The study investigates the determination of selected fire properties of spruce wood, specifically the charring rate, using a modified testing method described and registered at the Industrial Property Office of the Slovak Republic PUV 50121-2020, uti...
Accurate modeling of the burning rate of char particles in particle-laden flows is essential. However, because of the strong inhomogeneity and nonlinearity of the process, accurately resolving the surface burning rate of char particles remains challe...
The use of adhesives and metal connectors is vital in engineered wood product (EWP) composition. However, the utilization of adhesives poses sustainability and recyclability challenges due to the emission of toxic gases. Similarly, metal fasteners ne...
The paper assesses the influence of the heat flux on spruce wood (Picea abies L.) behavior. The heat flux was performed at 15, 20, 25, and 30 kW·m−2. The fire-technical properties, such as the mass burning rate, charring thickness, charring rate, as...
Against the backdrop of escalating global carbon emissions, the steel industry urgently requires a transition toward green and low-carbon practices. As a conditionally carbon-neutral renewable energy source, biochar holds potential for replacing trad...
Gasification is considered a clean and effective way to convert low quality biomass to higher value gas and solve various waste utilization problems as well. However, only 80% of biomass is converted through thermal processes. The remaining part is c...
Research in historical timber assessment is hindered by the limited availability of samples, yet understanding the fire resistance of historic wood is crucial for preservation efforts. There is an opinion that historic wood behaves similarly to conte...
Waste polymers composed of carbonaceous compounds can be converted into gases and oils by pyrolysis. Although pyrolysis char is generated continuously in the pyrolysis process, its high ash content limits its industrial application. In the present st...
Polyimide-graphene composites were synthesized by in-situ condensation polymerization and the thermal stability and decomposition behavior of the composites were studied. Polyimides, because of their aromatic backbone, are a class of fire-retardant p...
Fire exposure of timber leads to charring, surface cracking and timber burnout, shifting the external thermal load deeper into the timber domain. This phenomenon plays its role mainly in situations of longer fire exposure. The majority of current app...
Historic timber buildings rely heavily on naturally aged wood. However, the influence of long-term environmental exposure on the thermal behavior and fire performance of such structural members remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates...
Common building products, i.e., thin brick and stone veneer, add the look of brick walls or the enduring charm of natural stones into buildings and houses without imposing a substantial increase in structural load. This study investigates the mechani...
This study evaluates selected flame retardants on the basis of their influence on the change of fire-technical parameters of soft and hard woods (spruce and oak) during exposure to a flame heat source. The parameters evaluated were mass loss, mass lo...
Dou-Gong brackets, the distinctive structural element in ancient Chinese architecture, fulfill critical roles in load transfer, span reduction, and decoration, making its preservation vital for safeguarding wooden heritage buildings. This study inves...
This study presents a comparative analysis of the adsorption behavior of three industrial ionic dyes—Indigo Carmine (IC), Congo Red (CR), and Evans Blue (EB)—using two adsorbent materials with distinct physicochemical and textural propert...
Flame-retardant coatings have drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, an inorganic sodium silicate-based intumescent flame-resistance coating with an excellent flameproof properties is developed by mainly utilizing sodium silicate as the...
Hybrid structures known as timber–steel composites (TSCs) have been extensively studied due to their potential use as alternative construction materials that can satisfy demands related to sustainability. In addition to load capacity, fire resi...
This review article critically examines the fire performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT), a key structural material for sustainable construction, by synthesising recent advancements in both experimental and numerical research. It identifies a cri...
Historic timber combines structural function with heritage value, yet its fire behaviour is inferred from contemporary wood data. This study provides an integrated, condition-based assessment of contemporary oak (Quercus robur L.) and historic oak fr...
To increase the carbon conversion of char in gasification, this paper aimed to reveal the gasification behaviours of char residues. Char residues with different ash contents in this work were prepared from Shenmu char and Tejing char. Those char resi...
The synergistic charring, flame-retardant behavior of the macromolecular charring agents polyimide (PI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were studied in glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66). This kind of synergistic charring effect is explained...
In this work, the influence of KCl concentration on the gasification characteristics of lignite coal char between 800–1100 °C is studied through the experiments of temperature programmed gasification and isothermal gasification using a ther...
In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in char production from lignocellulosic biomass due to the fact of char’s interesting technological properties. Global char production in 2019 reached 53.6 million tons. Barks are among the mo...
Sustainable use of croplands is facing a challenge to maintain organic carbon (C) in soil. Pyrolyzed coal or coal char (CC) is a porous C material produced from the pyrolysis of coal containing high organic C, large surface area, and low bulk density...
