Search Results (146)

Whether sequential crop phenotypes improve grain yield prediction after transfer to another growing season remains poorly quantified. We evaluated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) at one experimental site over two seasons in a split-plot experiment with five sowing periods, two cultivars, four seeding rates, and four blocks (160 subplots per season). Information gates were cumulative predictor sets available through V4, R2, R5, and R6. They combined subplot means of leaf area, total dry matter, branching, main-stem nodes, and plant height from distinct destructive samples. Grain yield at R8 was the outcome. Elastic-net models estimated phenotypic corrections to development-season means for matching management combinations. Reciprocal whole-season evaluation used development-only grouped tuning and conditional within-season whole-block bootstrap intervals. The management comparator produced root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 1398 and 1394 kg ha⁻¹ and predictive R² values of 0.282 and −0.182 for 2021/22 → 2022/23 and the reciprocal direction, respectively. Paired RMSE gains from cumulative phenotypes ranged from −0.419% to 0.038% and from −0.712% to −0.104%, respectively, where positive values denote lower independent-season error. Alternative management comparators yielded similarly small changes. Predictor distributions and calibration differed between transfer directions. These evaluations identify little incremental benefit from the measured phenotypes under the tested conditions, while demonstrating the importance of distinguishing yield ranking, calibration, and additional predictive information. Broader environmental validation is needed to determine when phenotyping improves forecasting beyond management expectations. Full article

White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is a valuable crop for dryland agroecosystems, yet its productivity is strongly influenced by crop spatial configuration and hydrothermal variability, particularly under dry steppe conditions. Nevertheless, systematic evidence for optimizing cultivation parameters for white mustard in the dry steppe of northern Kazakhstan remains limited, while substantial interannual yield fluctuations continue to challenge production stability. This study evaluated the effects of seeding rate and sowing method on crop growth, biomass accumulation, and yield formation on southern carbonate chernozem soils. Field experiments were conducted during 2023–2025 using a two-factor design with three seeding rates (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 million viable seeds ha⁻¹) and two sowing methods (25 cm row spacing and 50 cm wide-row spacing). Seed yield was significantly affected by seeding rate, with 2.5 million viable seeds ha⁻¹ producing the highest overall mean yield. Both lower and higher seeding rates were associated with reduced productivity, particularly under moisture-limited conditions. Sowing method also influenced yield, with row sowing (25 cm) generally producing higher yields than wide-row sowing. Yield declined progressively from 2023 to 2025, reflecting substantial interannual environmental variability, while the significant interaction (p < 0.05) among sowing method, seeding rate, and year indicated that treatment responses varied across growing seasons. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that seed yield was more closely associated with plant height at flowering and pod formation than with early-stage biomass accumulation. Although biomass variables were strongly interrelated across growth stages, their direct association with seed yield was limited, indicating that reproductive-stage plant development was more closely associated with yield variation under moisture-limited conditions. The combination of 2.5 million viable seeds ha⁻¹ and 25 cm row spacing produced the highest mean yield (558 kg ha⁻¹), representing a 51.2% increase in yield and a 476.9% increase in the stability index compared with the lowest-yielding treatment (1.5 million viable seeds ha⁻¹ with 50 cm wide-row spacing). This study provides field-based evidence of the combined effects of seeding rate and sowing method under contrasting hydrothermal conditions and identifies 2.5 million viable seeds ha⁻¹ combined with 25 cm row spacing as the most favorable crop spatial configuration for improving white mustard productivity under the dry steppe conditions in Northern Kazakhstan. Full article

