Search Results (58)

Background/Objectives: Specific pharmacological osteoporosis therapy (SPOT) is regarded as a key intervention to reduce fracture risk and improve musculoskeletal function. Real-life data, particularly regarding functional muscular outcomes and pain trajectories, remain limited. This study aimed to longitudinally analyze bone mineral density, laboratory parameters, handgrip strength, functional performance, and pain symptoms under guideline-based SPOT. Methods: In this monocentric prospective real-life observational study, 178 patients (80.9% women; median age 82 years) with confirmed osteoporosis were followed for a median of four years. All patients received guideline-recommended antiresorptive or osteoanabolic therapy. Analyses included T-scores, 25(OH)D, calcium, handgrip strength, Chair Rise Test (CRT), tandem stance (TS), pain parameters, alkaline phosphatase (AP), HbA1c, fractures, comorbidities, and body mass index (BMI). Time-dependent changes were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Bone mineral density improved highly significantly (ΔT-score ≈ +0.45 SD; p < 0.001), with no differences between therapy groups (antiresorptive vs. osteoanabolic) or BMI categories. Serum 25(OH)D levels increased markedly (Δ ≈ +20 nmol/L; p < 0.001), while calcium levels showed a small but highly significant decrease (Δ ≈ −0.047 mmol/L; p < 0.001), particularly under antiresorptive treatment. Dominant (Δ ≈ −1.95 kg; p < 0.001) and non-dominant handgrip strength (Δ ≈ −0.83 kg; p = 0.046) decreased significantly. In contrast, functional performance improved significantly: CRT time decreased by ~1 s (p = 0.004), and TS time increased by ~1 s (p = 0.007). Back pain decreased highly significantly (Δ ≈ −1.5 NRS; p < 0.001), while pain-free walking time (Δ ≈ +38 min; p = 0.031) and pain-free standing time (Δ ≈ +31 min; p = 0.038) both increased significantly. AP levels decreased significantly (p = 0.003), particularly among normal-weight patients. HbA1c changes were not significant. Overall, 73% of patients had at least one major osteoporotic fracture. Conclusions: In this real-life cohort, guideline-based specific pharmacological osteoporosis therapy was associated with significant improvements in bone mineral density, vitamin D status, functional performance, and pain-related outcomes. Despite a moderate decline in handgrip strength, balance- and mobility-related functional parameters improved, suggesting preserved or even enhanced functional capacity in daily life. These findings provide real-world evidence on the associations between SPOT, laboratory parameters, functional performance, and pain outcomes in a very elderly and multimorbid population. Full article

Background/Objectives: Patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) are at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures due to long-term oral corticosteroid use and disease-related muscle weakness. FRAX^® estimates 10-year fracture probability but does not incorporate falls or MG-specific functional impairment. To explore heterogeneity of fracture occurrence within MG patients classified as high risk by FRAX major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) probability. Methods: In a single-center retrospective cohort of 68 MG patients assessed in 2012, FRAX MOF with femoral neck BMD was calculable in 54 patients; the 29 patients with FRAX MOF ≥ 9.0% (the median of these 54 patients) comprised the high-FRAX cohort. Patients were stratified by the cohort medians of age (67 years) and MG-ADL (2 points) into four strata (HH, HL, LH, LL). This median-based stratification was exploratory and not intended as a clinically meaningful threshold. The primary outcome was time to first MOF (up to 10 years). We compared fracture occurrence using both proportions and Kaplan–Meier analyses (log-rank test) and performed exploratory univariable Cox models for selected predictors. No multivariable confounder adjustment was performed. Results: Eight of twenty-nine patients (27.6%) experienced an MOF. The proportions with MOF were HH 25.0%, HL 40.0%, LH 57.1%, and LL 0.0% (global p = 0.068). Kaplan–Meier curves differed across strata (log-rank p = 0.03), with separation most evident between LH and LL. For univariable Cox analyses, age was associated with shorter time to MOF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13 per year, p = 0.041), and baseline difficulty rising from a chair (MG-ADL item) was associated with higher hazard rates (HR 3.45, p = 0.048). Conclusions: In this small, selected high-FRAX MG cohort, fracture events appeared to cluster in patients with impaired ADL and fall-related MG-ADL abnormalities, whereas FRAX values remained strongly age-driven. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of FRAX miscalibration; confirmation in larger, prospectively followed cohorts is needed. Full article

