Search Results (150)

Background/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic eating disorder with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric conditions. Malnutrition and starvation lead to long-term impairments in metabolic processes, hormonal regulation, and immune function, offering potential diagnostic and prognostic value. This study aimed to identify immune–metabolic–hormonal markers associated with treatment response and nutritional rehabilitation. Methods: Fifty hospitalized female patients with AN were included. Anthropometric measurements and venous blood samples were collected at admission and discharge, following partial nutritional recovery. Blood analyses included complete blood count, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, triglycerides, glucose, NT-pro-BNP, TSH, free thyroxine (fT4), sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, iron, and vitamin D. Composite immune-inflammatory indices calculated were neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR); neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein (NHR), monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein (MHR), platelet-to-high-density lipoprotein (PHR) and lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein (LHR) ratios; systemic immune-inflammation (SII), and systemic inflammation response (SIRI) indexes. Results: Responders (R) and non-responders (NR) differed significantly at baseline in levels of sodium, chloride, fT4, monocyte count, MCV, NLR, MLR, SII, and SIRI (all: R < NR; p < 0.05). Predictive ability for treatment response was confirmed by AUC values (95%CI): sodium = 0.791 (0.622–0.960), chloride = 0.820 (0.690–0.950), fT4 = 0.781 (0.591–0.972), monocytes = 0.785 (0.643–0.927), MCV = 0.721 (0.549–0.892), NLR = 0.745 (0.578–0.913), MLR = 0.785 (0.643–0.927), SII = 0.736 (0.562–0.911), SIRI = 0.803 (0.671–0.935). The lower levels of inflammation and chloride are particularly predictive of better nutritional recovery, accounting for 26% of the variability in treatment response. Conclusions: The study demonstrated important insights into the hematological, metabolic, hormonal, and immune-inflammatory mechanisms associated with nutritional recovery in AN. Full article

Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered an important risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent studies have revealed high mortality in ACS patients with low LDL-C levels. However, the association between spontaneously very low LDL-C levels and the prognosis in ACS remains unknown. Methods: A total of 1882 consecutive statin-null ACS patients were analyzed and categorized into four groups according to their on-admission LDL-C level: very low <70 mg/dL, low 70–99 mg/dL, high 100–129 mg/dL, and very high ≥130 mg/dL. In-hospital mortality and 3-year mortality were assessed. Among them, 1009 patients were further grouped according to the hs-CRP value (<2 mg/L and ≥2 mg/L). Results: Over one-third of the patients had an initially lower LDL-C concentration. Higher in-hospital mortality (9.7%, 4.5%, 2.7%, and 3.5%, p = 0.001), long-term mortality (20.8%, 13.1%, 8.0%, and 7.8%, p < 0.001), and lower survival rate (KM: HR = 3.15, 95% CI 1.40–7.12, p < 0.001; Cox: HR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.36) were observed in the very low LDL-C group compared with other groups. Patients in the low LDL-C high CRP subgroup had the worst prognosis compared with other subgroups (in-hospital: 7.7%, 1.2%, 0.5%, and 4.3%, p = 0.031; long-term: 15.5%, 1.2%, 2.6%, and 9.4%, p = 0.018). Lower LDL-C levels were accompanied by higher CRP levels (p = 0.003). The CRP–LDL-C ratio had good predictive ability on short-term and long-term outcomes (AUC: 0.630 and 0.738). Conclusions: Spontaneously very low LDL-C level was independently associated with poor long-term survival in patients with ACS. Lower LDL-C level was related to higher CRP level, while the CRP–LDL-C ratio may be a potential risk prediction factor. Full article

