Search Results (377)

Background/Objectives: Glycogen storage disease type II, also known as Pompe disease (PD), is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder triggered by a deficiency in lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Recently, we discovered two deleterious missense variants of the GAA gene, c.1799G>A (p.Arg600His) (a pathogenic mutation) and c.55G>A (p.Val19Met), in a domestic short-haired cat with PD. This study aimed to design genotyping assays for these two variants and ascertain their allele frequencies in Japanese cat populations. Methods: We developed fluorescent probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to genotype the c.1799G>A and c.55G>A variants. A total of 738 cats, comprising 99 purebred cats from 20 breeds and 540 mixed-breed cats, were screened using these assays. Results: Genotyping assays clearly differentiated all known genotypes of the two variants. None of the 738 cats tested carried the c.1799G>A variant. However, we identified cats with c.55G/A and c.55A/A genotypes in the purebred (A allele frequency: 0.081) and mixed-breed cats (0.473). A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed in the A allele frequency between the two groups. Conclusions: The c.1799G>A mutation appears rare in cat populations, suggesting it may be confined to specific pedigree Japanese mixed-breed cats. The c.55G>A variant was detected in purebred and mixed-breed cats, suggesting that it may not be directly linked to feline PD. However, additional studies are required to elucidate the precise relationship between this variant and cardiac function. Genotyping assays will serve as valuable tools for diagnosing and genotyping feline PD. Full article

Aggressiveness in dogs is a complex behavioral trait with implications for animal welfare and public safety. Despite domestication, dogs retain aggressive tendencies shaped by both genetic and environmental factors. This systematic review synthesizes the literature from 2000 to 2024 on the genetic and environmental bases of canine aggression. Using PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 144 articles were retrieved from Scopus and PubMed and screened in two phases, resulting in 33 studies selected for analysis. These were evaluated using a 20-question grid across seven categories, including phenotyping, genetic analysis, population structure, and future directions. The studies support a polygenic model of aggressiveness, with associations reported for genes involved in neurotransmission, hormone signaling, and brain function. However, inconsistencies in phenotyping, small sample sizes, and a limited consideration of environmental factors hinder robust conclusions. Most studies focused on popular companion breeds, while those commonly labeled as aggressive were underrepresented. The findings highlight the relevance of gene–environment interactions but underscore that aggression is often poorly defined and measured across studies. Future research should prioritize standardized phenotyping tools, broader breed inclusion, and the functional validation of genetic findings. These efforts will improve the understanding of dog aggression and inform breeding, behavioral assessment, and public policy. Full article

The occurrence of PCV2 genotypes in domestic pig production is a dynamic process that undergoes continuous change. Beginning with PCV2a as the first recognized genotype, PCV2b, and subsequently PCV2d, has become the most prevalent one over time. The present study provides an update on the prevalence of the three major PCV2 genotypes in Germany in 2024. A total of 87 fattening farms were randomly selected, proportionally based on farm density within the respective federal states. On each farm, oral fluid samples (OFs) were collected from approximately 100 pigs aged 18 (±1) weeks. Oral fluids (OFs) were pooled and screened for PCV2 DNA by qPCR. Positive samples were subsequently examined by genotype specific qPCR. In total, 31.0% (27/87) of all farms were identified as PCV2-positive. PCV2a was detected in 8.0% (7/87) of farms, while 3.4% (3/87) tested positive for both PCV2a and PCV2d. Overall, 11.5% (10/87) of all farms were PCV2d-positive. No significant effect of vaccination status of the pigs on the viral load or frequency of detection of PCV2 DNA was detected. Full article

Background: Zoonotic influenza viruses pose a significant and evolving public health threat. In response to the recent rise in H5N1 cross-species transmission, the World Health Organization (WHO) R&D Blueprint for Epidemics consultations have prioritized strengthening surveillance, candidate vaccines, diagnostics, and pandemic preparedness. Serological surveillance plays a pivotal role by providing insights into the prevalence and transmission dynamics of influenza viruses. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the global research landscape on serological surveillance of zoonotic influenza in animals and exposed humans between 2017, the date of the last WHO public health research agenda for influenza review, and 2024, as well as to identify methodological advancements. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed for English-language peer-reviewed articles published between January 2017 and March 2024. Studies were included if they reported serological surveillance in wild or domestic animals or occupationally exposed human populations, or novel methodologies and their technical limitations and implementation challenges. Results: Out of 7490 screened records, 90 studies from 33 countries, covering 25 animal species, were included. Seroprevalence studies were in domestic poultry and swine. Surveillance in companion animals, wild mammals, and at the human–animal interface was limited. Emerging serological methods included multiplex and nanobody-based assays, though implementation barriers remain. Conclusions: The review is limited by its restriction to one database and English-language articles, lack of quality appraisal, and significant heterogeneity among the included studies. Serological surveillance is a critical but underutilized tool in zoonotic influenza monitoring. Greater integration of serological surveillance into One Health frameworks, especially in high-risk regions and populations, is needed to support early detection and pandemic preparedness. Full article