Black soybean is a high-value alternative crop that can offset declining yellow soybean prices in Thailand. Currently, “Sukhothai3” is the only commercial variety produced through conventional breeding over the past three decades. Its low first-pod height (FPH) limits mechanized harvesting and reduces production efficiency. Recently developed elite RILs have shown improved FPH, grain yield, and protein content (34.88–41.22%), but their yield stability and adaptability across environments remain unevaluated. This information is essential for establishing an effective bi-directional seed rotation system while maintaining seed quality, quantity, and genetic purity. This study evaluated five black soybean RILs across eleven trial environments in the major production zones of Northeast Thailand, where the tropical savanna climate poses significant constraints on crop production. Field experiments used a randomized complete block design with four replications per location. Yield stability and adaptability were assessed using AMMI1 and GGE biplot analyses. BSCM41 emerged as the most stable and widely adaptable genotype, consistently outperforming the commercial check across environments and seasons. It exhibited adequate FPH for mechanized harvesting (>10 cm), rapid vegetative development, and short growth duration (88–91 days), reducing exposure to late-season heat stress and excessive rainfall. Higher seeds per pod, greater 100-seed weight, and a superior harvest index further support yield formation under marginal conditions. BSCM41 maintained high yields in both dry and rainy seasons (1524.73 and 1633.26 kg/ha, respectively), meeting the requirements for an efficient bi-directional seed rotation system. These findings can inform future breeding strategies and production management in comparable tropical environments. Full article

Integrated nutrient management reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers by combining organic and inorganic inputs. A field experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions in Hungary from 2022 to 2024 to evaluate organic, inorganic and biological fertilizers applied to the high-oleic sunflower hybrid ES Emeric. Seven treatments were compared, namely, an unfertilized control, potassium (K), combined organic and inorganic nitrogen (GOIM), effective microorganisms (EM-1), and the combinations K+GOIM, K+EM-1 and GOIM+EM-1. Seed oil, crude protein and moisture content were determined, together with the fatty acid profile of the oil. Growing season influenced every measured variable far more strongly than fertilization, and all treatment responses were expressed as year-by-treatment interactions. Mean oleic acid content was 69.9% in the dry season of 2022 and 85.3% in 2024, but only 28.9% in the cooler and wetter season of 2023, when linoleic acid reached 59.8%. In 2022, K and K+EM-1 gave the numerically highest oil contents, 48.7% and 48.0%, less than one percentage point above the control, while GOIM+EM-1, GOIM and K+GOIM gave significantly higher protein contents than the remaining treatments. In the same season, EM-1 and K+GOIM raised linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and, therefore, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas GOIM+EM-1 and K increased oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids. Integrated fertilization can therefore be used to shift the balance between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in sunflower oil, but the size and direction of the shift are governed by the conditions of the growing season. Full article

Global population growth, climatic extremes and rising resource pressures necessitate innovative agricultural methods to boost food, feed, fibre and fuel production sustainably. Seed enhancement technologies (SETs), such as seed coating and priming, have emerged as effective strategies to improve seed viability and vigour, seedling establishment and overall crop yield. Conventional seed treatments include seed coating (film coating, encrusting, pelleting) and seed priming (hydro-, osmo-, halo- bio-, nutri-, hormonal-, chemical- and solid matrix priming). They offer advantages such as improved seed handling, uniform germination and promotion of early growth. However, they also have significant drawbacks, including on soil health and off-target pollution from synthetic polymers and pesticides, seed longevity issues from re-drying and outcomes that can vary among different crops, soils and environments. To tackle these issues, new non-traditional SETs are being investigated, including nanotechnology, novel biodegradable coatings and agrichemical-free biostimulants, such as plant growth promoting microorganisms. These innovative methods demonstrate great promise in enhancing active and crop performance while minimising environmental impacts by providing alternatives to materials derived from fossil fuels and that contribute to waste and pollution. This review critically examines both conventional and novel SETs, discusses their pros and cons and outlines strategic research and industry directions to enhance agricultural sustainability and productivity in light of global food and resource security challenges. Full article