An excessively high serum cholesterol (CHOL) level in humans can easily lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension and coronary heart disease. In this study, a CHOL-lowering bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans YS01, was isolated from healthy human intestinal microbiota and identified via average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The cells of YS01 degraded 74.00% of CHOL within 5 d, which decreased from the initial 1.00 g/L to 0.26 g/L. And its extracellular crude enzymes achieved equivalent efficiency within 24 h, which decreased from the initial 0.50 g/L to 0.13 g/L. The results indicated that YS01 indeed has a strong ability in the biodegradation of CHOL. Furthermore, the whole genome analysis of YS01 revealed that cholesterol oxidase and choloylglycine hydrolase encoded by gene choD and gene cbh, respectively, may play key roles in the conversion of CHOL. Cholest-4-ene-3-one was produced from CHOL through the catalysis by cholesterol oxidase, and choloylglycine hydrolase was also involved in another biodegradation pathway of CHOL. The results provide scientific insights into the mechanisms of biodegrading CHOL using C. cellulans YS01 and lay a solid foundation for the development of new CHOL-lowering strategies based on microbial therapy. Full article

Objectives: The ability to efficiently regulate body temperature is crucial during endurance activities such as trail running, especially during competitive events in hot conditions. Over the past decade, passive hyperthermia exposure has grown significantly in popularity as a means of improving acclimatization and performance in hot environments. The present study aims to compare the physiological changes that occur in a group of professional athletes due to passive sauna exposure (80–90 °C) and their own response to maximal aerobic performance. Methods: Twelve professional trail runners (eight men and four women) were tested in three conditions: (i) baseline; (ii) before; and (iii) after (a) passive dry sauna exposure and (b) a maximal endurance test. In both cases, physiological parameters such as heart rate, tympanic temperature, arterial and muscle oxygen saturation, and blood concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and hemoglobin were measured. Results: Sauna exposure produced similar trends in cardiovascular and metabolic responses to those occurring during exercise, but at a much lower physiological level. Glucose and HDL levels were both significantly elevated (or tended to be so) after sauna and exercise (p < 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively). Athletes who mobilized the sum of substrates (glucose and HDL) performed the exercise test faster (r = −0.76; p < 0.004). The response of arterial oxygen saturation (decreased) was similar during sauna and exercise, but opposite at the muscular level (increased during sauna and decreased during exercise). Additionally, inter-individual variability in responses was noted for most of the other parameters, suggesting the existence of ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’ to thermal stimuli. Conclusions: The physiological responses of trained endurance athletes are moderately impacted by passive sauna use. However, individual changes could be correlated with endurance performance and optimizing individualization. Heat stimuli promote different physiological responses in terms of cardiac function, oxygen kinetics and substrate mobilization, albeit to a lesser extent than exercise. Greater substrate mobilization during maximal endurance exercise was found to be correlated with better performance. Further studies are needed to explore the concepts of metabolic flexibility, as described here, and how heat exposure may improve systemic health and performance. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia, accompanied by vascular inflammation, leads to the premature initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, and both are considered nowadays as well-established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. For several years, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9is), drugs that reduce the degradation of the receptors for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLRs), have appeared to be a very efficient lipid-lowering therapy among patients with complications resulting from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Previous studies showed that drugs used to fight hypercholesterolemia (predominantly statins) have significant pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects. To date, data on the potential impact of PCSK9 inhibitors, especially inclisiran, on the course of inflammation is still lacking. Therefore, we conceived a study to evaluate the effects of inclisiran on the markers of subclinical inflammation (e.g., pentraxin 3 (PTX3), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L)) and compared their magnitude in patients at high CV risk, with and without established heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). Methods: A total of 24 patients at high cardiovascular risk, according to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, with or without concomitant HeFH diagnosed using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria, were enrolled in this study. Lipid concentrations and levels of subclinical inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis were measured at the beginning and after 3 months of therapy. Results: After three months of therapy with inclisiran, a statistically significant reduction included total cholesterol (TC): study group 1: from 287.6 ± 94.15 to 215.2 ± 89.08 [mg/dL], p = 0.022 and study group 2: from 211.71 ± 52.72 to 147.64 ± 55.44 [mg/dL], p < 0.001, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c): study group 1: from 180.79 ± 73.33 to 114.65 ± 71.54 [mg/dL], p = 0.031 and study group 2: from 129.62 ± 46.75 to 63.39 ± 43.6 [mg/dL], p < 0.001. Moreover significant drops were observed in concentrations of PTX3: study group 1: from 1336.33 ± 395.15 to 1121.75 ± 351.17 [pg/mL], p = 0.013 and study group 2: from 1610.76 ± 537.78 to 1376.92 ± 529.19 [pg/mL], p = 0.017), and IL-18: study group 1: from 11.89 (9.72–13.98) to 9.15 (8.62–10.06) [pg/mL], p = 0.005 and study group 2: from 11.58 (10.87–16.97) to 9.65 (8.43–10.95) [pg/mL], p = 0.003). There were no significant changes in the levels of sCD40L. Conclusions: This study confirmed the ability of inclisiran to reduce LDL-c levels in patients at high cardiovascular risk just after one dose of the drug. Furthermore, it appeared that beyond its lipid-lowering effect, the drug may also affect some inflammatory processes involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the Naples Prognostic Score (NPS), a composite index of inflammation and nutrition markers, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to assess its role in predicting survival across clinical subgroups. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 250 patients diagnosed with NSCLC between 2018 and 2023. Patients were categorized into low (≤2) and high (>2) NPS groups based on the scoring system derived from neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR), serum albumin, and total cholesterol levels. Survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves, log-rank tests, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the discriminatory ability of NPS. Results: Patients with high NPS (>2) had significantly lower overall survival (median OS: 10.4 vs. 18.2 months, p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (median PFS: 7.3 vs. 12.5 months, p < 0.001) than those with low NPS. High NPS was found to be an independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.42–2.76, p < 0.001). ROC analysis showed an AUC of 0.78 for NPS in predicting survival. Subgroup analyses demonstrated the consistent prognostic impact of high NPS across histological subtypes, TNM stages, smoking status, albumin levels, and age groups. Conclusions: NPS is an independent and practical prognostic tool in NSCLC. Its use may enhance risk stratification and support personalized treatment planning, particularly in advanced-stage patients. Full article

