Search Results (2,432)

High-altitude wetlands in the Caucasus Anatolia transition zone remain among the least-documented avian habitats in the Western Palearctic. Standardised avian biodiversity assessment in such systems provides essential evidence for sustainable wetland management, supporting the conservation planning and long-term ecological monitoring needed to safeguard these ecosystems under increasing anthropogenic pressure. We report on the avifauna of Çalı Lake (2237 m a.s.l.; 391 ha; Kars Province, Türkiye), a nationally designated wetland located on the Central Asian Flyway, based on five systematic survey periods conducted from March 2024 to Spring 2026 using line transects and point counts, combined with a 25 × 25 m grid-based GIS analysis encompassing 498 cells. Approximately 31 ha of the core open-water and marsh perimeter within the 391 ha designated boundary is covered; upland steppe and pasture zones beyond the active survey perimeter were excluded. A total of 154 species belonging to 18 orders and 41 families were recorded, representing approximately 30.5% of Turkey’s national checklist. IUCN status assessment identified two Endangered species, Neophron percnopterus and Oxyura leucocephala, two Vulnerable, five Near Threatened, and 145 Least Concern species. Grid-level species richness averaged 1.47 ± 1.20 per cell per period; cumulative richness per grid reached 7.62 ± 2.73 across all five survey periods. Spearman rank correlation between per-grid richness (S) and abundance (N) was consistently strong across all five periods (ρ = 0.52–0.60; all p < 0.001). A Friedman test indicated significant overall variation across periods (χ²(4) = 127.73, p < 0.001, Kendall’s W = 0.064, a negligible effect size by conventional benchmarks, indicating that the statistically significant variation reflects trivially small per-cell richness differences at this block size). Bonferroni-corrected post hoc Wilcoxon tests revealed that all significant contrasts involved the 2024 Spring–Summer period or the 2026 partial Spring window, while the four fully comparable 2024 Autumn–2025 periods showed no significant differences. A Lorenz concentration curve yielded a Gini coefficient of 0.351, with the top 10% of grid cells concentrating 24.0% of all individual detections in the central and south-western lake zones. Collectively, these findings document Çalı Lake as a species-rich high-altitude wetland with significant conservation value, and establish a reproducible spatial and temporal baseline for long-term ornithological monitoring. These results demonstrate the value of standardised biodiversity assessment as a practical tool for sustainable wetland governance and align with international sustainability frameworks, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals on life on land and clean water and sanitation. Full article

Background: The growing awareness of breast cancer’s molecular diversity has not changed the technical foundations of surgery itself, but it has profoundly reshaped how surgeons think about surgery. Rather than molecular biology prescribing specific surgery, it is the surgeon’s interpretation of biological behavior—tumor subtype, genomic risk, treatment responsiveness—that influences surgical timing, extent, and feasibility. This is particularly important in the developing world, where mastectomy continues to be the default surgery, not always because it is required, but because biological nuance is underutilized in surgical planning. This review integrates existing evidence, guidelines, and real-world clinical experience to show how a surgeon who understands tumor biology can meaningfully expand safe breast conservation, de-escalate axillary surgery, and align operative choices with systemic therapy. In essence, molecular biology becomes a lens through which surgeons can practice more personalized, precise, and less invasive surgery, without compromising oncologic safety. Recent findings: We present evidence-based algorithms focusing on Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative subtypes, while discussing the nuances of multifocal and multicentric disease, metaplastic histologies, and discordant lesion management. The review addresses axillary management in the molecular era, specifying the appropriateness of sentinel lymph node biopsy, targeted axillary dissection, or completion axillary dissection, and how subtype-specific nodal responses to neoadjuvant therapy can guide de-escalation strategies. Through clinical vignettes, we exemplify how molecular integration into surgical planning can modify clinical courses, enabling oncoplastic conservation in downstaged tumors and justifying definitive resection in chemo-resistant cases. We examine the implications of germline and somatic genetic testing on surgical decision-making, particularly in relation to BRCA1/2 and PALB2 mutation carriers, alongside ethical and practical counseling considerations. Additionally, we review emerging biomarkers—such as circulating tumor DNA and immune and radiomic signatures—and propose research priorities for their incorporation into surgical trials. Conclusions: Effective implementation necessitates enhanced surgeon education, standardized assays, and multidisciplinary coordination to promote equitable access, consistent utilization of biology-driven algorithms, and rigorous quality oversight. This review furnishes breast surgeons with a pragmatic framework for translating molecular knowledge into multidisciplinary, patient-centered care pathways that optimize oncological safety, aesthetic outcomes, and overall quality of life. Full article

