  • Sudarshan Singh,
  • Bhupendra G. Prajapati and
  • Sankha Bhattacharya

14 November 2023

The potential cancer risk associated with electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) use is ongoing and remains a subject of debate. E-Cigarettes work by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. When the liquid is hea...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,619 Views
7 Pages

Although college students represent a growing demographic of e-cigarette users, it is unclear how knowledgeable they are about the product they use. The lack of such knowledge could result in unsafe practices and greater health risks. Therefore, the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,484 Views
10 Pages

Higher weight concerns have been associated with higher cigarette smoking, particularly among women, partly because smoking is perceived to limit appetite for food. E-cigarettes are increasingly used as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and ar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,712 Views
11 Pages

We examined how a nicotine fact sheet influenced smokers’ beliefs about nicotine and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), a potentially less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes. In an exploratory online experiment, 756 US adult curr...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,940 Views
8 Pages

E-Cigarettes Use Behaviors in Japan: An Online Survey

  • Shihoko Koyama,
  • Takahiro Tabuchi and
  • Isao Miyashiro

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become increasingly widespread throughout the world, including in Japan. However, little is known about how e-cigarettes are used in Japan, a country with heavy restrictions on nicotine-containing e-liquids...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,951 Views
14 Pages

Placing Health Warnings on E-Cigarettes: A Standardized Protocol

  • Jennifer R. Mendel,
  • Marissa G. Hall,
  • Sabeeh A. Baig,
  • Michelle Jeong and
  • Noel T. Brewer

Health warnings for e-cigarettes are a promising and novel tobacco control intervention for reducing e-cigarette use. We developed a new protocol for evaluating e-cigarette warnings by placing them on users’ own devices to reflect real-world ex...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
4,245 Views
13 Pages

Association between E-Cigarette Advertising Exposure and Use of E-Cigarettes among a Cohort of U.S. Youth and Young Adults

  • Vuong V. Do,
  • Amy L. Nyman,
  • Yoonsang Kim,
  • Sherry L. Emery,
  • Scott R. Weaver and
  • Jidong Huang

Youth and young adult (YYA) use of e-cigarettes increased rapidly between 2010 and 2019 in the United States, during which exposure to e-cigarette advertising was also increased. We aimed to examine whether exposure to e-cigarette advertising among Y...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
13,454 Views
14 Pages

The Impact of E-Cigarettes on Oral Health—A Narrative Review

  • Dominika Cichońska,
  • Aida Kusiak and
  • Maciej L. Goniewicz

10 December 2024

Background/Objectives: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are commonly used by former smokers as an alternative product to conventional cigarettes and also by young adults and adolescents to deliver nicotine. E-cigarettes are thought to be a less h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
10,530 Views
10 Pages

Promotion of E-Cigarettes on TikTok and Regulatory Considerations

  • Jonine Jancey,
  • Tama Leaver,
  • Katharina Wolf,
  • Becky Freeman,
  • Kevin Chai,
  • Stella Bialous,
  • Marilyn Bromberg,
  • Phoebe Adams,
  • Meghan Mcleod and
  • Kahlia McCausland
  • + 1 author

E-cigarettes are promoted extensively on TikTok and other social media platforms. Platform policies to restrict e-cigarette promotion seem insufficient and are poorly enforced. This paper aims to understand how e-cigarettes are being promoted on TikT...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
11,460 Views
22 Pages

31 October 2022

Background: Recognising the association between the perceived risks of e-cigarettes and e-cigarette usage among youth is critical for planning effective prevention and intervention initiatives; thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis were perform...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,792 Views
13 Pages

There is a gap in knowledge on the affective mechanisms underlying effects of exposure to health misinformation. This study aimed to understand whether discrete emotional responses and perceived relative harm of e-cigarettes versus smoking mediate th...