Background/Objectives: Disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism can easily lead to metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus, with multiple complications. This study evaluated the regulatory effect of purple-grain wheat on glycolipid metabolism. Methods: In this study, we established a hyperlipidemic mouse model by means of a high-fat diet and a type 2 diabetic mouse model using a high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin, and the mice were intervened with 15 g/(kg·d), 7.5 g/(kg·d), and 3.75 g/(kg·d) doses of purple-grain wheat paste (PWP) for 4 and 5 weeks, respectively. Results: The results revealed that PWP reversed the increase in body weight; increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and decreased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. In addition, PWP reversed the decrease in body weight and alleviated the sustained increase in blood glucose in type 2 diabetic mice. Conclusions: PWP shows a significant ability to regulate glycolipid levels, which is related to its functional composition and its ability to act as a prebiotic. In conclusion, PWP can be considered a potential functional food for lowering blood glucose and blood lipids. Full article

Objectives: Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs), particularly intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), present a challenge for their potential malignancy. Despite promising biomarkers like CEA, amylase, and glucose, our study investigates whether metabolic indices in blood and cystic fluids (CFs), in addition to lymphocyte subsets and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), can effectively differentiate between high- and low-risk PCNs. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients (11 males, mean age 69.5 ± 9 years) undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration were consecutively enrolled. Analyses included blood, serum, and CF, assessing glucose, CEA, cholesterol (total, HDL, and LDL), and total proteins. Flow cytometry examined immunophenotyping in peripheral blood and cystic fluids. Mass spectrometry was used for the metabolomic analysis of CF. Sensitivity, specificity, and ROC analyses evaluated discriminatory power. Results: A total of 25 out of 26 patients had IPMN. Patients were categorized as low or high risk based on multidisciplinary evaluation of clinical, radiological, and endoscopic data. High-risk patients showed lower CF total proteins and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.005 and p = 0.031), with a marked reduction in CF lymphocytes (p = 0.005). HSCPs were absent in CF. In blood, high-risk patients showed increased non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.019). The metabolomic analysis revealed significantly reduced middle and long-chain acyl carnitines (AcCa) and tryptophan metabolites in high-risk patients. ROC curves indicated comparable discriminant abilities for CF lymphocytes (AUC 0.868), CF total proteins (AUC 0.859), and CF LDL cholesterol (AUC 0.795). The highest performance was achieved by the AcCa 14:2 and 16:0 (AUC: 0.9221 and 0.8857, respectively). Conclusions: CF levels of glucose, CEA, LDL cholesterol, and total proteins together with lymphocyte counts are easy translational biomarkers that may support risk stratification of PCNs in IPMN patients and might be endorsed by metabolomic analysis. Further studies are required for potential clinical integration. Full article