Despite the potential of Eragrostis nigra in alleviating forage shortages and controlling soil erosion, there is little information about how nitrogen fertilization and row spacing affect its forage and seed production. Thus, a two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 45, 90, 135 kg hectare⁻¹ (ha⁻¹)) and row spacing (20 cm, 40 cm) on its forage yield, nutritive value, seed yield and quality. Results showed that forage dry matter yield (DMY) and harvested seed yield (HSY) increased with higher N rates; however, no further enhancement was observed at 135 kg per ha⁻¹, making 90 kg ha⁻¹ optimum. This may be because excessive nitrogen disrupts the carbon–nitrogen metabolic balance. N fertilization increased the relative feed value by enhancing crude protein content and decreasing acid detergent fiber. Relative to the 20 cm spacing, the 40 cm spacing averagely raised PSY and HSY by 34.7% and 21.3%, respectively. The quadratic regression model yielded maximum predicted HSY values of 27.6 and 26.7 kg ha⁻¹, achieved at optimal N rates of 135 and 98.6 kg ha⁻¹ for the 20 cm and 40 cm spacings, respectively. Thousand-seed weight (TSW), germination index, and vigor index were significantly improved by row spacing and N application (p < 0.05). Seed yield enhancement from N was positively correlated with increases in number of fertile tillers (FT), number of spikelets per tiller and seed set (p < 0.05). Furthermore, FT and TSW had the strongest direct effects on seed yield, with standardized path coefficients of 0.362 and 0.390. Our findings highlight that an application rate of 90 kg ha⁻¹ N combined with 40 cm row spacing could be recommended as the efficient agronomic practice for maximizing forage yield, nutritive value, and seed yield in E. nigra. Importantly, this regime also enhances economic returns while reducing N leaching risks, thereby supporting more sustainable forage production systems. Full article

Amaranth, a nutritionally dense pseudocereal, is an exceptional substrate for producing functional and metabiotic food products via lactic acid fermentation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of both ungerminated and germinated amaranth seeds as fermentation matrices, assigning their nutritional profiles, bioactive constituents, and compatibility with microbial transformation. Central to this discussion are the synergistic interactions between amaranth’s native compounds and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with an emphasis on four key bioconversion mechanisms: protein hydrolysis, polyphenol activation, antinutrient reduction, and the biosynthesis of functional and metabiotic metabolites. Essential fermentation parameters, including substrate preparation, inoculation strategies, pH, temperature, and fermentation time, are systematically reviewed to guide optimization of bioactive compound yields. Post-fermentation processing approaches, such as freeze-drying, controlled drying, and product standardization, are assessed for their capacity to preserve product stability and ensure consistent functional performance. The review further explores the incorporation of fermented amaranth into diverse food systems, such as gluten-free bakery goods, functional beverages, and nutraceutical formulations, as well as its application in animal nutrition, where it supports improved digestibility and gut microbiome health. The review concludes by mapping current challenges, unresolved knowledge gaps, and priority research directions, positioning fermented amaranth systems as versatile, science-backed platforms for developing next-generation functional and metabiotic ingredients. Full article

This study evaluated LED-supported speed-breeding conditions for two registered soybean cultivars (‘Sonya’ and ‘Victoria’; approximately Maturity Groups III–IV) by testing four constant photoperiod regimes (10, 14, 18, and 22 h light) combined with four LED spectral treatments differing in high red (HR; 640–660 nm), deep blue (DB; 450–460 nm), far-red (FR; 720–730 nm), cool white (CW; 6500 K; 400–700 nm) and warm white (WW; 3000 K; 400–700 nm) components. Photoperiod treatments were implemented as sequential runs in a controlled growth-chamber (28 ± 2 °C; ≥50% RH; 400–600 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD), and performance was compared with a field trial in Antalya, Türkiye. Developmental timing (R1, R6), plant height, stem dry weight, pod number, seed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, and seed germination were analyzed using mixed-effects and generalized linear mixed models. Photoperiod exerted dominant control over developmental timing. The 10 h photoperiod regime produced the fastest progression (R1 ≈ 24.5 DAS; R6 ≈ 50 DAS), whereas 18 h markedly delayed R1 and R6 (with one LED treatment within 18 h failing to reach R6), and 22 h did not reach R6. LED spectral treatment did not affect R1 or R6 within photoperiods, but influenced plant height, stem dry weight, total seed oil, and germination. Field-grown plants produced substantially higher biomass and pod number than growth chamber-grown plants, consistent with greater branching and pod set under open-field, direct-sown conditions. Total seed oil concentration differed by environment and cultivar with no environment × cultivar interaction, while centered log-ratio PERMANOVA indicated largely stable fatty acid proportional composition across environments and LED treatments. Germination analyses (restricted to 10 h and 14 h due to insufficient seed production) showed significant effects of LED treatment and harvest timing, with the highest germination under LED–3. Overall, our results indicate that a constant 10 h photoperiod, combined with immature seed harvest from approximately R6 + 20 onward, provides an effective strategy for accelerating soybean generation turnover while maintaining high germination capacity. LED spectral design can also be used to modulate plant architecture and seed quality without substantially altering developmental timing. Full article