  • Discussion
  • Open Access
39 Citations
24,009 Views
13 Pages

A carefully structured Tobacco Harm Reduction (THR) initiative, with e-cigarettes as a prominent THR modality, added to current tobacco control programming, is the most feasible policy option likely to substantially reduce tobacco-attributable illnes...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,248 Views
16 Pages

Factors Associated with E-Cigarette Use in U.S. Young Adult Never Smokers of Conventional Cigarettes: A Machine Learning Approach

  • Nkiruka C. Atuegwu,
  • Cheryl Oncken,
  • Reinhard C. Laubenbacher,
  • Mario F. Perez and
  • Eric M. Mortensen

E-cigarette use is increasing among young adult never smokers of conventional cigarettes, but the awareness of the factors associated with e-cigarette use in this population is limited. The goal of this work was to use machine learning (ML) algorithm...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,154 Views
12 Pages

Types of Offers of Combustible Cigarettes, E-Cigarettes, and Betel Nut Experienced by Guam Youths

  • Francis Dalisay,
  • Scott K. Okamoto,
  • Jane Teneza,
  • Christina Dalton,
  • Kayli Lizama,
  • Pallav Pokhrel and
  • Yoshito Kawabata

The present study examined types of scenarios in which Guam youths are offered tobacco—namely, combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes—and betel (areca) nut. We conducted 10 focus groups with public middle school students (n = 34) from Gu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,072 Views
12 Pages

Development of a Self-Help Smoking Cessation Intervention for Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes

  • Lauren R. Meltzer,
  • Vani N. Simmons,
  • Bárbara Piñeiro,
  • David J. Drobes,
  • Gwendolyn P. Quinn,
  • Cathy D. Meade,
  • Karen O. Brandon,
  • Amanda Palmer,
  • Marina Unrod and
  • Thomas H. Brandon
  • + 3 authors

Most users of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) report initiating use to quit combustible cigarettes. Nevertheless, high levels of dual use (i.e., using both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes) occur among adults. Using formative data from in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
49 Citations
7,467 Views
10 Pages

Adult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD

  • Mario F. Perez,
  • Nkiruka C. Atuegwu,
  • Erin L. Mead,
  • Cheryl Oncken and
  • Eric M. Mortensen

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased in the US, but little is known about the effects of these products on lung health. The main purpose of this study was to examine the association between e-cigarette use and a participant&r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,990 Views
9 Pages

Do Young People Perceive E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco as Less Harmful Than Traditional Cigarettes? A Survey from Poland

  • Ilona Wężyk-Caba,
  • Dorota Kaleta,
  • Radosław Zajdel,
  • Łukasz Balwicki and
  • Beata Świątkowska

New tobacco and nicotine-containing products are gaining more popularity among young people. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence in the perception of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco among young people in Poland and to assess the factors...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
10,863 Views
11 Pages

Views from the Coalface: What Do English Stop Smoking Service Personnel Think about E-Cigarettes?

  • Rosemary Hiscock,
  • Linda Bauld,
  • Deborah Arnott,
  • Martin Dockrell,
  • Louise Ross and
  • Andy McEwen

The UK Stop Smoking Services (SSS) are a source of information and advice on e-cigarettes for smokers and thus it is important to understand the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, e-cigarettes held by stop smoking practitioners. The datasets were E...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
9,235 Views
12 Pages

An Unrecognized Hazard in E-Cigarette Vapor: Preliminary Quantification of Methylglyoxal Formation from Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes

  • Parham Azimi,
  • Zahra Keshavarz,
  • Marianne Lahaie Luna,
  • Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent,
  • Jose Vallarino,
  • David C. Christiani and
  • Joseph G. Allen

Up to 95% of the liquid volume in an e-cigarette consists of propylene glycol. Previous research has shown that propylene glycol can generate diacetyl and formaldehyde when heated. New research shows that propylene glycol can also generate methylglyo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
51 Citations
31,674 Views
15 Pages

Exhaled aerosols were collected following the use of two leading U.S. commercial electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and a conventional cigarette by human subjects and analyzed for phenolics, carbonyls, water, glycerin and nicotine using a vacuum-as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
6,058 Views
10 Pages

Social Interactions as a Source of Information about E-Cigarettes: A Study of U.S. Adult Smokers

  • Marissa G. Hall,
  • Jessica K. Pepper,
  • Jennifer C. Morgan and
  • Noel T. Brewer

The novelty of e-cigarettes and ambiguity about their effects may foster informal sharing of information, such as through social interactions. We aimed to describe smokers’ social interactions about e-cigarettes and their recommendations that others...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,467 Views
11 Pages

Use of e-Cigarettes and Attendance at Stop Smoking Services: A Population Survey in England