This study employs a mixed-methods approach to investigate the current use and evolving needs of dormitory environments through a cross-analysis of existing research and user experience. A two-phased PRISMA-guided systematic literature review for both global and China-based content was conducted, which was then linked to an examination of eight high-density dormitory spaces in Shanghai. The case studies were analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods, incorporating both spatial analysis and netnography to provide a comprehensive understanding of dormitory use. The cross-analysis highlights a persistent design–use gap: efficiency-driven layouts underdeliver on privacy and comfort, prompting compensatory user modifications. Findings also reveal that most rooms fell below suggested standards; circulation was mainly limited to a single central aisle with no entrance buffer, constraining flexibility and privacy. Students responded to these limitations with small-scale personalization, such as bed curtains, mattress toppers, chair swaps, lighting, and storage hacks, to mitigate acoustic/visual exposure and comfort deficits. With the rising demand for dormitories and based on these insights, we identified three critical dimensions for future dormitory design: privacy, equity, and personalization. These findings underscore that current designs fail to fully satisfy even basic functional requirements, making it essential to develop strategies that respond to evolving needs and integrate considerations of well-being, comfort, and user autonomy. Full article

Background and Objectives: The interplay between motor tasks and cognition in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) remains insufficiently characterised. We hypothesised that prefrontal-mediated cognitive functions could contribute to motor impairments in older adults with AD. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre (NACC) were analysed. Our sample included older adults (≥60 years) with a baseline diagnosis of AD. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part-III was used to assess the presence or absence of motor signs. Episodic memory, language, confrontation naming, attention, processing speed, and executive function were assessed using a neuropsychological battery. Binary logistic models examined the relationship between cognitive performance and motor manifestations. Results: Of 44,713 NACC participants, 5124 individuals with complete covariate data were included in the analysis, 1339 with and 3785 without motor signs. Participants were predominantly female (~55%), with an average age of 76.5 ± 7.9 years and mean education of 14.2 ± 3.7 years. The presence of motor manifestations was related to slower processing speed (Trail Making Test—Part A) and impaired executive function (Trail Making Test—Part B). No covariate modified these associations. Among specific motor domains, impaired chair rise was related to executive dysfunction, whereas postural instability, impaired posture–gait, and bradykinesia were related to slower mental processing. Hypophonia, masked facies, resting tremor, action–postural tremor and rigidity were not associated with any cognitive measure. Conclusions: Processing speed and, to a lesser extent, executive function emerged as the main cognitive functions associated with motor manifestations in older adults with AD. Further research is needed to clarify the nature of this association, including potential causal pathways. Full article