The transition toward urban-scale digital twin and smart city management requires survey-grade 3D basemaps, yet conventional documentation remains time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies. While Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers rapid 3D acquisition, capturing complex, GNSS-denied multi-story interiors frequently causes cumulative registration errors and isolated indoor–outdoor data silos. To address this, this study proposes a comprehensive typology-agnostic framework for developing high-fidelity digital twin basemaps. Treating the building as a unified spatial network, the methodology systematically mitigates error propagation through strategic linkage planning, rigid shell-first registration, continuous vertical core anchoring (via stairwells), and adaptive multi-source data fusion. Implemented on an adaptively reused heritage building, the developed basemap achieved an absolute georeferencing accuracy of 30.0 mm (RMSE) against an independent total station control network, alongside a mean relative error of 3.11 mm. Comparative analysis against legacy 2D CAD floor plans revealed simplified geometric representations and categorical dimensional deviations of up to 29.8 cm. Demonstrating its practical utility, the point cloud-centric geometric hub avoids forced geometric idealization, successfully supporting direct immersive visualization, architectural slicing (floor plans, sections, elevations), and multi-LOD algorithmic planar segmentation. This spatially constrained acquisition strategy bypasses legacy limitations, delivering a mathematically verified 3D reality capture essential for smart facility management, heritage conservation, and downstream semantic intelligence. Full article

In recent years, wild bee decline has emerged as a major conservation challenge driven by interacting ecological, health-related, and socio-environmental pressures. Although Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) have long documented bee ecology, environmental change, and sustainable stewardship practices, their contribution remains insufficiently integrated into contemporary conservation and veterinary frameworks. This review evaluates the current evidence on how IKS can contribute to wild bee conservation and examines how these knowledge systems can be integrated with ecological and veterinary approaches within a One Health and One Welfare perspective. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature published primarily between 2020 and 2026, together with selected foundational studies where necessary, we synthesised evidence from ecology, ethnobiology, conservation science, and veterinary population health. Particular attention was given to studies documenting Indigenous observations of bee health, habitat quality, landscape management, nutritional ecology, disease ecology, and conservation governance. The reviewed literature indicates that IKS provide long-term ecological observations and adaptive management practices that complement scientific monitoring by identifying early indicators of environmental degradation and colony stress. Indigenous-managed landscapes frequently support greater habitat heterogeneity and more stable floral resources, highlighting nutritional ecology as a key pathway linking land-use practices with immune competence, stress tolerance, and population resilience. Disease ecology emerged as a second critical dimension, demonstrating that pathogen spillover at the managed–wild bee interface is primarily shaped by management intensity, colony density, and landscape characteristics rather than species boundaries alone. Across these domains, IKS and veterinary population-health approaches converge in emphasizing prevention, early detection of cumulative stress, and ecosystem-based management. These findings support the integration of Indigenous and scientific knowledge through collaborative governance and Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)-based research partnerships. Recognising Indigenous-managed territories as valuable biocultural landscapes and extending health surveillance beyond managed Apis mellifera to include wild and stingless bees may strengthen evidence-based conservation strategies under integrated One Health and One Welfare frameworks. Full article