  • Greg Hartwell,
  • Matt Egan,
  • Jamie Brown,
  • Triantafyllos Pliakas and
  • Mark Petticrew

7 October 2022

Little is known about whether e-cigarette use influences tobacco smokers’ decisions around other smoking cessation options, including the most effective one available: stop smoking service (SSS) attendance. Our repeat cross-sectional survey the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
8,260 Views
16 Pages

Background: This study examines primary schoolchildren’s perceptions of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, and associations with parental smoking, vaping and socioeconomic status. Methods: Survey of 2218 10–11-year-old children in 73 schools in Wal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,331 Views
11 Pages

Tobacco Use Status and Temptation to Try E-Cigarettes among a Sample of Appalachian Youth

  • Delvon T. Mattingly,
  • Jayesh Rai,
  • Osayande Agbonlahor,
  • Kandi L. Walker and
  • Joy L. Hart

E-cigarettes are commonly used tobacco products among youth populations, including Appalachian youth. However, knowledge of the extent to which tobacco use status relates to temptation to try e-cigarettes is limited. Data from the Youth Appalachian T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
12,949 Views
18 Pages

E-Cigarettes Increase Candida albicans Growth and Modulate its Interaction with Gingival Epithelial Cells

  • Humidah Alanazi,
  • Abdelhabib Semlali,
  • Witold Chmielewski and
  • Mahmoud Rouabhia

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapor comes in contact with the different constituents of the oral cavity, including such microorganisms as Candida albicans. We examined the impact of e-cigarettes on C. albicans growth and expression of different...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
40 Citations
4,633 Views
9 Pages

E-cigarettes, the most popular tobacco product among adolescents, vary widely in design and nicotine composition; thus, different devices may have different addictive potential. However, few studies examine levels of nicotine dependence across device...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,670 Views
14 Pages

Owing to the vital role played by dentists in patient education and due to the growing popularity of e-cigarette use among the younger population, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the use, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward e-cigarett...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,776 Views
15 Pages

In the U.S., e-cigarette companies can apply for permission to use reduced or modified risk messages (MRMs) in their marketing materials. Because e-cigarette marketing materials should have a nicotine addictiveness warning, MRMs and a nicotine warnin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
16,720 Views
12 Pages

Whilst e-cigarettes have been characterised by Public Health England as being around 95% less harmful than combustible tobacco products, only a minority of current smokers (around 16% within the UK) are using these devices. In this paper we report th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
232 Views
17 Pages

Cardiovascular Consequences of E-Cigarettes: A New Challenge for Cardiologists

  • Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan,
  • Ruxandra Ulmeanu,
  • Armand Râjnoveanu and
  • Ancuța-Alina Constantin

15 March 2026

The electronic cigarette has divided the medical community. While promoted as a tool for smoking cessation, its use has opened a Pandora’s box. Evidence from studies on both cardiovascular and pulmonary health demonstrates that e-cigarettes are...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,849 Views
13 Pages

An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes’ Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup

  • Beatriz Panariello,
  • Fabrízio Dias Panariello,
  • Ashminie Misir and
  • Eliane Porto Barboza

E-cigarettes, a form of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS), have gained significant popularity, particularly among adolescents who often view vaping as a “cool” lifestyle choice. This growing trend has spurred extensive research o...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
12,922 Views
20 Pages

Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of Longitudinal Studies Assessing Effect of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Initiation among Adolescent Never-Smokers

  • Bertrand Dautzenberg,
  • Stéphane Legleye,
  • Michel Underner,
  • Philippe Arvers,
  • Bhavish Pothegadoo and
  • Abdelhalim Bensaidi

Prospective longitudinal studies mainly conclude on a causal role of e-cigarettes in the initiation of cigarettes in flagrant contradiction with conclusions drawn from epidemiology and other studies showing a sharp decline in cigarette use in paralle...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
8,844 Views
36 Pages

Changes in Concentration of Selected Biomarkers of Exposure in Users of Classic Cigarettes, E-Cigarettes, and Heated Tobacco Products—A Narrative Review

  • Justyna Śniadach,
  • Aleksandra Kicman,
  • Anna Michalska-Falkowska,
  • Kamila Jończyk and
  • Napoleon Waszkiewicz