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seed coat (MBSC) is an underutilized by-product rich in vitexin and isovitexin, but its potential as a source of spray-dried functional powders has not been systematically evaluated. This study investigated the spray drying of MBSC extract using three structurally distinct polysaccharide-based carriers—maltodextrin, trehalose, and inulin—to compare their effects on process yield, powder quality, and the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design was employed to examine the influence of inlet temperature (130–160 °C) and carrier concentration. Maltodextrin provided the highest process yield (84.85%), while trehalose and inulin formulations exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, with the lowest DPPH IC₅₀ values of 0.096 mg/mL and 0.100 mg/mL, respectively (expressed per mg of spray-dried powder). Trehalose yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC = 28.12 mg GAE/g extract) and acceptable flowability (Carr’s index = 20.72%). Inulin gave the highest total flavonoid content (TFC = 126.8 mg QE/g extract) but showed greater variability, attributed to its polymeric network and higher hygroscopicity. The RSM models showed high predictive accuracy for TPC (R² > 0.98) and DPPH antioxidant activity (R² ≈ 1.00). These findings offer a multi-objective optimization framework that links carrier structure to powder performance, providing practical guidance for selecting polysaccharide carriers in the development of spray-dried nutraceutical and functional food ingredients. However, direct measurement of encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and storage stability was beyond the scope of this study and warrants further investigation. Full article

Direct-seeded industrial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) systems are highly vulnerable to early-season interference, yet the role of seed vigor as a competitive determinant remains under-quantified. This study evaluated the performance of high-vigor (HV; 91% germination) and accelerated-aged low-vigor (LV; 60% germination) tomato seeds against two weeds: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and jimsonweed (Datura stramonium). While mean emergence timing was statistically comparable between HV and LV cohorts (6.0 vs. 7.2 days), LV seedlings entered the post-emergence phase with a numerical deficit in initial seedling dry weight (7.1 mg vs. 8.5 mg for HV; difference not statistically significant), suggesting a potential early competitive disadvantage. In replacement series experiments, HV tomatoes maintained stable leaf and root biomass within the 0.76–1.24 relative yield (RY) confidence interval when competing with jimsonweed. In contrast, LV plants were significantly suppressed at low weed proportions (25%), where root RY dipped below the 0.76 threshold. Against the aggressive below-ground strategy of S. viridis (which produced ~1200 mg of root mass by 40 DAE), LV tomato root RY collapsed to 0.10–0.15, whereas HV plants maintained significantly higher niche occupancy. Physical separation of above- and below-ground competition confirmed that HV seeds provide a “physiological buffer”; specifically, in below-ground treatments, HV plants achieved a root mass of 0.25 g/plant compared to only 0.15 g/plant for LV plants. These results identify seed vigor as a primary driver of the “priority effect” and suggest that high-vigor lots are essential for Integrated Weed Management (IWM) strategies to mitigate early-season resource pre-emption. These findings suggest that seed vigor assessment should be integrated into seed quality standards for direct-seeded tomato systems as a component of Integrated Weed Management. Future field-based studies are needed to validate these greenhouse findings under variable agronomic conditions. Full article