Due to advances in molecular technologies and the expanding knowledge of biomarkers, their use in patient screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy is continuously increasing. Biomarker characteristics play a crucial role across all areas of medical research/practice. Biomarkers often reflect changes in the biochemical composition of biofluids, which can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at various stages of clinical intervention. This study focuses on establishing physiological reference ranges for selected biochemical and metabolomic indicators by analyzing blood serum samples from domestic sheep. A total of sixty samples are examined using standard biochemical assays and HPLC, resulting in the determination of experimental reference values for twenty-one biochemical and eight metabolomic parameters. Reliable and reproducible preclinical testing is essential before any diagnostic method can be introduced into clinical use. A thorough understanding of the safety and efficacy of such methods in animal models is a prerequisite for initiating human trials. Species selection and the definition of physiological biomarker ranges are therefore critical components in the development of effective preclinical protocols. This work contributes to the foundation needed for further clinical testing by establishing reference values for relevant biomarkers in a commonly used animal model. Full article

In Thailand, domestic cats are frequently exposed to vectors that transmit a variety of pathogens. In this study, the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) and their association with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were investigated in 187 domestic cats from animal hospitals across five northeastern provinces. Twelve pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, were screened using PCR assays. FIV was identified in 2.67% of the cats, while FeLV exhibited a notably higher prevalence of 29.95%. Among the bacterial pathogens, Bartonella henselae was the most frequently detected (94.65%), followed by Rickettsia felis (34.22%). Protozoan infections such as Babesia canis (8.02%) and Cytauxzoon felis (3.21%) were less prevalent. Co-infections were common, with numerous cats hosting multiple pathogens. Correlation analysis revealed moderate associations between FIV and Babesia microti (r = 0.43), Babesia canis (r = 0.35), and Mycoplasma spp. (r = 0.33), indicating potential co-infection or predisposition. Although significant differences in the total white blood cell counts were not observed, leukopenia was more commonly found in FeLV/FIV-positive cats. These findings indicate that a high burden of infection and co-infection exists in the feline population, supporting the need for expanded pathogen screening and enhanced vector control strategies. Full article

Porcine circoviruses are significant pathogens that affect swine populations worldwide, with implications for animal health and productivity. While PCV2 is well-documented, particularly due to widespread vaccination programs, PCV3 is less understood, and its epidemiological impact is still under investigation. This study screened for PCV2 and PCV3 in pigs and wild boars across Portugal to assess their prevalence. Also, nucleotide sequence determination was performed to evaluate the genetic diversity of these viruses. Stool samples from 160 pigs belonging to different groups (quarantine, nursery, fattening and adult pigs), as well as organ samples from 120 hunted wild boars, were analyzed. Samples were collected from twelve of the eighteen mainland Portuguese districts with positive cases being detected in nine of them. Pigs had a lower prevalence of PCV2 (1.9%) than PCV3 (11.2%), but the opposite was true in wild boars (76.7% for PCV2 and 55.0% for PCV3). The lower PCV2 prevalence in pigs can be attributed to the PCV2 vaccination program implemented. Additionally, these viruses were significantly more prevalent in wild boars (90.8% were infected with at least one of the viruses) than in domestic pigs (only 12.5%). This significant difference highlights the impact of the controlled environment in pig farms on disease prevention in contrast to the higher exposure risks faced by wild boars in their natural habitat. Compared to a previous study from 2023, we observed a slight decrease in the percentage of positive cases for both PCV2 and PCV3. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained by Sanger sequencing allowed us to conclude that the samples from domestic pigs belong to the PCV2a and PCV3c clades, in contrast to the PCV2-positive cases detected in domestic pigs in 2023 that were classified in the PCV2d genotype. Conversely, samples from wild boars belong to the PCV2d and PCV3a clades. These results reveal genotype differences between wild and domestic pigs and shifts from 2023 to 2024. Our findings provide some information about the circulation of these viruses and emphasize the importance of vaccination and continued monitoring for a deeper understanding of their epidemiology to mitigate potential risks to swine health and production. Full article

Background: The illegal trade in wildlife remains a critical threat to biodiversity, prompting the development of international regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). One of the key challenges in enforcement is the detection of CITES-listed species in highly processed consumer goods. Methods: This study investigates the use of molecular techniques to detect animal DNA in two selected commercially available medicinal products—a balm and a gel—marketed with ingredients suggestive of protected species such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). Results: Although DNA from these target species was not detected, the analysis revealed the presence of genetic material from the American mink (Neovison vison) and domestic pig (Sus scrofa), indicating the undeclared use of animal-derived substances. While limited in scope, these findings suggest potential ethical and transparency concerns, particularly for consumers adhering to vegetarian, vegan, or religious dietary practices. Conclusions: The study illustrates the feasibility of applying DNA-based screening methods in complex, degraded matrices and their potential as supportive tools in consumer product assessment. However, broader studies are necessary before drawing general regulatory or conservation conclusions. Full article

