Search Results (3,420)

Coffee kombucha beverages were developed by fermenting various coffee substrates, including instant coffee (I), coffee brews of ground coffee beans (G), and additional spent coffee added ground coffee (GSC) using either SCOBY (S) or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELB90 (L), or a combination of both (SL). The combined SL inoculation did not synergistically enhance the growth of acetic and lactic acid bacteria, nor did it increase the acetic and lactic acid concentrations or improve retention of caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) compared to non-fermented controls stored for the incubation period (7 days). Samples fermented with L better preserved the total CQAs during incubation, notably increasing 3-CQA and 4-CQA in L-fermented G and GSC samples by up to 40%, whereas 5-CQA showed a slight decrease (up to 8%) in L-fermented G and GSC samples. After one week, all fermented samples maintained stable levels of 3-CQA compared to the non-fermented SCG control, with significantly elevated 4-CQA. Caffeic acid was detected only in the bound fraction of beans, exhibiting similar concentrations in both fermented and non-fermented samples. SL-fermented coffees showed significant reductions in caffeine contents, except for I coffee substrate, and spent coffee grounds (SCG) filtered from the SL-fermented sample also had significantly lower caffeine content. Panelists preferred coffee kombucha beverages inoculated with S over those fermented with L, which were rated least appealing. The study concludes that fermentation with specific inoculation cultures could mitigate the degradation of coffee phenolic compounds during storage and facilitate the production of beverages with lower caffeine content, potentially enhancing both functional properties and consumer acceptability. Full article

Flammulina velutipes is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in East Asia, recognized for its nutritional benefits and distinct morphology characterized by a long stipe and a compact, hemispherical pileus. The pileus not only plays a critical biological role in reproduction through spore formation but also serves as a key commercial trait influencing consumer preference and market value. Despite its economic importance, pileus development in F. velutipes is highly sensitive to environmental factors, among which carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration is particularly influential under indoor cultivation conditions. While previous studies have reported that elevated CO₂ levels can inhibit pileus expansion in other mushroom species, the molecular mechanisms by which CO₂ affects pileus growth in F. velutipes remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of CO₂ concentration on pileus morphology and gene expression in F. velutipes by cultivating fruiting bodies under two controlled atmospheric conditions: low (1000 ppm) and high (10,000 ppm) CO₂. Morphometric analysis revealed that elevated CO₂ levels significantly suppressed pileus expansion, reducing the average diameter by more than 50% compared to the low CO₂ condition. To elucidate the underlying genetic response, we conducted RNA sequencing and identified 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 78 being downregulated under elevated CO₂. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulatory pathways in this response. Two cyclin genes were found to be significantly downregulated under elevated CO₂ conditions, and their suppression was validated through quantitative real-time PCR. These genes, possessing conserved cyclin_N domains, are implicated in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle, particularly in mitotic growth. These results indicate that CO₂-induced downregulation of cyclin genes may underlie cell cycle arrest, contributing to inhibited pileus development. This study is the first to provide transcriptomic evidence that elevated CO₂ concentrations specifically repress PHO80-like cyclin genes in F. velutipes, revealing a molecular mechanism by which CO₂ stress inhibits pileus development. These findings suggest that elevated CO₂ triggers a morphogenetic checkpoint by repressing PHO80-like cyclins, thereby modulating cell cycle progression during fruiting body development. This study provides the first evidence of such a transcriptional response in edible mushrooms and offers promising molecular targets for breeding CO₂-resilient strains and optimizing commercial cultivation conditions. Full article

Food additives are used to prevent food spoilage and extend its shelf life. However, concerns regarding the potential health implications associated with some synthetic additives have prompted research efforts aimed at identifying natural alternatives, such as plant extracts. Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) is known for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of ethanolic food-grade extracts from cultivated cardoon and globe artichoke leaves to preserve poultry breast meat during refrigerated storage. A total of seven treatment groups were tested: one control group (no extract) and six active groups with 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/w) of either cultivated cardoon or globe artichoke leaf extracts. Lipid oxidation, moisture, colour, pH, acidity, and microbial growth were assessed in poultry meat samples over 15 days. Both extracts were effective in extending shelf life, up to 11 days, by delaying lipid oxidation and microbial growth. Cardoon extract (1% w/w) displayed superior antimicrobial efficacy, maintaining microbial counts below 5 Log CFU/g meat until day 15, compared to the control. Cultivated cardoon leaf extract proves promising as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant, extending the shelf life of poultry meat. This presents an opportunity to maintain the quality of meat products, aligning with consumer preferences for natural ingredients and sustainable practices. Full article