20 February 2025

Currently, the number of e-cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) users are steadily increasing, while the number of classic cigarette users are decreasing. The effects of smoking classic cigarettes on human health have been thoroughly described...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5,791 Views
13 Pages

Why Do Physicians in Japan Use e-Cigarettes and/or Heated Tobacco Products? A Cross-Sectional Survey

  • Yuichiro Otsuka,
  • Yoshitaka Kaneita,
  • Osamu Itani and
  • Yuuki Matsumoto

23 December 2023

Background: The tobacco industry has actively advocated for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) as harm-reduction alternatives to traditional cigarettes. Around 40% of smoking physicians have adopted HTPs. This stu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,394 Views
18 Pages

Knowledge and Perceptions of Dentists Regarding E-Cigarettes: Implications for Oral Health and Public Awareness and Education

  • Donika B. Shabani,
  • Linda J. Dula,
  • Zana Sllamniku Dalipi,
  • Mirlinda S. Krasniqi and
  • Aida Meto

10 March 2025

Background/Objectives: The rising popularity of e-cigarette use is creating new challenges for oral healthcare. Factors such as targeted marketing, appealing flavors, and the perception that e-cigarettes are a safer alternative to traditional smoking...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,996 Views
12 Pages

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of E-Cigarettes of Adolescents and Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

  • Rasha Doumi,
  • Sahar Khaytan,
  • Alanoud Suliman Alobaidan,
  • Bashayer Mohammad Alqahtany,
  • Norah Mohammed Aldosari,
  • Aljohara Ayed Almutairi,
  • Alaa Askar Alanazi and
  • Amel Fayed

20 November 2023

E-cigarettes have gained enormous popularity, and their use has increased drastically worldwide. However, little is known regarding adolescents’ and adults’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a cross-section...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,108 Views
9 Pages

Association between Second-Hand Exposure to E-Cigarettes at Home and Exacerbations in Children with Asthma

  • Serena Costantino,
  • Arianna Torre,
  • Simone Foti Randazzese,
  • Salvatore Antonio Mollica,
  • Federico Motta,
  • Domenico Busceti,
  • Federica Ferrante,
  • Lucia Caminiti,
  • Giuseppe Crisafulli and
  • Sara Manti

18 March 2024

Several studies have shown the effects of e-cigarettes in adults. Nowadays, few data are available in the pediatric population. This study aims to assess the relationship between asthma exacerbations and home exposure to e-cigarettes. We conducted a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
10,064 Views
17 Pages

Attitudes to E-Cigarettes and Cessation Support for Pregnant Women from English Stop Smoking Services: A Mixed Methods Study

  • Sue Cooper,
  • Sophie Orton,
  • Katarzyna A. Campbell,
  • Michael Ussher,
  • Naomi Coleman-Haynes,
  • Rachel Whitemore,
  • Anne Dickinson,
  • Andy McEwen,
  • Sarah Lewis and
  • Tim Coleman
  • + 4 authors

Smoking in pregnancy remains a public health problem. In the UK e-cigarettes are the most popular aid to quitting smoking outside of pregnancy, but we don’t know the extent of e-cigarette use in pregnancy or how English Stop Smoking Services (S...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Views
19 Pages

The Effect of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes on Epithelial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review

  • Rute Santos,
  • William Browne,
  • Amanda Tatler,
  • Victoria James and
  • Lucy C. Fairclough

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enclosed particles secreted from a wide variety of cells, with the ability to transfer biologically active content from parent to recipient cells. Lung epithelial-derived EVs (LE-EVs) play an important role in t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,802 Views
16 Pages

Exploring Youths’ Offers to Use E-Cigarettes in Rural Hawai‘i: A Test Development and Validation Study

  • Scott K. Okamoto,
  • Andrew M. Subica,
  • Kelsie H. Okamura,
  • Katlyn J. An,
  • Sarah D. Song,
  • Paula Angela Saladino,
  • Adabelle B. Carson,
  • Zarek K. Kon,
  • Sarah Momilani Marshall and
  • Pallav Pokhrel
  • + 3 authors

The purpose of this study is to describe the development and initial validation of a survey focused on problematic situations involving e-cigarette use by rural Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) youths. A 5-phase approach to test developmen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,754 Views
21 Pages

The potential health value and pitfalls of e-cigarettes are currently under dispute in the scientific community. Exploring young adult e-cigarette users’ perceptions would assist in adding a public dimension of understanding to the literature a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
7,166 Views
12 Pages