Background/Objectives: The external validity of sarcopenia screening questionnaires in the elderly has been examined in several conditions but rarely evaluated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to determine the performance of five Thai versions of sarcopenia screening questionnaires (SARC-F [Strength, Assistance with walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls], SARC-CalF [SARC-F plus calf circumference], MSRA [Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment]-7, MSRA-5, and modified MSRA-5 questionnaires) in Thai RA patients, and evaluate the correlations among these instruments. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, consecutive adult RA patients (aged ≥20 years) from an outpatient rheumatology clinic completed the five sarcopenia screening questionnaires listed above. Sarcopenia was defined according to criteria of the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). Appendicular skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, a hand dynamometer, and a 6 m gait speed test, respectively. The cut-off values used for each sarcopenia screening questionnaire were pre-specified according to their respective established thresholds. Results: Of 299 RA patients (89.0% female, mean age of 61.3 ± 11.6 years, median [interquartile range] disease duration of 12.8 [8.2, 20.0] years), 37.5% and 27.4% of them had sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia, respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the SARC-F, SARC-CalF, MSRA-7, MSRA-5, and modified MSRA-5 questionnaires were 0.60, 0.74, 0.65, 0.62, and 0.65, respectively, with sensitivities of 34.8%, 73.2%, 77.7%, 68.8%, and 72.3% and specificities of 84.5%, 75.4%, 51.3%, 55.1%, and 58.3%, respectively. SARC-F demonstrated moderate correlations with the other questionnaires: SARC-CalF (r = 0.57), MSRA-7 (r = −0.52), MSRA-5 (r = −0.55), and modified MSRA-5 (r = −0.65), all with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusions: Sarcopenia is common among Thai RA patients. SARC-CalF had the best balance of sensitivity and specificity and is likely the most suitable sarcopenia screening questionnaire for Thai RA patients. Full article

The LRRK2+ SAA− cohort of Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by the absence of hallmark α-synuclein pathology, remains under-explored. This limits opportunities for early detection and targeted intervention. This study analyzes data from this under-characterized subgroup and compares it with the LRRK2+ SAA+ cohort using longitudinal data from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). The PPMI dataset includes 115 LRRK2+ patients (70 SAA+, 45 SAA−) across 52 features encompassing clinical assessments, cognitive scores, DaTScan SPECT imaging, and motor severity. DaTScan binding ratios were selected as imaging-based indicators of early dopaminergic loss, while NP3TOT (MDS-UPDRS Part III total score) was used as a gold-standard clinical measure of motor symptom severity. Linear mixed-effects models were then applied to evaluate longitudinal predictors of DaTScan decline and NP3TOT progression, and statistical analyses of group comparisons revealed distinct drivers of symptoms differentiating SAA− from SAA+ patients. In SAA− patients, a decline in DaTScan was significantly associated with thermoregulatory impairment (p-value = 0.019), while NP3TOT progression was predicted by constipation (p-value = 0.030), sleep disturbances (p-value = 0.046), and longitudinal time effects (p-value = 0.043). In contrast, SAA+ patients showed significantly lower DaTScan values compared to SAA− (p-value = 0.0004) and stronger coupling with classical motor impairments, including freezing of gait (p-value = 0.016), rising from a chair (p-value = 0.007), and turning in bed (p-value = 0.016), along with cognitive decline (MoCA clock-hands test, p-value = 0.037). These findings support the hypothesis that LRRK2+ SAA− patients follow a distinct pathophysiological course, where progression is influenced more by autonomic and non-motor symptoms than by typical motor dysfunction. This study establishes a robust, multimodal modeling framework for examining heterogeneity in genetic PD and highlights the utility of combining DaTScan, NP3TOT, and symptom-specific features for early subtype differentiation. These findings have direct clinical implications, as stratifying LRRK2 carriers by SAA status may enhance patient monitoring, improve prognostic accuracy, and guide the design of targeted clinical trials for disease-modifying therapies. Full article