While deepening regional connectivity, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) poses formidable challenges to conservation of biodiversity in ecologically sensitive areas along its routes. It makes stronger international cooperation on biodiversity conservation imperative for participating countries. However, the existing literature predominantly focuses on single-country institutional analyses or project-level ecological impact assessments, leaving a gap in the integrated governance framework that bridges “internal institutional supply” and “external international cooperation”. The study finds that recent practices along BRI routes show concentrated progress in several key areas: refining targeted legislation in key sectors, integrating local ecosystem characteristics into conservation approaches, and safeguarding the rights and interests of local communities through diverse channels. By systematically classifying the practices of six representative case studies—including the Mombasa–Nairobi Railway and the Karot Hydropower Plant—the evolving trends for biodiversity conservation under the BRI have been revealed: diversification of conservation subjects and digitalization of conservation methods. To balance the supply and demand of the system, the institutional innovation of China’s biodiversity conservation could be realized through dual-dimensional optimization (internal institutional design + external international cooperation). The specific proposals are as follows: (1) Strengthening domestic institutional rigidity: At the top-level design stage, this entails advancing sui generis legislation for biodiversity conservation, encouraging joint rulemaking by local governments and line ministries, and leveraging the supplementary and constraining effects of treaty-based and contractual standards. At the implementation stage, introducing the community co-management model requires improving public participation mechanisms, such as diversified communication channels. (2) Activating the flexibility of international cooperation, establishing BRI Ecological Cloud digital platforms for data sharing and dynamic monitoring, and joint conservation efforts should be conducted through cross-border projects with BRI partner countries, harnessing project resources to achieve mutual benefits in global biodiversity governance to promote the transnational legal process of biodiversity conservation and global ecological civilization construction. Full article

Conservation governance frameworks assess equity through recognition, procedure, and distribution. These dimensions give limited attention to Indigenous authority over land and conservation decisions in settler-colonial contexts, including the relationships, responsibilities, and governance conditions that shape equitable conservation. This study develops and pilots the Conservation with Equity framework across three UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserves in Canada: Clayoquot Sound, Mount Arrowsmith, and Redberry Lake. Using document analysis of UNESCO governance documents, complemented by semi-structured interviews with Biosphere Reserve managers, we examined how equity is reflected in conservation governance practices. The pilot application identified ecological reconciliation as a fourth and foundational dimension of equitable conservation governance, extending existing equity frameworks. Results show that the Biosphere Reserves incorporate Indigenous knowledge into conservation activities, involve communities in decision-making through governance processes, and support local livelihoods and restoration initiatives. However, these practices improve participation and benefit sharing without consistently shifting decision-making authority over land and conservation. Indigenous-led initiatives, including Tribal Parks, land-based education, healing initiatives, and food production systems, demonstrate pathways where Indigenous communities direct land use and conservation decisions. The Conservation with Equity framework provides a basis for assessing conservation governance with greater attention to Indigenous authority, governance, and relationships with land. Full article

No-till precision seeding is an important component of conservation tillage, but stable operation remains constrained by compacted undisturbed soil, dense crop residues, and uneven field surfaces. This review examines the evolution of no-till precision seeding equipment from mechanical soil–residue interaction to cyber–physical closed-loop regulation. It first summarizes how soil resistance and residue interference affect furrow opening, seed placement, and seed–soil contact. It then examines the development of residue-management, furrow-opening, covering, and compaction mechanisms, highlighting the transition from passive structural optimization toward active and adaptive operation. Advances in multi-source sensing, electric-drive metering, downforce control, and vibration suppression are further reviewed as enabling technologies for improving seeding stability under variable and high-speed conditions. Despite these advances, persistent trade-offs remain among residue-removal capacity, soil disturbance, energy demand, component durability, system complexity, and operational stability. Emerging approaches based on digital twins, adaptive damping, and cooperative autonomous systems may support further improvements, but their practical implementation still requires robust field performance and effective system integration. Overall, no-till seeding equipment is progressing toward perception-assisted and closed-loop intelligent regulation while continuing to face important mechanical and implementation challenges. Full article

Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) has struggled with scale mismatches and inadequate treatment of cultural expression when applied to high-density cultural landscapes in Asia. On the Chengdu Plain, Western Sichuan, China, remote sensing shows convergent settlement patterns across case sites, but fieldwork reveals substantial divergences in landscape character. We examined five cases representing different rural development models in the Chengdu metropolitan area. By integrating 10 m Sentinel-2 imagery and with systematic fieldwork (3200 photographs and 42 semi-structured interviews, July–August 2023), we constructed a framework that combines macro-scale spatial analysis with micro-scale field investigation. For macro-level quantification, six landscape pattern indices were adopted: number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), contagion index (CONTAG), aggregation index (AI), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), and Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI). The micro-level investigation followed a three-tier scheme (natural environment, settlement space, architectural details) to record vertical ecological communities, spatial expressions of cultural embeddedness, and visual landscape character. Indicator screening employed the KJ method and two rounds of Delphi consultation with ten experts; weights were then determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Macro-level results display a clustered, low-fragmentation pattern (woodland AI = 97.48, water body AI = 99.40), anchored by a stable mosaic of Linpan, farmland, water bodies, and homesteads. Micro-level features include multi-strata vertical communities of trees, shrubs, grasses, and water, along with cultural embeddedness expressed through irrigation systems, farming patterns, and courtyard layouts. The VLEAS (Vernacular Landscape Elements Assessment System) framework encompasses three dimensions (natural, cultural, and visual) and comprises 12 indicators. The cultural dimension receives the highest weight (0.42), followed by natural (0.32) and visual (0.26) dimensions. Comparative analysis shows that the framework differentiates cases with similar macro-scale patterns but divergent micro-features, capturing differences that a purely macro-index benchmark misses, and it also reveals trade-offs among ecological integrity, cultural heritage, and visual quality. Sensitivity analysis displays that case rankings remain stable across four extreme weighting scenarios (cultural, ecological, visual, equal), with only one swap (Xingfu Pastoral Park and Nongke Village) under ecological priority and no rank change greater than one position, confirming that the results are not driven by any specific weight assignment. This approach extends the utility of LCA in high-density rural cultural landscapes and offers a practical tool for differentiated conservation and management, especially in tourism-influenced rural settings on the Chengdu Plain. Transferability to other regions would require recalibration of locally relevant indicators. Full article

The FMD is an endangered species under first-class national protection in China. Comparative genomic investigation of microsatellite (SSR) in CDS may provide insights into adaptive evolutionary mechanisms and may inform conservation management strategies for captive populations. Here, we analyzed the FMD genome alongside five closely related ruminants: cattle (Bos taurus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus). Through genome-wide bioinformatic identification, we systematically compared the abundance, density, structural categories, repeat motifs, chromosomal distribution, and pathway enrichment analysis of SSR-containing genes in CDS. Furthermore, we performed synteny analysis and evaluated population genetic diversity. A total of 2509 SSRs in CDS were identified in the FMD, with a relative density of 62.61 loci/Mb. Trinucleotide SSRs were overwhelmingly dominant (88.46%) in the FMD. Notably, the FMD exhibited the highest relative abundances of both tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeats among the six species (2.37 and 2.18 loci/Mb, respectively), with pentanucleotide abundance approximately 5.6- to 9.1-fold higher than that of the other species. Chromosomal mapping revealed the highest SSR density in CDS regions on chromosome 27, while SSR-containing genes exhibited a heterogeneous pattern characterized by localized clustering. Synteny analysis demonstrated relatively conserved syntenic relationships between the FMD and goat, sheep, and cattle, with moderate conservation also observed with red deer and white-tailed deer, suggesting that SSR-containing genes in ruminants may remain highly conserved during chromosomal rearrangements. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that SSR-containing genes across all species were predominantly enriched in transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, and signal transduction pathways. Specifically, the FMD showed enrichment patterns associated with hypoxia response, mRNA processing, and epigenetic regulation, which may reflect lineage-specific transcriptional patterns, though the functional involvement of these SSRs remains to be experimentally validated. In addition, the five primer pairs screened in this study exhibited high polymorphism, with a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.93. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was significantly lower than the expected heterozygosity (He), and the mean inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was 0.57, indicating heterozygote deficiency and an elevated risk of inbreeding in this captive FMD population. Collectively, our findings provide preliminary insights into the conserved patterns of microsatellite evolution and lineage-specific divergence in ruminants, offering a reference framework for comparative genomics and adaptive evolution research, as well as practical molecular markers for genetic management of captive populations. Full article