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) remains a major concern for cattle industries worldwide due to its persistent nature, economic impact, and challenges in control. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive nationwide survey of BLV in Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2024, utilizing serological diagnostics to assess prevalence and characterize viral genotypes (2024). A total of 433,537 serum samples were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), revealing an overall seroprevalence of 5.87%, with the highest rates observed in the North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, and East Kazakhstan regions. In 2024, a targeted analysis of 3736 serum and 536 whole blood samples across 17 regions was performed using AGID, ELISA, real-time PCR, and nested PCR. ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity than AGID (10.4% vs. 8.2%), confirmed by statistical correlation (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p = 0.026). Real-time PCR detected BLV DNA in 4.7% of samples, with the highest positivity in the East Kazakhstan and Abai regions, confirming active viral circulation. Validation of a domestically developed AGID diagnostic kit showed full concordance with commercial assays (IDEXX, IDvet), supporting its use in national surveillance programs. These findings highlight the endemic status of BLV in Kazakhstan. Molecular analysis of sequenced isolates revealed the presence of genotype G-7, consistent with strains circulating in neighboring countries. Together, these results underscore the importance of integrated serological and molecular approaches for effective monitoring and control. Full article

Dysphagia is a common clinical condition, especially among older adults, associated with an increased risk of malnutrition, aspiration, and respiratory complications. A key therapeutic approach involves modifying liquid consistency using thickening agents to achieve safer swallowing. Although rotational rheometry offers accurate viscosity characterization, its complexity and cost limit routine application in clinical or domestic settings. This study evaluates and correlates different methods for measuring the viscosity of thickened liquids, comparing rheological data with empirical techniques such as the Ford cup, Bostwick consistometer, and Line-Spread Test (LST). Several thickeners were tested—guar gum, xanthan gum, a guar/xanthan blend, maltodextrin-based mixtures, and a commercial thickener—across a range of concentrations, temperatures, and preparation times. The results demonstrate that simple methods, particularly the Bostwick consistometer and LST, show strong correlations with rheometer measurements within the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Level 2 (mildly thick) and Level 3 (moderately thick) ranges. However, limitations were observed at extreme viscosities, where certain methods lacked sensitivity or operational feasibility. These findings support the potential of empirical tools for practical viscosity screening in dysphagia management, especially where rheometry is unavailable. This work provides evidence-based guidance for clinicians, caregivers, and food service professionals seeking safe, reproducible, and standardized approaches to fluid consistency assessment. Full article

Triatoma dimidiata is a widely distributed vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Mexico and Central America, found across a range of habitats from sylvatic to domestic. Vector control has relied heavily on indoor residual spraying with pyrethroids; however, reinfestation and emerging resistance have limited its long-term effectiveness. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of T. dimidiata from Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Yucatan using mitochondrial markers (cyt b and ND4) and screened for knockdown resistance (kdr)-type mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. High haplotype diversity and regional differentiation were observed, with most genetic variation occurring between populations. The ND4 marker provided greater resolution than cyt b, revealing ten haplotypes and supporting evidence of recent population expansion. Haplotype networks showed clear geographic segregation, particularly between populations east and west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The L925I mutation, highly associated with pyrethroid resistance, was detected for the first time in Mexican populations of T. dimidiata, albeit at low frequencies. These findings highlight the importance of integrating population genetic data and resistance surveillance into regionally adapted vector control strategies for Chagas disease. Full article

Rodents are among the most abundant and ecologically diverse mammals, playing key roles in terrestrial ecosystems and often serving as reservoirs for various zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Among these are protozoan parasites of the genera Hepatozoon and Theileria, which are known to infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals worldwide. However, little is known about the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these hemoprotozoans in rodent hosts, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and genetic diversity of Hepatozoon sp. and Theileria sp. in rodents from different regions of Saudi Arabia and to determine potential reservoir species. A total of 111 rodents were captured and identified by molecular analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Screening for parasites was performed using PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing, haplotype analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Our results represent the first molecular detection of Hepatozoon sp. in Arvicanthis niloticus (31.3%), Gerbillus cheesmani (26.5%), G. nanus (28.5%), and Rattus rattus (32.0%) and of Theileria sp. in G. nanus (21.5%) and R. rattus (24.0%) in Saudi Arabia. Haplotype network analysis revealed seven distinct Hepatozoon haplotypes forming a star-like cluster, suggesting host specificity. One divergent haplotype (Hap_2), 19 mutation steps apart, may represent a novel lineage. Phylogenetic analyses grouped Saudi Hepatozoon sequences with those from reptiles and rodents, forming a clade distinct from sequences isolated from felids and canids. In contrast, Theileria sequences showed low diversity, clustering with a single widespread haplotype found in rodents and ruminants in several regions. These findings significantly expand the current knowledge on rodent-associated apicomplexan parasites in Saudi Arabia, revealing novel Hepatozoon haplotypes and highlighting the role of rodents in the transmission of reptile-associated Hepatozoon spp. This study provides basic molecular data crucial to understanding host–parasite relationships and the potential public and veterinary health implications of these parasites in arid ecosystems. Full article