Existing clinical assessments of Parkinson’s disease (PD) primarily focus on stratifying symptom severity or progression rate, which limits their ability to capture changes in functional mobility—an important factor in evaluating rehabilitation outcomes. To address this gap, we developed a novel methodology, the Functional Mobility Assessment for Parkinson’s (FMA-P), which integrates motion capture and pressure-sensitive gait analysis to explore key aspects of functional mobility. Study 1. To develop the FMA-P, we conducted a pilot study involving 12 individuals with PD and 12 age-matched healthy controls, who each completed the FMA-P sequence three times. The sequence included the following tasks: rising from a chair, walking through a doorway, turning, bending to pick up and place an object, and returning to a seated position. Results from Study 1 demonstrated that the FMA-P is a sensitive tool for identifying functional impairments in PD. In particular, significant differences between people with Parkinson’s (PwP) and controls were observed during chair rise (higher peak trunk inclination, p = 0.006; lower mean trunk jerk, p = 0.003) and turning task (longer task duration, p = 0.026 and lower mean heel strike angle, p = 0.007), providing critical insights into postural stability. Study 2. To assess changes in functional mobility over time, we conducted a 12-week repeated-measures intervention study with 12 participants with PD. Results from Study 2 indicated notable improvements in turning stability and balance. Participants demonstrated reduced turning time (p = 0.006) and increased yaw rotation in the head (p = 0.001), trunk (p = 0.002), and pelvis (p = 0.012). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in standard clinical measures (i.e., Timed Up and Go and task duration). The FMA-P offers fine-grained insights into movement quality, making it a valuable tool for early diagnosis, monitoring intervention efficacy, and guiding rehabilitation strategies in individuals with PD. Full article

Prolonged sitting and the adoption of unhealthy sitting postures have been a common issue generally seen among many adults and the working population in recent years. This alone has contributed to the alarming rise of various health issues, such as musculoskeletal disorders and a range of long-term health conditions. Hence, this study proposes the development of a novel smart-sensing chair system designed to analyze and provide actionable insights to help encourage better postural habits and promote well-being. The proposed system was equipped with two 32 × 32 pressure sensor mats, which were integrated into an office chair to facilitate the collection of postural data. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on generalized datasets collected from multiple healthy participants to train machine learning models, this study adopts a user-tailored methodology—collecting data from a single individual to account for their unique physiological characteristics and musculoskeletal conditions. The dataset was trained using five different machine learning models—Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)—to classify 19 distinct sitting postures. Overall, CNN achieved the highest accuracy, with 98.29%. To facilitate user engagement and support long-term behavior change, we developed SitWell—an intelligent postural feedback platform comprising both mobile and web applications. The platform’s core features include sitting posture classification, posture duration analytics, and sitting quality assessment. Additionally, the platform integrates OpenAI’s GPT-4o Large Language Model (LLM) to deliver personalized insights and recommendations based on users’ historical posture data. Full article

We investigated associations between apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles and motor manifestations in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) capitalizing on National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center data: the baseline evaluations of older adults (≥60 years) with a diagnosis of AD were analyzed. Those with a concomitant diagnosis Parkinson’s disease or other parkinsonian syndrome, and those treated with anti-parkinsonian agents were excluded. Three APOE groups were formed: APOE2 (APOE2 carriers), APOE3 (APOE3/APOE3) and APOE4 (APOE4/APOE4, APOE4/APOE3). UPDRS-III was used to assess the presence or absence of motor signs in 9 domains. Adjusted binary logistic models featuring the three APOE groups as exposures and motor domains as outcomes were estimated. There were 389 individuals in the APOE2, 1799 in the APOE3 and 2791 in the APOE4 groups. Compared to the APOE2 group, individuals in the APOE4 group had lower odds of having at least one motor sign [0.64 (0.50–0.82)]. Among motor signs, rigidity [0.53 (0.34–0.81)], bradykinesia [0.56 (0.40–0.77)], impaired chair rise [0.54 (0.37–0.78)] and impaired posture-gait [0.54 (0.36, 0.81)] exhibited significant associations. Exploratory analyses featuring APOE genotypes suggested dose–response relationships for both APOE2 and APOE4. In conclusion, APOE2 confers a risk towards motor (mainly parkinsonian) signs in AD. APOE4 may have a protective effect. Full article