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, AI-driven algorithmic goal setting has become an important mechanism of digital platform management. In the livestream e-commerce industry, platforms increasingly use algorithmic systems to assign tasks, monitor performance, and regulate streamers’ work. Although this intensive and dynamic form of algorithmic management can improve operational efficiency, it may also be associated with potential ethical risks. Drawing on Conservation of Resources Theory, Emotional Labor Theory, and Sociotechnical Systems Theory, this study examines whether AI-driven algorithmic goal setting is associated with streamers’ unethical selling behavior through emotional dissonance and whether AI transparency moderates this relationship. Using a three-wave time-lagged survey design, data were collected from 427 livestream e-commerce streamers in China. SPSS-based hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping were employed to test the proposed moderated mediation model. The results showed that AI-driven algorithmic goal setting was significantly and positively associated with streamers’ unethical selling behavior and that emotional dissonance partially mediated this relationship. Furthermore, the positive relationship between AI-driven algorithmic goal setting and emotional dissonance, as well as the corresponding indirect relationship with unethical selling behavior, was weaker at higher levels of AI transparency. These findings identify emotional dissonance as an important psychological mechanism linking algorithmic performance demands with unethical selling behavior and indicate the conditional buffering role of AI transparency. This study extends algorithmic management research to the livestream e-commerce context and provides practical implications for enhancing algorithmic transparency and reducing ethical risks in platform governance. Full article

Background/Objectives: Recent advancements in medical imaging have provided tools that significantly enhance diagnostic precision and patient care. Among these, NP-59 SPECT/CT imaging has emerged as a promising method for assessing adrenal gland functionality. Current gaps in clinical practice, including the lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers and the paucity of clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of adrenalectomy in alleviating comorbidities, necessitate the search for other diagnostic methods. Management becomes more challenging when bilateral adrenal adenomas are present. Demonstrating lateralization in cortisol secretion may greatly assist in treatment selection. Unilateral secretion of cortisol indicates autonomy and therefore adrenalectomy should be preferred. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of NP-59 SPECT/CT in the management of MACS. Methods: We investigated 20 patients with benign bilateral adrenal incidentalomas and MACS between the years 2023 and 2025. The first group (70%) consisted of patients with only hypertension, without additional comorbidities (hypertension only, HO). The second group (30%) consisted of hypertensive patients with additional comorbidities (hypertension with comorbidities, HC). Visualizations of adrenal glands metabolic activity were conducted using the SPECT/CT system after intravenous injection of NP-59. Abdominal SPECT/CT was performed at 3, 5, and 7 days after tracer injection. Lateralization was established when only single adrenal uptake occurred as early as the third day. Results: Six (30%) patients demonstrated lateralization during NP-59 SPECT scintigraphy. All these patients belonged to the HO group and accounted for 43% of it. Conclusions: NP-59 SPECT scintigraphy is valuable in the identification of unilateral cortisol secretion and guiding treatment decisions such as adrenalectomy versus conservative management. Prospective studies are needed to determine its clinical utility. Full article

Small-scale fisheries are socio-ecological systems in which resource users interact with environmental conditions, fishing regulations, community initiatives, and institutional actors. Understanding how fishers perceive and report these interactions provides information on the social context of fisheries management, although such perceptions cannot substitute for independent assessments of ecological sustainability, behavioural compliance, or governance effectiveness. This study characterized fishers’ environmental perceptions, self-reported fishing practices, participation in environmental education and conservation activities, and perceptions of community and institutional involvement in fisheries management in Tecomate Lagoon, Guerrero, Mexico. A cross-sectional quantitative design was used, and structured questionnaires were administered to 120 active artisanal fishers selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Respondents primarily associated the lagoon with economic (49.17%) and food-related (25.83%) functions. Declining water levels (60.00%) and reduced species abundance (40.00%) were the environmental changes reported by respondents. Regarding fishing practices, 94.17% stated that they complied with fishing regulations, and 100% reported releasing organisms below the minimum legal catch size. Environmental training was reported by 95.00% of respondents, while 94.17% reported participation in conservation-related activities. CONAPESCA (80.83%) and UAGro (19.17%) were identified as institutions involved in fisheries-related initiatives. These findings characterize the perceptions and self-reported experiences of surveyed fishers and should not be interpreted as evidence of ecological sustainability, actual behavioural compliance, educational effectiveness, or governance performance. The contribution of the study lies in systematically documenting the resource-user perspective as a component of the social dimension of the fishery. This information provides a descriptive baseline that can complement future ecological, behavioural, institutional, and longitudinal assessments of small-scale fisheries in coastal lagoon systems. Full article