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that influence consumer referents or reference points and their interaction during the decision-making process, along with the principles of prospect theory in the metaverse with market and retail examples. We conducted an integrative literature review. Consumers’ preference for reference points is determined and structured during the buying process, which can be affected by potential signals and biased decisions. To guide consumers’ shopping experiences and purchasing behavior in the most effective way, marketers and organizations must investigate the factors that influence consumer reference points beyond physical or tangible attributes. Businesses must be adaptable and adapt their strategies to changing consumer preferences based on reference points. Our findings can advance discussions about how reference points are being used in the market by using consumer decision-making claims in the discursive construction of the metaverse. By comprehending this, developers can create better experiences and assist users in navigating virtual risks. Our research aids us in better comprehending the influence of referents on consumer purchasing decisions in the marketing communications field. Numerous opportunities for academic research into consumer reference points have arisen, in which individuals as digital consumers are influenced by the same biases and heuristics that guide their behavior in reality. Full article

Tomatoes are globally esteemed not only for their nutritional value but also for their complex and appealing aroma, a key determinant of consumer preference. The present study aimed to comprehensively characterise the volatilomic fingerprints of three tomato species—Solanum lycopersicum L., S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, and S. betaceum—encompassing six distinct varieties, through the application of headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). A total of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) spanning multiple chemical classes were identified, of which only 28 were ubiquitously present across all varieties examined. Carbonyl compounds constituted the predominant chemical family, with hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal emerging as putative key contributors to the characteristic green and fresh olfactory notes. Notably, esters were found to dominate the unique volatile fingerprint of cherry tomatoes, particularly methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, while Kumato and Roma varieties exhibited elevated levels of furanic compounds. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), demonstrated clear varietal discrimination and identified potential aroma-associated biomarkers such as phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, and heptanal. Collectively, these findings underscore the utility of volatilomic fingerprint as a robust tool for varietal identification and quality control within the food industry. Full article

In vitro meat presents a promising alternative to conventional meat production by addressing environmental and animal welfare concerns. However, broader market adoption depends on increasing consumer acceptance. Labels on product packaging have been shown to be effective in influencing consumer behavior in previous studies. This paper examines the impact of different front-of-package labels on German consumers’ choices regarding in vitro chicken meat, with the goal of identifying effective labeling strategies. To investigate this, an online choice experiment was conducted with 200 participants from Germany. In addition to the label, products varied in terms of price, origin, and calorie content. The data were analyzed using latent class analysis, which identified four distinct consumer segments characterized by their preferences, attitudes, and personal characteristics. The results were used to simulate market scenarios, evaluating the effectiveness of different labeling strategies for in vitro chicken meat. These insights provide a foundation for targeted marketing approaches that promote consumer acceptance and inform the introduction of in vitro meat products in Germany. Full article

This online survey aimed to gather consumer opinions on dairy products and production and to identify the potential market for A2 milk (milk containing exclusively β-casein A2, which reduces gastrointestinal discomfort after consumption). The questionnaire included seven sections covering the consumption of dairy products, sociodemographic aspects, awareness and purchase intention of A2 milk, questions about milk as a source of nutrients and health benefits, the environmental impact of milk production, and alternatives to cow milk. Responses from 672 Spanish consumers categorized into clusters (according to their milk consumption and their discomfort after drinking it), gender, age, educational level, and milk taste preference were analyzed using a linear multiple regression model. Dairy consumers not experiencing discomfort after drinking milk (62.6%) and those who preferred the taste of milk over plant-based alternatives (64.0%) demonstrated better knowledge of milk nutrients and its health benefits. Participants’ age, gender, and education level also influenced their perceptions, with older participants, women, and those with university education generally showing better results. In conclusion, clusters impact consumers’ milk perceptions as a nutritional source and its health benefits. The positive perception of milk’s nutritional benefits among dairy consumers experiencing discomfort after drinking milk (17.3%) positions them as a strong target market for A2 milk. Full article