Cardiovascular risk is a clinical factor that represents the probability of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This risk is shaped by non-modifiable and modifiable factors, including dietary patterns, which are the main lifestyle factor influencing CVD. Dietary polysaccharides, integral to nutrition, have varying effects on cardiovascular health depending on their type and source. They include starches, non-starch polysaccharides, and prebiotic fibers, categorized further into soluble and insoluble fibers. Soluble fibers, found in oats, legumes, and fruits, dissolve in water, forming gels that help lower serum cholesterol and modulate blood glucose levels. Insoluble fibers, present in whole grains and vegetables, aid in bowel regularity. The cardiovascular benefits of polysaccharides are linked to their ability to bind bile acids, reducing cholesterol levels, and the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbiota, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, not all polysaccharides are beneficial; refined starches can lead to adverse metabolic effects, and chitosan to mixed effects on gut microbiota. This review examines the dualistic nature of polysaccharides, highlighting their beneficial roles in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and the potential adverse effects of specific types. Full article

The incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are constantly increasing. Among the main risk factors, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia, which are equally widespread pathological conditions, stand out. Current preventive strategies are based on physical activity and a healthy, balanced diet. Primary therapies, on the other hand, are based on the administration of hypoglycaemic and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Given the increasing consumer demand for food products with healthy properties, functional beverages may represent a breakthrough in this field. Through a careful analysis of studies conducted over the past seven years, it has emerged that herbal teas, fruit and vegetable drinks, as well as milk- and plant-based beverages, can mitigate these two critical CVD risk factors, often linked to the presence of specific polyphenols or fermentation processes. The selection of in vivo, in vitro and clinical trials revealed the ability of such drinks to reduce the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, as well as to decrease circulating lipid levels, properties that were surprisingly also exhibited by beverages derived from food waste. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the possibility of employing these drinks as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia in order to reduce two potential CVD risk factors. Full article

Background: Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is a vegetable with various therapeutic uses, one of which is its ability to prevent diabetes. The present study examined the insulin secretion effect related to the mechanism of action of ice plant extract (IPE) and its active compound D-pinitol in a rat insulin-secreting β-cell line, INS-1, as well as in diabetic rats. Methods: The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) test and Western blotting were used to measure GSIS. The glucose-stimulated index (GSI) and expression levels of insulin-related pathway factors, including insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), were measured in INS-1 cells. Results: The results showed that the GSI values were found to be 8.17 ± 0.22 and 12.21 ± 0.22 for IPE (25 μg/mL) and D-pinitol (100 μM), respectively. GSI values increased statistically significantly. In addition, IPE and D-pinitol upregulated the expression of insulin-related pathway factors. These findings indicate that insulin secretion was significantly stimulated by IPE and D-pinitol in the INS-1 cells, partly by upregulating the expression of IRS-2, PI3K, Akt, and PDX-1. Additionally, IPE administration significantly reduced excessive weight gain and improved glucose tolerance by decreasing the OGTT-AUC. It demonstrated liver-function-improving and lipid-lowering effects by reducing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, IPE enhances insulin signaling by increasing insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation and improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These results offer important new information on the potential of D-pinitol and IPE as functional foods for improving insulin secretion and managing metabolic dysregulation associated with diabetes. Full article