Knowledge and Attitude toward E-Cigarettes among First Year University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

  • Shatha A. Alduraywish,
  • Fahad M. Aldakheel,
  • Omar S. Alsuhaibani,
  • Anas D. Bin Jabaan,
  • Rasheed S. Alballa,
  • Ahmad W. Alrashed,
  • Mohammed K. Alhassan and
  • Mohammed K. Aldwaighri

8 February 2023

Background: Electronic cigarettes are immensely popular among youths across the globe. However, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding their use vary by country. The present study investigated the knowledge and attitudes toward e-cigarette u...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
16,011 Views
14 Pages

Impact of Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Combustible Cigarettes on Small Airways and Arterial Stiffness

  • Isabel Goebel,
  • Theresa Mohr,
  • Paul N. Axt,
  • Henrik Watz,
  • Frederik Trinkmann,
  • Markus Weckmann,
  • Daniel Drömann and
  • Klaas F. Franzen

6 September 2023

Smoking cessation is difficult but maintaining smoke-free without nicotine replacement therapy is even harder. During the last few years, several different alternative products, including heated tobacco products (HTP), have been introduced to the mar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,681 Views
12 Pages

The prevalence of smoking among young adults aged 19–28 years old in the United States persists at rates of 14.3%. Young adults underutilize pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, and the use of e-cigarettes has increased. We analyzed comments...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,412 Views
10 Pages

The Mediating Effect of E-Cigarette Harm Perception in the Relationship between E-Cigarette Advertising Exposure and E-Cigarette Use

  • Nan Jiang,
  • Shu Xu,
  • Le Li,
  • Omar El-Shahawy,
  • Nicholas Freudenberg,
  • Jenni A. Shearston and
  • Scott E. Sherman

Exposure to e-cigarette advertising is associated with e-cigarette use among young people. This study examined the mediating effect of e-cigarette harm perception on the above relationship. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 2112 college...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
12,133 Views
14 Pages

Health Effects from Secondhand Exposure to E-Cigarettes: A Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Articles from 2004–2024

  • Roengrudee Patanavanich,
  • Chawaphat Thatasawakul,
  • Kamolnut Youngcharoen,
  • Veerapattra Soponvashira and
  • Panpetch Pichetsin

Background: Since the emergence of e-cigarettes on the market in the early 2000s, the prevalence of e-cigarette use has increased globally. The health risks of using e-cigarettes have been increasingly revealed; however, the health effects on non-use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
99 Citations
44,362 Views
12 Pages

Young People’s Use of E-Cigarettes across the United Kingdom: Findings from Five Surveys 2015–2017

  • Linda Bauld,
  • Anne Marie MacKintosh,
  • Brian Eastwood,
  • Allison Ford,
  • Graham Moore,
  • Martin Dockrell,
  • Deborah Arnott,
  • Hazel Cheeseman and
  • Ann McNeill

Concern has been expressed about the use of e-cigarettes among young people. Our study reported e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette ever and regular use among 11–16 year olds across the UK. Data came from five large scale surveys with different designs...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
11,061 Views
11 Pages

Despite the uptake of tobacco smoking declining in the United Kingdom (UK), smoking is still the leading cause of preventable poor health and premature death. While improved approaches to smoking cessation are necessary, encouraging and assisting smo...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
11,384 Views
13 Pages

E-Cigarette and Environment

  • Ancuta-Alina Constantin and
  • Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan

Environmental exposure to e-cigarettes is a significant yet often overlooked issue in the medical field. In this review, we examine various aspects of exposure mechanisms, including the risks of secondhand and thirdhand vaping. Our findings highlight...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,170 Views
12 Pages

Provision of E-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: Perceptions and Experiences of Pregnant Women from Two UK Sites

  • Eleanor Lutman-White,
  • Riya Patel,
  • Lauren Bell,
  • Deborah Lycett,
  • Kelly Hayward,
  • Ruth Sampson,
  • Janani Arulrajah and
  • Maxine Whelan

Introduction: Smoking in pregnancy is associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and babies; e-cigarettes, which contain nicotine without hazardous tobacco, may offer an additional smoking cessation strategy for pregnant women. Althoug...

of 19