The Ifrane National Park (INP), situated in the Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco, is renowned for its unique bioecological attributes and rich biodiversity. The park provides key ecosystem services, notably climate regulation, with its Atlas cedar forests serving as an important carbon reservoir. Despite its importance, the park faces challenges associated with Land Use Land Cover Changes (LULCCs). These dynamics, driven by population settlement in mountain areas, intensify pressure on forest resources and accelerate the conversion of rangelands into croplands. Our study aims to examine the carbon sequestration service (CSS) in INP and its changes in response to land use dynamics before and after the park’s creation. We first use Google Earth Engine platform to map Land Use Land Cover (LULC) over three decades (1992/2022). Then, we quantify and map CSS using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST 3.10.2) model. Finally, we assess the economic value of this service over time using the social cost of carbon, adjusted by an appropriate discount rate. Our findings show that CSS declined by −217,738.4 tC/year (1992–2002) and −177,903.2 tC/year (2002–2012) prior to the park’s establishment, before rising to +61,786.8 tC/year during 2012–2022, following the park’s establishment and subsequent forest restoration, increasing its economic value from a net loss to +12,340,544 USD/year. By addressing a significant knowledge gap regarding CSS dynamics and economic value within a protected area, this study highlights the effectiveness of conservation measures and offers a practical tool for managers to inform decision makers, promote conservation and restoration investments, and engage local communities in sustainable development initiatives. Full article

The construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port (FTP) is guided by the core philosophy of “ecological priority and green development.” To meet the practical requirements of building a “Green and Beautiful FTP,” this study constructed a kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (kNDVI) dataset using Landsat series satellite imagery. By integrating methods including the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test, Hurst exponent, and coefficient of variation (CV), an in-depth analysis was conducted on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and trends of growing-season vegetation in Hainan Island from 1994 to 2023. Additionally, the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpretation method were employed to quantitatively unravel the driving mechanisms of climatic factors and human activities on kNDVI variations. The results indicate that: (1) Over the past three decades, the overall kNDVI of Hainan Island has exhibited a significant upward trend, characterized spatially by an evolution pattern of “stable recovery in the central region and localized degradation along the coast.” (2) The vegetation evolution demonstrates strong persistence and is highly consistent with community stability. The high stability in the central mountainous areas stems from a superior natural background and strict ecological protection; the transition zone is jointly influenced by vegetation types and anthropogenic management; meanwhile the coastal areas exhibit significant degradation characteristics driven by high-intensity human disturbances. (3) The analysis of driving mechanisms reveals a complex control logic of “topographical foundation—human reshaping—extreme climate triggering.” Static topographical factors, such as elevation and slope, occupy an absolute dominant position; human activities, represented by rubber plantation expansion and urbanization, exert a bidirectional reshaping effect characterized by “inland greening and coastal suppression”; furthermore, extreme drought and high temperatures in the later stages of the study demonstrated a significant pulse-like impact, exacerbating the risks of short-term climatic stress. This study clarifies the core patterns of vegetation evolution in Hainan Island, validates the effectiveness of ecological policies, and provides a quantitative scientific basis for ecological conservation and sustainable development in tropical island regions. Full article

Sandy littorals are highly dynamic coastal ecosystems but remain poorly studied as wintering habitats for waterbirds in Mediterranean regions. We analysed mid-winter International Waterbird Census data collected along the 100 km sandy littoral of the province of Venice, northern Adriatic Sea (Italy), between 1994 and 2022. The dataset included 28 winter censuses, 70 species, and 150,083 individuals. The assemblage was rich but highly uneven: the Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis, Dunlin Calidris alpina, Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, and Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo accounted for most individuals. Total abundance was stable, despite strong interannual variability, whereas species richness increased significantly. Eco-functional guilds showed contrasting trends: benthic feeders and diving piscivores increased moderately, omnivores declined moderately, whereas the trends of the remaining four guilds were classified as uncertain. The Community Temperature Index did not show a significant directional trend, either for the whole assemblage or after excluding dominant species, suggesting that the observed changes cannot be interpreted as progressive thermophilisation. Overall, the Venetian sandy littoral supports a diverse and functionally heterogeneous wintering bird assemblage, whose long-term changes reflect shifts in community structure and the changing use of open-coast, nearshore, and artificial roosting habitats. The results provide a long-term evidence base for identifying conservation-relevant shoreline sectors, protecting feeding and high-tide roosting habitats, regulating disturbance and beach-management practices, and maintaining continued IWC monitoring of open-coast waterbird assemblages. Full article