Search Results (12,985)

Background: Oral diseases such as periodontitis, dental infections, and oral dysbiosis have been increasingly associated with systemic conditions. Emerging evidence suggests a potential relationship between oral health and neurological disorders, including brain abscesses, structural brain alterations, and gliomas. However, the strength and mechanisms of these associations remain incompletely understood. Objective: To systematically review clinical, neuroimaging, genetic, and mechanistic evidence linking oral diseases with brain pathologies. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO, with complementary screening of SciELO, Redalyc, and LILACS databases. Studies evaluating associations between oral diseases (periodontitis, dental infections, caries, or oral microbiota alterations) and neurological outcomes were considered. Eligible study designs included observational clinical studies, Mendelian randomization analyses, neuroimaging studies, and experimental investigations. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to the substantial heterogeneity in study designs, outcomes, and effect metrics, quantitative meta-analysis was not feasible. Findings were therefore synthesized using a structured narrative approach following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Clinical studies consistently identified odontogenic infections as a relevant source of brain abscesses, frequently originating from chronic or clinically silent dental foci. Neuroimaging and genetic studies reported associations between poor oral health indicators and structural brain alterations, including reduced cortical thickness and white matter abnormalities. Experimental investigations suggested potential biological mechanisms involving microbial dissemination, systemic inflammation, and immune modulation. Virulence factors from Porphyromonas gingivalis have been shown to induce inflammatory signaling pathways and immune checkpoint activation in glioma cells. Conclusions: The current evidence suggests a possible association between oral diseases and several brain pathologies. Although causality cannot be established, the findings highlight the importance of oral health as a potentially modifiable factor relevant to neurological health. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are required to clarify these relationships. Full article

Cancer ranks as one of the top causes of death worldwide, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates an increase of up to 55% in cases over the next 15 years, reaching 300 million cases worldwide. Current approaches to the treatment of cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have been used with continuous significant advancements. However, these conventional methods have harmful side effects that can last a lifetime. Today, there is growing interest in developing alternative cancer therapies from natural products or complementary medicine. One of the natural sources that has shown promise as an anticancer agent is honey, which has long been applied as a complementary medicine, and its beneficial health effects on various diseases in both animal and human models have been widely studied. Malaysian honey, such as Tualang, pineapple, Gelam, Kelulut, and Acacia, possesses a rich composition of phytochemicals, including polyphenols and flavonoids, which are reported to have promising anticancer properties. Examples of the phytochemicals highlighted in this review are phenolic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chrysin and its derivatives, kaempferol, fisetin, catechin, apigenin, quercetin, acacetin, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, hesperetin, naringenin, vitexin, isoorientin, xanthohumol, and galangin. This review highlights the anticancer mechanisms and molecular pathways of the phytochemicals found in Malaysian honey, focusing on their antioxidant effects, induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, and suppression of cancer cell proliferation. The findings of various studies published in the past five years are collated to understand their mechanisms of action. Full article

Under dynamic loading conditions, the output voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) exhibits nonlinear degradation characterized by non-Gaussian fluctuations, abrupt changes, and long-range temporal dependence, which are difficult to model using conventional short-correlation or remaining useful life (RUL) prediction approaches. To capture both historical dependency and stochastic jump behavior, this study proposes a SHAP-driven mechanism–data fusion fractional stochastic degradation model based on fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and fractional Poisson process (fPp) for degradation trend forecasting. A terminal voltage mechanism model considering activation, ohmic, and concentration polarization losses is first established, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis is employed to quantify the contributions of multi-source operational variables and enhance interpretability. The Hurst exponent is then used to verify long-range dependence and jump characteristics in the voltage sequence. Subsequently, fBm is integrated with a fPp to construct a unified stochastic degradation framework capable of jointly describing continuous decay and discrete abrupt variations, enabling multi-step probabilistic prediction with confidence intervals. Validation on the publicly available FCLAB FC1 and FC2 datasets shows that the proposed model achieves superior overall performance under both steady and dynamic conditions, with MAPE/RMSE/R² of 0.027%/0.00178/0.9895 and 0.056%/0.00259/0.9896, respectively, outperforming fBm, Wiener, WTD-RS-LSTM, and CNN-LSTM methods. The proposed approach provides accurate and interpretable degradation forecasting for PEMFC health management and maintenance decision support. Full article

This study provides a comparative evaluation of two Salvia species, the widely cultivated Salvia sclarea L. and the comparatively underexplored wild species Salvia pratensis L., integrating phytochemical profiling, chemical safety assessment, and biological activity investigation. Dried hydroethanolic extracts and essential oils obtained from aerial parts were analysed. HPLC–PDA analysis revealed distinct phenolic acid profiles, with S. sclarea characterized by higher levels of rosmarinic and protocatechuic acids, whereas S. pratensis contained greater amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids. The total phenolic content was higher in S. pratensis (79.22 mg GAE/g dry extract) than in S. sclarea (52.50 mg GAE/g). GC–MS analysis showed that the essential oil of S. sclarea was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly linalyl acetate and linalool, while S. pratensis exhibited a linalool-rich profile accompanied by sesquiterpene derivatives. Chemical safety assessment indicated minimal contamination, with pesticide residues detected only in S. sclarea at levels below regulatory limits and low concentrations of cadmium and lead in both species. The extracts showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ values of 6.67 µg/mL for S. sclarea and 3.16 µg/mL for S. pratensis) and moderate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (MIC 312.5–2500 µg/mL). In vitro assays on HEK 293 and HaCaT cells confirmed low cytotoxicity, with no evidence of membrane damage or pro-inflammatory effects. Overall, the results highlight the significant bioactive potential of the less studied S. pratensis, demonstrating that this wild species represents a promising alternative source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds comparable to the widely cultivated S. sclarea. Full article

Loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes and myelin impairs motor and cognitive functions. Transplantation of autologous oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) holds promise for treatment of such diseases, but a protocol to derive human OPCs from a safe, ethical and accessible cell source with the rapidity required to catch the therapeutic window remains to be found. Although we previously generated myelinating glia from rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), it remains unknown if clinically sourced human BMSCs (hBMSCs) share the same potential. Moreover, whether the multipotency of BMSCs results from diverse progenitors preexisting in the bone marrow or from a single multipotent progenitor population remains unaddressed. Single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed a CD90^hiEGFR⁺PDGFRA⁺ pre-OPC-like subpopulation within hBMSCs. With a small-molecule-based (virus-free and supporting-cell-free) two-step induction protocol designed to expand this pre-OPC population, we generated functional OPCs with high purity in eight days. These derived OPCs showed phenotypic transcriptomes and immunoprofiles. They were also capable of myelinating naked axons when transplanted into myelin-deficient shiverer mice. Results highlight how targeted enrichment and maturation of specific progenitor subpopulations within hBMSCs allows rapid induction of desired cell types. These results place hBMSCs as a robust source of OPCs, unlocking the possibility for cell transplantation therapy for myelin deficiency in the central nervous system. Full article

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has emerged as a biologically distinct entity, typically affecting younger, non-smoking patients and showing improved survival compared to HPV-negative tumors. Accurate HPV status determination is essential for correct staging, prognostic assessment, and treatment de-escalation. Despite advances, substantial variability persists among diagnostic methods and clinical workflows. A narrative review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to July 2025. Studies addressing HPV detection techniques in OPSCC—including p16^INK4a^ immunohistochemistry (IHC), HPV DNA and RNA assays, liquid biopsy approaches, and computational surrogates—were critically analyzed regarding diagnostic accuracy, clinical applicability, and emerging innovations. Tissue-based assays remain the diagnostic reference standard. p16 IHC provides high sensitivity but limited specificity and should be confirmed with nucleic acid-based methods such as DNA PCR, in situ hybridization (ISH), or E6/E7 mRNA detection. Combined or “orthogonal” testing minimizes discordance and refines risk stratification. Liquid biopsy detection of circulating HPV DNA using droplet digital PCR or next-generation sequencing has shown high sensitivity and specificity in cohorts of patients with HPV-associated OPSCC, supporting its potential role as a complementary biomarker for treatment monitoring and surveillance. However, circulating HPV DNA alone does not unequivocally identify the anatomic source of HPV DNA and should be interpreted together with clinical, radiologic, and tissue-based findings. Oral rinse and saliva assays show moderate diagnostic performance, while artificial intelligence-based radiomic and histopathologic models are emerging as complementary tools. Reliable HPV attribution in OPSCC requires a multimodal diagnostic strategy integrating p16 IHC, molecular confirmation, and ctHPV-DNA monitoring. Methodological standardization and prospective validation are essential to implement precision-guided, cost-effective workflows in routine clinical practice. Full article

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the clinical management of several malignancies; however, its efficacy remains limited in tumors with low mutational burden and restricted availability of classical mutation-derived neoantigens. In this context, increasing evidence indicates that the tumor immunopeptidome extends far beyond canonical protein-coding regions, incorporating peptides derived from non-coding transcripts through non-canonical translation mechanisms. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), traditionally regarded as transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulators, have recently emerged as an unexpected source of small open reading frame-encoded peptides (lncPEPs). A subset of these peptides is processed and presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, generating tumor-specific neoantigens capable of eliciting CD8⁺ T cell responses. Owing to the high tissue and context specificity of lncRNA expression, lncRNA-derived neoantigens offer unique advantages over mutation-based targets, including increased tumor selectivity and potential recurrence across patient subsets. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on the biogenesis, detection, and immunogenic potential of lncRNA-derived peptides, highlighting experimental and computational strategies for their identification within the cancer immunopeptidome. We discuss the challenges associated with their validation and clinical translation, as well as their relevance for the development of vaccines and adoptive T cell–based therapies. Finally, we illustrate these concepts using epithelial ovarian cancer as a representative model of low-mutational-burden tumors, where lncRNA-derived neoantigens may help overcome current limitations of immunotherapy and enable patient stratification for personalized treatment approaches. Full article