Dry direct seeding (DDS) is a water-saving and high-efficiency rice cultivation system. However, drought stress during DDS severely constrains seedling establishment. This study used the conventional rice variety Zhonghua 11 (ZH11) and the drought-tolerant hybrid Hanyou 73 to investigate the effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on seed germination and seedling growth under drought stress, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of Si-enhanced drought tolerance. Drought stress was imposed using PEG-6000 simulation and pot experiments with different soil relative water contents (60%, 45%, 25%, and 10%). Si treatment significantly alleviated simulated drought inhibition of seed germination, increasing germination percentage and index, improving seedling growth in both varieties. Under simulated DDS conditions, Si significantly improved plant height, biomass, and root development, while maintaining higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, Si reduced oxidative damage by promoting proline accumulation, enhancing peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in both leaves and roots, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and upregulating the expression of key drought-responsive genes (SNAC1, DREB1A, SKIPa, P5CS2). Furthermore, Si upregulated the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) (ABA1, ABA2, MHZ5, ABI3) and jasmonic acid (JA) (AOS2, AOS3, JAR1, JAR2, MYC2, COI1a) biosynthesis and signaling. Compared with the wild-type, the ABA signaling mutant abi3 and the JA signaling mutant myc2 exhibited significantly attenuated improvement of plant growth by Si treatment. Collectively, Si enhances antioxidant capacity and osmotic adjustment, maintains photosynthetic function, and is associated with the activation of ABA and JA signaling pathways, which together alleviate the inhibition of rice seedling establishment under DDS-associated drought stress. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of Si fertilizer in DDS rice production. Full article

Allelopathy means that one plant produces chemical substances to affect the growth of other plants. Crop rotation is considered as a potential strategy to alleviate the allelopathic inhibition. So, it is important to identify rotation crops with wide availability and low inhibitory effects. In this study, the allelopathic potential of soil extracts was investigated on the germination, seedling growth, biomass, and biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzyme activities) of five crops, by a series of laboratory experiments. Firstly, both soil water extracts (SWE) and soil ethanol extracts (SEE) exhibited allelopathic inhibition on the seed germination and the root length of all seedlings in a dose-dependent relationship. The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy. The application of SEE resulted in a significant increase in the dry weight of bok choy and rocket. In contrast, SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy and lettuce. Both of them caused decrease in the dry weight of the other seedlings. Then, the allelopathic synthetic effect index of water/ethanol extracts was chemo-inhibitory, and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing extract concentration. The SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket and the SEE on lettuce. Both of them had the weakest effect on bok choy. The extracts significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity in five crops, manifested as decrease in photosynthetic pigments and dose-dependent effects. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in all crops increased in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that the extracts caused lipid peroxidation. However, the defense strategies of different crops vary significantly. There is crop with active defense, such as bok choy treated with SWE. It delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). This is the key physiological mechanism for tolerance. There is also the oxidative stress failure type, as follows: CAT activity of rocket and cabbage increased, but the SOD activity did not increase by SEE. This reveals the physiological essence of their sensitivity—the lack of persistent scavenging ability for reactive oxygen species. Based on the inhibition of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), it is speculated that the extracts may inhibit the hydrogen peroxide scavenging pathway, which centered on the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. It is the fundamental reason why the continuous accumulation of MDA though SOD/CAT is up. This study confirmed the allelopathic effects of the water and ethanol extracts on five vegetable crops, and found that bok choy was less affected by them. The soil extracts affected the growth and development of seedlings by regulating their oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic capacity. These results support recommending pak choi as a rotation crop. This provides crops for subsequent field experiments and a new direction for next-step research on continuous cropping obstacles. Full article