The agri-food sector faces the challenge of valorizing by-products and reducing waste. The frozen pumpkin industry generates substantial amounts of by-products rich in nutritional value, especially β-carotene. This study evaluates the nutritional and physical impact of incorporating pumpkin pulp flour (dehydrated and freeze-dried) obtained from by-products into cracker formulation. Crackers were prepared by replacing 10% and 20% of wheat flour with pumpkin flour, assessing the effects based on drying method. Physical parameters (expansion, color, and texture parameters) were measured, in the dough and in the baked products. Furthermore, β-carotene content was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, antioxidant capacity was measured with DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC, and total phenolic content was evaluated with the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Proximate composition and mineral content were also analyzed. Additionally, a preliminary sensory evaluation was conducted with 50 untrained consumer judges to assess acceptability of external appearance, texture, and taste. The inclusion of pumpkin flour significantly increased β-carotene content (up to 2.36 mg/100 g), total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of the baked crackers. Proximate analysis showed a marked improvement in fiber content and a slight reduction in energy value compared to wheat flour. Mineral analysis revealed that pumpkin flours exhibited significantly higher levels of K, Ca, Mg, and P, with improved but not always statistically significant retention in the final crackers. Freeze-dried flour retained more bioactive compounds and enhanced color. However, it also increased cracker hardness, particularly with dehydrated flour. Only the 10% freeze-dried formulation showed mechanical properties similar to those of the control. Sensory analysis indicated that all formulations were positively accepted, with the 10% freeze-dried sample showing the best balance in consumer preference across all evaluated attributes. Frozen pumpkin by-products can be effectively valorized through their incorporation into bakery products such as crackers, enhancing their nutritional and functional profile. Freeze-drying better preserves antioxidants and β-carotene, while a 10% substitution offers a balance between nutritional enrichment and technological performance and sensory acceptability. Full article

The cosmetic industry faces a critical need to balance commercial innovation with scientific validation, especially regarding the safety and efficacy of raw materials. Plant-derived materials (PDMs) offer a promising alternative to animal-derived ingredients in cosmetics, particularly due to their safety and compliance with vegan and ethical standards. Unlike compounds such as polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), which is derived from the testis or seminal fluid of Salmonidae species and raises concerns regarding its origin, sustainability, and consumer acceptability, PDMs provide a cleaner, ethically preferable profile. In this study, we evaluated 50 PDM candidates using in vitro cell viability, wound healing, and immunocytochemistry assays, along with primary skin irritation tests in human participants. None of the samples showed harmful effects. Notably, sample Nos. 38 and 42 demonstrated significant wound-healing capacity and upregulated filaggrin expression without causing notable irritation in clinical testing. These findings support the biological activity and safety of specific PDMs as functional cosmetic ingredients. This study presents scientifically validated evidence for plant-based alternatives to animal-derived materials and offers a new milestone in the shift toward sustainable and ethical cosmetic development. By bridging the gap between consumer demand and scientific rigor, this study provides a robust platform for future innovations in vegan cosmetics. Full article

Before the onset of global warming concerns, the idea of manufacturing electric vehicles on a large scale was not widely considered. However, electric vehicles offer several advantages that have garnered attention. They are environmentally friendly, with simpler drive systems compared to traditional fossil fuel vehicles. Additionally, electric vehicles are highly efficient, with an efficiency of around 90%, in contrast to fossil fuel vehicles, which have an efficiency of about 30% to 35%. The higher energy efficiency of electric vehicles contributes to lower operational costs, which, alongside regulatory incentives and shifting consumer preferences, has increased their strategic importance for many vehicle manufacturers. In this paper, we present a thematic literature review on electric vehicles charging station location planning and scheduling. A systematic literature review across various data sources in the area yielded ninety five research papers for the final review. The research results were analyzed thematically, and three key directions were identified, namely charging station deployment and placement, optimal allocation and scheduling of EV parking lots, and V2G and smart charging systems as the top three themes. Each theme was further investigated to identify key topics, ongoing works, and future trends. It has been found that optimization methods followed by simulation and multi-criteria decision-making are most commonly used for EV infrastructure planning. A multistakeholder perspective is often adopted in these decisions to minimize costs and address the range anxiety of users. The future trend is towards the integration of renewable energy in smart grids, uncertainty modeling of user demand, and use of artificial intelligence for service quality improvement. Full article

This study empirically delves into whether residential heating methods significantly affect apartment prices in Uiwang City, a suburban city near the Seoul Metropolitan area, South Korea. Using data from 1256 apartment sales, where both district heating systems (DHSs) and individual heating systems (IHSs) coexist, a hedonic price equation was estimated to analyze the impact of the heating method choices on housing values. Various housing attributes, including physical, locational, and environmental factors, were controlled, and multiple regression models were compared to identify the best-performing specification. The results show that apartments equipped with a DHS are priced, on average, KRW 92 million (USD 72 thousand) higher than those with an IHS. The price difference corresponds to KRW 849 thousand (USD 665) per m² and possesses the statistical significance at the 5% level. Moreover, it is quite meaningful, representing roughly 11.2% of the price of an average apartment. These findings suggest that the use of DHS has a positive effect on apartment prices that reflect consumers’ preferences, beyond its advantages in stable heat supply and energy cost savings. This article provides empirical evidence that DHS can serve as an important urban infrastructure contributing to asset value enhancement. Although this study is based on a specific geographic area and caution must be exercised in generalizing its findings, it reports the interesting finding that residential heating method significantly affects housing prices. Full article