The processes of char fragmentation, including mineral partitioning and particulate matter (PM) formation during dense and porous char combustion, were observed by a site percolation model. This model simulated the diffusion-controlled regime of char...
Yields of carbonaceous char with a high surface area were enhanced by decreasing the temperature to improve the conversion of hazardous plastic polypropylene (PP), the major component in abundantly used isolation gowns. This study applied pyrolysis w...
The reaction models employed in the kinetic studies of biomass pyrolysis generally do not include the secondary charring reactions. The aim of this work is to propose an applicable kinetic model to characterize the pyrolysis mechanism of medium densi...
Biomass, composed of natural polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, can be converted into circular chemical feedstocks through thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis. Char conversion is the rate-limiting step in the thermo...
The present study investigates the potential of waste tires to produce a valuable adsorbent material for application in wastewater treatment. In the first stage, the pyrolysis of ground rubber tire was explored using non-isothermal and isothermal the...
A study was conducted to investigate the parameter that has influence on steam gasification kinetics between the biomass type and char preparation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on steam gasification of seven biomass samples as wel...
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine–formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of...
A biomass waste, rice husk, was inspected by thermoanalytical investigation to evaluate its capability as an adsorbent medium for tar removal. The pyrolysis process has been applied to the rice husk material at different temperatures 600, 800 and 100...
Rapeseed oil press cake (RPC) is an abundantly available and renewable agricultural waste material for the production of fuels or chemicals. In this study, the rates of carbon dioxide gasification of rapeseed oil press cake char were measured by ther...
Previous studies have successfully assessed the extent to which a kinetic model accurately represents a specific reaction mechanism by comparing the kinetic parameters derived from the kinetic model to those obtained using isoconversional methods. Ho...
Polyamide 6 is an important engineering thermoplastic; however, its practical use is often constrained by its high flammability. Although aluminum diethylphosphinate is widely employed as a flame retardant for polyamide 6, its relatively slow char-fo...
Carbon emissions accelerate global warming and climate change, prompting the global development of strategies for carbon reduction. Wood, with its excellent carbon storage capacity, is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material. One cubic me...
Mass timber elements such as glued laminated timber (Glulam) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) have become increasingly prominent in sustainable construction due to their structural efficiency and reduced environmental impact. However, fire performanc...
In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was fabricated by the introduction of chitin as a green charring agent, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the acid source, and melamine (MEL) as the gas source. The obtained chitin-based IF...
Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the combustion characteristics of flax shives, beech wood, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and their chars. The chars were prepared from raw materials in a fixed-bed reactor at 850 °C. In t...
The present work focuses on the quality of char and primary tar produced from fast pyrolysis in N2 and CO2 of lignocellulosic biomasses: walnut shells (lignin-rich), straw (hemicellulose-rich) and pinewood (cellulose-rich). Heat treatments are carrie...
Improving the residual char of polypropylene (PP) is difficult due to the preferential complete combustion. Here, we designed a combination catalyst that not only provides physical barrier effects, but also dramatically promotes catalytic charring ac...
This study investigated the effect of replacing N2 with CO2 on the pyrolysis behavior, char structure evolution, and kinetics of Fushun (FS) and Changji (CJ) oil shales. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric experiments were conducted at 5, 10, 20, and 40...
In the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the impact of pyrolysis temperature on the outcome yields of waste coconut shells in a fixed bed reactor under varying conditions of pyrolysis temperature, from 400 to...
Fixed-bed pyrolysis of torrefied spruce wood, for a heating temperature of 800 K, results in char yields between about 27–57 wt% (versus 23 wt% for untreated wood), depending on both pre-treatment temperatures (533–583 K) and holding time...
As one of the most promising ablative fillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been used to improve the ablative resistance of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer (EPDM) insulators by facilitating the carbothermal reduction react...
In this study, numerical simulations of coupled solid-phase reactions (pyrolysis) and gas-phase reaction (combustion) were conducted. During a fire, both charring and non-charring materials undergo a pyrolysis as well as a combustion reaction. A thre...
This paper details the characterisation of char obtained by high-temperature pyrolysis of waste macadamia shell biomass and its application as carbon source in iron-carbon alloy production. The obtained char was characterised by ultimate and proximat...
In this study, we evaluate a phosphorus-based fire retardant (HR Prof) on Norway spruce using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA: TG/DTG/DSC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and bench-scale mass-loss measurements. Relative...
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is produced by the thermal decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen (O). PyC affects nutrient availability, may enhance post-fire nitrogen (N) mineralization rates, and can be a significant carbon (C) pool in fi...
The effect of oxygen-enriched air on low-rank coal char combustion was experimentally investigated. In this work, a coal-heating reactor equipped with a platinum wire mesh in the reaction chamber was used to analyze the combustion temperature, reacti...
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