Introduction and Aim: Sarcopenia has emerged as a key prognostic factor in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), with potential implications for clinical decision-making. This study aimed to assess the association between sarcopenia and clinical outcomes, mortality, and amputation, using simple, accessible screening tools in a CLTI population. Methods: In this prospective, single-center study conducted between December 2023 and December 2024, 170 patients with CTLI were enrolled. Sarcopenia screening was performed using the SARC-F (strength, assistance in walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, falls) questionnaires, handgrip strength measurement, and calf circumference, adjusted for body mass index and sex. The primary outcome was 6-month all-cause mortality and/or major amputation. Results: Sarcopenia was identified in 77 patients (45.3%). Compared to non-sarcopenic individuals, sarcopenic patients were significantly older. They exhibited greater functional impairment, as well as poorer nutritional and muscle status. They also had significantly higher in-hospital mortality (16.9% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.002), 30-day mortality (24.7% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.001), and 6-month mortality (50.6% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.001). Sarcopenia was significantly associated with the primary outcome in univariate analysis (HR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.31–3.20; p = 0.002) and remained an independent predictor after multivariate adjustment (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.01–3.79; p = 0.048). Conclusions: Sarcopenia is a strong, independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with CLTI. Its detection through simple tools offers an easy and cost-effective strategy to improve risk stratification and guide early intervention through exercise-based therapy. Full article

Background: Prehabilitation programs improve postoperative outcomes in vulnerable patients undergoing major surgery. However, current screening tools such as the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) may lack the sensitivity needed to identify those who would benefit most. Muscle quality assessed by Computed Tomography (CT), specifically muscle radiodensity in Hounsfield Units (HUs), has emerged as a promising alternative for risk stratification. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic performance of CT-derived muscle radiodensity in predicting adverse postoperative outcomes in colorectal cancer patients, and to compare it with the performance of the MUST score. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study included 201 patients with non-metastatic colon cancer undergoing elective laparoscopic resection. Patients were stratified based on enrollment in a multimodal prehabilitation program, either within an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol or a non-ERAS pathway. Nutritional status was assessed using MUST, SARC-F questionnaire (strength, assistance with walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, and falls), and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. CT scans at the L3 level were analyzed using automated segmentation to extract muscle area and radiodensity. Postoperative complications and hospital stay were compared across nutritional screening tools and CT-derived metrics. Results: MUST shows limited sensitivity (<27%) for predicting complications and prolonged hospitalization. In contrast, CT-derived muscle radiodensity demonstrates higher discriminative power (AUC 0.62–0.69), especially using a 37 HU threshold. In the non-ERAS group, patients with HU ≤ 37 had significantly more complications (33% vs. 15%, p = 0.036), longer surgeries, and more severe events (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3). Conclusions: Opportunistic CT-based assessment of muscle radiodensity outperforms traditional screening tools in identifying patients at risk of poor postoperative outcomes, and may enhance patient selection for prehabilitation strategies like the ERAS program. Full article

Age-related declines in muscle mass, neuromuscular, and physical function can be mitigated by resistance training (RT). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3 PUFAs) supplementation has shown benefits in older adults. However, it remains unclear if combining Ω-3 PUFAs with RT is more effective than RT alone or with placebo. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Ω-3 PUFAs combined with RT compared to RT alone or placebo on muscle mass and function in healthy older adults (≥65 y). Databases such as PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched on 11 April 2024. No restriction on language or publication date was implemented. Mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and pooled effects were calculated. Nine studies (n = 286, 54% men) met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis found no significant effect of Ω-3 PUFAs on muscle mass or neuromuscular function but a large effect on chair-rise performance. Potential impact of Ω-3 PUFAs dose, duration, or sex were not observed. Most studies had varying levels of bias, and none met recommended quality standards for investigating Ω-3 PUFAs, but findings suggest no clear advantage of combining Ω-3 PUFAs with RT. Full article