The present study adopts the social constructivism theory and consumer decision-making process model with the aim of examining the social identity that consumers build through the purchase of electric vehicles (EVs) in line with their income, age, gender, and education. The study’s findings indicate that this social identity, shaped by income, age, gender and education, exerts a significant influence on consumer decision-making behavior. This identity is shaped not only by the make and model of EVs chosen, but also by their preferences for vehicle performance and technical features. The adoption of EVs by consumers is driven by dual objectives: the fulfilment of practical needs and the shaping of social identities in social interactions that correspond to their income, age, gender, and education. The study’s findings are of significant value in understanding the social identity aspirations of consumers in the electric vehicle consumer market, and provide a theoretical foundation for future electric vehicle companies to create products and corporate cultures that meet their target customers, thereby effectively promoting the popularization of electric vehicles. Full article

As part of its modernisation and economic diversification policies, Saudi Arabia is building smart, sustainable cities intended to improve quality of life and meet environmental goals. However, involving the public in urban planning remains complex, with traditional methods often proving expensive, time-consuming, and inaccessible to many groups. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into public participation may help to address these limitations. This study explores whether Saudi residents are ready to engage with AI-driven tools in urban planning, how they prefer to interact with them, and what ethical concerns may arise. Using a quantitative, survey-based approach, the study collected data from 232 Saudi residents using non-probability stratified sampling. The survey assessed demographic influences on AI readiness, preferred engagement methods, and perceptions of ethical risks. The results showed a strong willingness among participants (200 respondents, 86%)—especially younger and university-educated respondents—to engage through AI platforms. Visual tools such as image and video analysis were the most preferred (96 respondents, 41%), while chatbots were less favoured (16 respondents, 17%). However, concerns were raised about privacy (76 respondents, 33%), bias (52 respondents, 22%), and over-reliance on technology (84 respondents, 36%). By exploring the intersection of generative AI and participatory urban governance, this study contributes directly to the discourse on inclusive smart city development. The research also offers insights into how AI-driven public engagement tools can be integrated into urban planning workflows to enhance the design, governance, and performance of the built environment. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to improve inclusivity and responsiveness in urban planning, but that its success depends on public trust, ethical safeguards, and the thoughtful design of accessible, user-friendly engagement platforms. Full article

Remanufacturing in reverse logistics can not only support sustainable development but also provide a tractable way to achieve carbon neutrality. This study evaluates whether an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) should remanufacture outsource or authorize this reverse channel activity in the presence of government subsidies. Additionally, the model considers the equilibrium acquisition quantities, collection rates, prices, and effects of government subsidy under three reverse channel options: centralizing remanufacturing, outsourcing remanufacturing, and authorization remanufacturing. The analysis indicates that (i) a centralized approach with manufacturing and remanufacturing operations under a fixed government subsidy is always in the interest of the supply chain; (ii) that for the profit-maximizing third-party remanufacturer (3PR), the differentials in variable collection costs drive the strategy choice, and that a higher fixed scaling parameter of the collection cost favors outsourcing; and (iii) when the government aspires to reduce environmental effects and subsidy payments, the OEM and government have different reverse channel choice preferences. Surprisingly, profitability and environmental goals align under a high consumer acceptance of the remanufactured product. This paper extends the understanding of the remanufacturing strategy of an OEM and provides new insights on which reverse channel is optimal. Full article

With rising environmental awareness, numerous firms are transitioning to green investment, such as low-carbon production. However, the consumer adoption of low-carbon products remains low due to transparency concerns. Many firms are leveraging blockchain to address information asymmetry in the supply chain, thereby building consumer confidence in low-carbon products. The purpose of this work is to provide decision support for business firms by analyzing the strategic choices regarding the manufacturer’s green investment and the e-retailer’s adoption of blockchain technology. Three strategy combinations are considered, including the baseline strategy combination without green investment and blockchain technology (NN), the strategy combination with only green investment (LN), and the strategy combination with both green investment and blockchain technology (LB). The optimal pricing and green level decisions are derived, and the conditions under which green investment and blockchain technology are beneficial to the supply chain members are examined. The findings suggest that the e-retailer can obtain the highest profit without adopting blockchain technology if it holds a substantial or extremely low market share, if the consumers’ low-carbon preference is at a low to medium level, or if the consumer green trust coefficient is high when the manufacturer implements the green investment strategy. When consumers exhibit a weak preference for low-carbon products, the strategy combination NN is optimal for the supply chain members. The strategy combination LB becomes optimal if the consumer green trust coefficient is near or below the moderate threshold, if the market share of a channel is neither extremely high nor low, or if consumers exhibit a strong preference for low-carbon products. Full article