Trichoderma spp., Metarhizium spp., and Bacillus spp. are commonly used as biocontrol microorganisms domestically and internationally. However, microbial pesticides currently prepared from single living microorganisms have problems such as a short shelf life, particularly under stressful environment conditions. Secondary metabolites produced from biocontrol microorganisms are comparatively stable when used under field conditions. This study screened the optimal combination of biocontrol metabolites, referred to as TMB, composed of culture filtrates from certain isolates of Trichoderma asperellum 10264, Bacillus subtilis S4-4-10, and Metarhizium anisopliae 3.11962 (1:4:1 (v/v)). RNA-seq analysis and transmission electron microscope observations were carried out to identify the major functions of the most effective culture filtrates against Magnaporthe oryzae (the pathogen causing rice blast disease) and Chilo suppressalis (an insect pest in rice cultivation). TMB was found to disrupt the midgut subcellular structure of C. suppressalis larvae and inhibit the expression of genes related to immunity, membrane components, protein synthesis, and other functions in C. suppressalis larvae and M. oryzae, thereby interfering with their normal growth, reproduction, and infection potential in rice. In addition, TMB was also able to promote rice growth and trigger host defense responses against infections by the target pests and pathogens. In summary, TMB generated different inhibitory activities against multiple targets in C. suppressalis and M. oryzae and induced plant immunity in rice. Therefore, it can be used as a new environmentally friendly agent or alternative to control rice pests and diseases. Full article

Recently, cats have emerged as potential incidental hosts for avian and human influenza A viruses (IAVs), including the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. Following an unprecedented outbreak of H5N1 HPAI in cats in Poland in June 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study to assess the seroprevalence of IAV, especially H5Nx, infections in domestic cats. Eight hundred thirty-five serum samples collected in June 2023 were tested using a competitive ELISA for antibodies to IAV nucleoprotein. Positive or doubtful samples were further screened for H5-specific antibodies. The overall seropositivity for IAV was 8.5% (CI 95%: 6.8%, 10.6%; 71/835 cats), and 23/68 IAV-seropositive cats (33.8%) were also seropositive for H5 antigen. Multivariable analysis identified young age (≤8 years) and male sex as significant risk factors for H5 seropositivity, while non-H5-IAV seropositivity was more common in cats aged ≥12 years. These findings suggest different exposure pathways and host risk profiles for H5 and non-H5 IAVs and underscore the importance of enhanced surveillance in cats, particularly in regions affected by HPAI outbreaks. Given the susceptibility of cats to both avian and human IAVs, including subclinical infections, there is a theoretical risk for viral reassortment. Preventive measures, including vaccinating humans and restricting outdoor access for cats, should be considered in endemic areas. Full article

Talaromyces marneffei is a zoonotic dimorphic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia and reported in 33 countries, with an estimated 17,300 human cases and 4900 deaths annually. We aimed to identify the best available evidence regarding the epidemiological and clinical features and the prevalence of T. marneffei reported in companion animals, wildlife, and humans in Europe. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching three databases under PRISMA guidelines for “Talaromyces marneffei” or “talaromycosis” in Europe or the equivalent. References from the obtained publications were also checked to identify additional papers that met the inclusion criteria. The search was not limited by language or year. Studies published until 30 April 2025 were included. Due to the limited number of publications on animals, the geographic scope was expanded to a global level. Of the 915 studies identified, 33 were eligible and categorised according to the subject they addressed: talaromycosis in humans (n = 26), talaromycosis in companion animals (n = 4), and talaromycosis in wildlife (n = 3). Talaromycosis has been reported 28 times in 11 different European countries among humans. Additionally, one case of T. marneffei in wildlife has been documented in Europe. There is a potential liaison host between bamboo rats and humans. Talaromycosis is an emerging planetary neglected disease. Confusion with other diseases and potential misdiagnosis leads to delayed diagnosis and unnecessary risk to lives. Immunocompromised and HIV-positive patients should be screened for talaromycosis. The unexplained worldwide reports in atypical species and locations prompt a call to action for a more proactive search for T. marneffei in other domestic and wild animals, as well as in soil, to fully understand its hosts and transmission, which must incorporate the Stockholm Paradigm and Planetary Health perspectives. Full article