Introduction: Regular physical activity (PA) has a beneficial effect on joint pain, stiffness, strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of PA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to identify potential barriers to this activity. Material and Methods: The study involved 132 patients with RA. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F), the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia (TSK), Strength, Ambulation, Rising from a chair, Stair climbing and history of Falling questionnaire (SARC-F) for sarcopenia assessment, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression. Basic socio-epidemiological data, disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS₂₈), duration of disease, and therapy information were retrieved from electronic patient records. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subpopulations of patients. Results: The study included 109 women (82.6%) and 23 men (17.4%). Low levels of PA were observed in 16 patients (12%), moderate levels in 70 patients (53%), and high levels in 42 patients (35%). Symptoms of pronounced fatigue were significantly associated with low PA (28.5 ± 11.3 vs. 37 ± 7 vs. 37 ± 10; p = 0.002). The risk of sarcopenia was significantly higher in RA patients with low PA (p = 0.05). Kinesiophobia was present in all three groups (65.2%). LCA identified two classes. In the first class, patients were more likely to be non-exercisers compared to the second class. Patients in the first class were characterized by a higher probability of being female, obese, with lower education levels. Patients in the first class had pronounced fatigue, kinesiophobia and more frequent symptoms of depression. The second class (65% of the total population) included patients who exercised moderately to frequently (93%) and were middle-aged. They were less obese, highly educated, employed, and majority of them achieved low disease activity or remission. In addition, they had lower risks for sarcopenia, depression, fatigue, and kinesiophobia. Conclusions: This study showed that RA patients with moderate and high levels of PA have better disease control, fewer symptoms of fatigue and depression, and a lower risk of sarcopenia. However, kinesiophobia was significantly present in all three groups, indicating a need for further promotion of this non-pharmacological treatment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Protein–energy wasting (PEW) and sarcopenia are common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients, leading to numerous complications and increased mortality. This study aimed to compare the reliability of the SARC-F (Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls) and the Malnutrition–Inflammation Score (MIS) in assessing sarcopenia and predicting negative outcomes in HD patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 109 HD patients. Nutritional assessments were performed, and blood samples were taken for routine blood laboratory investigations. The MIS was used as a scoring system to represent the severity of PEW, while the SARC-F was applied as an indicator of sarcopenia risk and general functional capacity. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to analyze the association of several predictors with a negative cross-sectional outcome (death). Results: Patients with SARC-F scores ≥ 4 and MISs ≥ 6 were older, had significantly lower albumin and prealbumin levels, and more severe anemia. They were also more likely to report weight loss and poor appetite. A higher MIS was closely associated with unfavourable nutritional status according to the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) criteria for PEW. However, in 71.25% of patients with satisfactory functional capacity (SARC-F scores 0–3), some form of PEW was still observed. After performing logistic regression modelling, only the MIS remained strongly associated with the probability of a negative outcome. Conclusions: The SARC-F alone often did not correspond to an increased sarcopenia risk or clear clinical and biochemical indicators of PEW in HD patients. When assessing nutritional risk in this group, it is recommended to use more detailed tools, such as the MIS, to ensure the accurate identification of those at the highest risk for negative outcomes. Full article

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is associated with significant alterations in body composition, including malnutrition due to insufficient intake, chronic inflammation and increased energy expenditure. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and the risk of sarcopenia in patients with HF is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. Material and methods: This cross-sectional, single-center, observational study involved 121 outpatients diagnosed with HF. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and the Subjective Global Rating (SGA). Sarcopenia was screened using the SARC-F (Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, Falls) questionnaire and diagnosed based on the European Working Group in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria and functionality with the Short Performance Battery (SPPB) test. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Results: The study found that 10.7% had cardiac cachexia and 45.4% of deceased patients had been in this condition (p = 0.002). Moderate-to-high risk of malnutrition was identified in 37.1%, 23.9%, and 31.4% of patients according to the MNA, MUST, and SGA tests, respectively. According to the GLIM criteria, 56.2% of patients were malnourished. Additionally, 24.8% of patients had a high probability of sarcopenia, and 57.8% were not autonomous according to SPPB. Patients with less than 30% quadriceps muscle contraction were at a high risk of sarcopenia. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among outpatients with HF, which is associated with worse prognosis, increased risk of sarcopenia, and greater frailty. These findings underscore the importance of early nutritional and functional assessments in this population to improve clinical outcomes. Full article