The Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus Infections in Polish Cats During a Feline H5N1 Influenza Outbreak in 2023
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Serological Tests
2.4. True Seroprevalence Estimation
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of IAV Antibodies
3.2. Prevalence of IAV-H5Nx Antibodies
3.3. Association Between Individual Characteristics of Cats and Seropositivity for IAV and IAV-H5Nx
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenario | Diagnostic Accuracy of the IAV-ELISA Based on the Literature | Prior Parameters of the Beta Distribution for: | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dSe (CI 95%) [%] | dSp (CI 95%) [%] | dSe | dSp | ||
1 | 94.0 (81.8, 99.1) | 98.7 (98.4, 99.0) | α = 27.133 β = 2.058 | α = 4936 β = 66 | De Benedictis et al., 2010 [22] |
2 | 99.0 (94.5, 99.9) | 95.3 (92.7, 97.3) | α = 99.01 β = 1.99 | α = 348.85 β = 18.15 | Kittelberger et al., 2011 [23] |
3 | 69 (58, 79) | 89 (75, 97) | α = 54.82 β = 25.18 | α = 34.82 β = 5.18 | Tse et al., 2012 [24] |
Characteristics | Category | Number (%) of IAV-Seropositive Cats in Category | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Females Males | 33/427 (7.7) 38/408 (9.3) | 0.412 | Reference category 1.23 (0.75, 2.00) |
Castration (N = 188) | Intact Castrated | 3/53 (5.7) 20/135 (14.8) | 0.085 | Reference category 2.90 (0.82, 10.2) |
Breed | Pedigree DSH/DLH a | 8/168 (4.8) 63/667 (9.5) | 0.052 | Reference category 2.09 (0.98, 4.44) |
Characteristics | Category | Number (%) of IAV-H5Nx-Seropositive Cats in Category | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Females Males | 6/425 (1.4) 17/407 (4.2) | 0.015 | Reference category 3.04 (1.19, 7.80) |
Castration (N = 188) | Intact Castrated | 0/53 (0) 7/135 (5.7) | 0.194 | Reference category 6.25 (0.35, 111) |
Breed | Pedigree DSH/DLH a | 2/168 (1.2) 21/664 (3.2) | 0.164 | Reference category 2.71 (0.63, 11.7) |
Age category | >8 years ≤8 years | 4/416 (1.0) 19/416 (4.6) | 0.002 | Reference category 4.93 (1.66, 14.6) |
Variables | Regression Coefficient (Standard Error) | Wald’s Statistic | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −5.28 (0.61) | - | - | - |
Male sex | 1.08 (0.48) | 4.99 | 0.026 | 2.94 (1.14, 7.56) |
Age ≤ 8 years | 1.57 (0.56) | 7.96 | 0.005 | 4.80 (1.61, 14.3) |
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Golke, A.; Dzieciątkowski, T.; Szaluś-Jordanow, O.; Czopowicz, M.; Witkowski, L.; Żychska, M.; Domańska, E.; Jańczak, D.; Nalbert, T.; Lesceu, S.; et al. The Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus Infections in Polish Cats During a Feline H5N1 Influenza Outbreak in 2023. Viruses 2025, 17, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060855
Golke A, Dzieciątkowski T, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Żychska M, Domańska E, Jańczak D, Nalbert T, Lesceu S, et al. The Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus Infections in Polish Cats During a Feline H5N1 Influenza Outbreak in 2023. Viruses. 2025; 17(6):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060855
Chicago/Turabian StyleGolke, Anna, Tomasz Dzieciątkowski, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, Michał Czopowicz, Lucjan Witkowski, Monika Żychska, Ewa Domańska, Dawid Jańczak, Tomasz Nalbert, Stephanie Lesceu, and et al. 2025. "The Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus Infections in Polish Cats During a Feline H5N1 Influenza Outbreak in 2023" Viruses 17, no. 6: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060855
APA StyleGolke, A., Dzieciątkowski, T., Szaluś-Jordanow, O., Czopowicz, M., Witkowski, L., Żychska, M., Domańska, E., Jańczak, D., Nalbert, T., Lesceu, S., Paszkowska, M., Giergielewicz, J., & Frymus, T. (2025). The Seroprevalence of Influenza A Virus Infections in Polish Cats During a Feline H5N1 Influenza Outbreak in 2023. Viruses, 17(6), 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060855