This research sought to assess the anti-obesity potential of Enterococcus faecalis EF-1. An extensive and robust in vitro methodology confirmed EF-1’s significant potential in combating obesity, probably due to its excellent gastrointestinal tract adaptability, cholesterol-lowering property, bile salt hydrolase activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, and fatty acid absorption ability. Moreover, EF-1 exhibited antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic strains, lacked hemolytic activity, and was sensitive to all antibiotics tested. To further investigate EF-1’s anti-obesity properties in vivo, a high-fat diet (HFD) was used to induce obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with EF-1 (2 × 10⁹ CFU/day) mitigated HFD-induced body weight gain, reduced adipose tissue weight, and preserved liver function. EF-1 also ameliorated obesity-associated microbiota imbalances, such as decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and boosting the levels of bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group), which are responsible for the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Concurrently, the levels of total SCFAs were elevated. Thus, following comprehensive safety and efficacy assessments in vitro and in vivo, our results demonstrate that E. faecalis EF-1 inhibits HFD-induced obesity through the regulation of gut microbiota and enhancing SCFA production. This strain appears to be a highly promising candidate for anti-obesity therapeutics or functional foods. Full article

The therapeutic benefit of the oral adsorbent drug AST-120 in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related to an indoxyl sulfate (IS)-lowering action. Diabetes and dyslipidemia might worsen kidney damage in CKD. However, it is not known whether AST-120 influences lipid abnormalities as well as renal function in patients with CKD and diabetes. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of AST-120 treatment in CKD using data from preclinical studies. Mixed-effect or random-effect models were used to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot and Egger’s test. The potential influence of some variables (the dose and duration of AST-120 treatment, the animal species, and the CKD model’s diabetic status) was evaluated in subgroup analyses. Treatment with AST-120 was associated with a significantly lower IS level in animals with CKD (SMD = −1.75; 95% CI = −2.00, −1.49; p < 0.001). Significant improvements in markers of renal function and the lipid profile were also observed. In subgroup analyses of the cholesterol level, the diabetic status, the AST-120 dose, and the animal species were found to be influential factors. AST-120 lowered serum IS and triglyceride levels and improved renal function in animal models of CKD independent of diabetes status. However, AST-120’s ability to lower the total cholesterol level was more prominent in animals with diabetic CKD. Full article

In this review, we provide an evidence-based approach to determine the cellular and systemic actions of two structurally similar flavonoids, apigenin and chrysin. We have clearly evaluated and charted the overlapping and diverging properties of these two sister flavonoids. Based on two separate Omics-based approaches by our group and independent reports from others, the cholesterol-lowering properties have been revealed. In addition, the prevention of uric acid biosynthesis and enhancement of ketogenesis have also been quite evident in these two flavonoids. Along with these overlapping functions, apigenin and chrysin have also demonstrated unique properties that allow them to stand out from each other. Chrysin has demonstrated abilities like downregulating alanine metabolism and pyrimidine synthesis, which could be helpful in metabolic diseases like cancer. In contrast, apigenin has demonstrated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by enhancing endogenous anti-inflammatory lipids and upregulating vasoprotective metabolites, which could be beneficial for cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular complications. Further validation studies using in vivo and translational approaches could provide us with better clarity regarding the use of these agents therapeutically and to treat a combination or pool of metabolic diseases. Full article

The study aimed to assess the impact of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the antioxidant, physico-chemical properties, and microbiological quality of fermented sausages. Five treatments of raw sausages were prepared: two controls without LAB addition (C, P), and three samples with LAB addition (SCH1, BAL6, KL14). Fatty acid composition, cholesterol content, physico-chemical, microbiological tests, and antioxidant assays, were performed at time 0 and after 1 and 2 months of storage. A significantly higher ability to scavenge free radicals of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was found in sausages with all LAB strains. In the case of the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) test, it was noted that KL14 treatment had higher antioxidant activity. The main fatty acids in sausages were monounsaturated and saturated. A significantly lower cholesterol content was observed in sausages with the addition of LAB. Sausages with LAB strains differed significantly in pH value. Water activity decreased significantly during storage. After 2 months of storage, the sausages with BAL6 and KL14 strains were characterized by significantly lower redox potential and a lower TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) index. It was found that P sausages had the darkest color. SCH1, BAL6, and KL14 strains were also capable of producing red color. The total number of microorganisms in the sausages was high, which is mainly due to the high LAB content and yeast and mold counts. No spoilage or pathogenic microflora were detected. Indigenous LAB strains have the potential to improve the quality and safety of fermented meat products. Full article