Pycnospatha is a small and poorly known genus of Araceae distributed in Indochina and currently comprising only two accepted species. During botanical surveys in Si Sa Ket Province, eastern Thailand, an unusual population of Pycnospatha was discovered in a dry dipterocarp forest and found to differ from both P. arietina and P. palmata. Here, we describe this plant as a new species, Pycnospatha phanomdongrakensis. The new species is distinguished by a combination of characters, including a slender habit, shorter petiole and peduncle, a medium-sized spathe, a short and dense spadix, a distinctly curved style directed toward the apex of the spadix, a geophilous and ovoid infructescence, obovate berries, and asymmetrically ovoid seeds. The new taxon is currently known only from a single population in the Phanom Dong Rak mountain range. A preliminary conservation assessment is provided, and the species is treated as Critically Endangered (CR) following IUCN guidelines. An identification key to all species of Pycnospatha is also presented. The discovery of this new species highlights the continuing importance of field-based taxonomy in revealing overlooked aroid diversity in the seasonally dry forests of eastern Thailand. Full article

Lodging is a major constraint limiting grain yield in dry direct seeding rice (DDSR), yet the key traits and phenotypic relationships governing lodging resistance in japonica varieties adapted to this system remain poorly understood. This study evaluated 79 japonica accessions over two years in Shenyang, Northeast China, to dissect phenotypic variation in lodging index and identify ideotypes for breeding. Based on hierarchical clustering, varieties were classified into strong lodging resistance (SLR), medium lodging resistance (MLR), and weak lodging resistance (WLR) types, with SLR varieties achieving lodging indices 27.4–31.8% lower than those of MLR and 63.2–83.8% lower than those of WLR varieties. SLR varieties reduced lodging risk by coordinately balancing whole-plant bending moment and stem breaking resistance: plant height and center-of-gravity height were 5.2–10.7% lower, while basal internode bending stress was 27.9–81.9% higher than in other types. Structural equation modeling identified culm dry weight, inner diameter, and culm phenotype index as primary determinants of lodging variation. Notably, despite 11.0–13.7% fewer spikelets per panicle, SLR varieties maintained grain yields comparable to those of WLR varieties through compensatory increases in grain-filling rate (6.7–7.3%) and 1000-grain weight (8.1–8.7%). These findings demonstrate that optimizing basal internode structure and enhancing culm tissue density can simultaneously improve lodging resistance and preserve yield potential, providing a practical framework for breeding lodging-resistant, high-yielding japonica varieties for DDSR systems in Northeast China. Full article

Hordeum brevisubulatum ‘Mengnong No. 2’ is a new forage variety developed using traditional group selection breeding techniques. It features notable advantages in plant height, tillering capacity, and overall biomass yield. However, key molecular breeding techniques such as molecular marker identification and genetic manipulation have yet to be established for this variety, limiting improvements in important traits. Consequently, we assessed the biomass of ‘Mengnong No. 2’ against ‘Mengnong No. 1’, the most widely cultivated variety in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, China. We report that fresh forage, dry forage, and seed yields of ‘Mengnong No. 2’ increased by 20.6%, 31.78%, and 34.35%, respectively, compared with the control variety, indicating broad prospects for its application and promotion. To enable rapid identification of ‘Mengnong No. 2’ during its promotion and to prevent production losses caused by variety admixture, we used three screened SSR primer pairs (GST25, GST37, GST127) to construct a DNA fingerprint for five H. brevisubulatum varieties, including ‘Mengnong No. 2’. With the percentage of polymorphic bands exceeding 95%, these profiles enabled precise identification of the ‘Mengnong No. 2’ variety. Furthermore, callus regeneration in H. brevisubulatum represents a bottleneck for directed molecular breeding techniques such as genetic transformation and gene editing. Accordingly, we selected the inflorescences of ‘Mengnong No. 2’ as explants and investigated the callus induction and regeneration capacity of inflorescences at different developmental stages. We found that explants at the spikelet primordia differentiation stage exhibited the highest callus induction and regeneration efficiencies, reaching 62.7% and 72.8%, respectively. The resulting embryogenic callus lines can serve as recipients for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or gene gun bombardment, facilitating the development of subsequent high-efficiency genetic transformation and gene-editing systems. The SSR-based variety identification system and the highly efficient regeneration technology using inflorescence-derived callus established in this study lay a solid foundation for the development of a molecular breeding system for ‘Mengnong No. 2’. Full article