Ethnopharmacological relevance. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, widely used in traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Middle Eastern folk medicine, is valued for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. These activities are primarily attributed to withanolides, with Withaferin A recognized as one of the most bioactive constituents. Although traditional preparations often rely on the root, leaf use provides a more sustainable alternative and may yield significant quantities of active metabolites. Identifying efficient, modern extraction technologies that can enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds from leaves is essential for developing effective, standardized ethnopharmacological formulations. Materials and methods. Plants of W. somnifera grown from seeds were subjected to different environmental conditions (control, drought, cold, yeast extract treatment). Leaves were extracted using Pressurized Cyclic Solid–Liquid Extraction (PCSLE) with hydroalcoholic solvents and compared with conventional infusion of dried leaves. Extracts were fractionated with solvents of varying polarity and analyzed by TLC, HPLC, and NMR for quantification of Withaferin A. Expression levels of key withanolide-biosynthetic genes (CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, CYP76) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Antimicrobial activity of pure Withaferin A, aqueous extract, and hydroalcoholic PCSLE extract was evaluated through MIC and MBC assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Cytotoxic activity was measured via MTT assays in six human cancer cell lines after 3, 6, and 24 h of treatment. Results. PCSLE yielded substantially higher levels of Withaferin A than traditional infusion, especially in medium-polarity fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate), with concentrations reaching 0.70% in fresh leaf mass (4.8% dry weight), compared to 0.11% obtained by infusion. Gene expression analysis revealed that 24-week-old plants exhibited the highest transcription of withanolide-biosynthetic genes, and drought stress significantly upregulated CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, and CYP716, indicating enhanced metabolic flux toward withanolide production. Hydroalcoholic PCSLE extracts showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values comparable to pure Withaferin A and demonstrating bactericidal effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The aqueous extract showed activity only against Gram-positive strains. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated an optimistic, dose-dependent reduction in cell viability across all tumour cell lines treated with the hydroalcoholic PCSLE extract, closely mirroring the activity of pure Withaferin A and consistently exceeding the effect of the aqueous extract. IC50 values confirmed the high bioactive content of PCSLE extracts and suggested mechanisms like those known for Withaferin A. Conclusions. PCSLE proved to be a highly efficient extraction technology for obtaining leaf extracts rich in Withaferin A, outperforming conventional extraction methods while exploiting sustainable plant tissue. Developmental stage and drought stress significantly modulated the expression of genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis, highlighting agronomic strategies capable of enhancing metabolite production. Hydroalcoholic PCSLE extracts exhibited antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities comparable to pure Withaferin A, supporting their relevance as promising therapeutic candidates. These findings advocate for the use of W. somnifera leaves as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds and demonstrate that advanced extraction technologies can contribute to the development of innovative ethnopharmacological preparations for antimicrobial and anticancer applications. Full article

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the primary etiological agent for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The alarming rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, particularly against clarithromycin (CLR), metronidazole (MNZ), and levofloxacin (LVX), has severely compromised standard therapies. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for novel antimicrobial agents that operate through distinct mechanisms to bypass resistance pathways and mitigate gastric cancer risk. We designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides, focusing on the proteolytically stable all-D-amino acid enantiomer, DT7-3, derived from a probiotic-sourced template. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against standard strains and 11 clinical MDR isolates via the broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial mechanisms were elucidated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, fluorescence-based assays for anti-adhesion activity, and real-time qPCR to quantify virulence gene expression (babA, ureA, and vacA). Biocompatibility was assessed using defibrinated sheep erythrocytes, gastric epithelial cells (GES-1), and representative beneficial gut microbiota. Analysis of the clinical isolates revealed resistance rates of 63.6% for CLR/LVX and 81.8% for MNZ, with 54.5% identified as MDR. DT7-3 exhibited superior potency (MIC 1–32 µg/mL) against all strains, significantly outperforming its L-enantiomer counterparts. Mechanistic studies unveiled a “triple-hit” mechanism: (1) rapid membrane disruption; (2) potent inhibition of bacterial adhesion to host cells (~60% reduction at 0.5 × MIC); (3) significant downregulation of critical virulence factors (babA, ureA, and vacA). Furthermore, DT7-3 showed an excellent safety profile, with negligible hemolysis (<5% at 32 µg/mL) and minimal cytotoxicity toward GES-1 cells, yielding a high selectivity index (SI, MHC/MIC) > 32 relative to mammalian cells. Crucially, DT7-3 showed high selectivity for the pathogen over beneficial gut microbiota (MIC > 128 µg/mL, SI > 16). Crucially, DT7-3 maintained potent bactericidal activity (MIC ≤ 16 µg/mL) even under cholesterol-enriched conditions. The engineered D-peptide DT7-3 is a potent candidate for combating MDR H. pylori. Its multifaceted mechanism, targeting bacterial viability while suppressing core virulence factors, positions it as a robust lead compound for next-generation eradication therapies aimed at reducing the burden of H. pylori-associated diseases. Full article

The large-scale production of microbial bioplastics remains limited by high production costs, reliance on refined substrates, and inefficient utilization of agro-industrial residues. Although sugarcane bagasse has been explored as a carbon source for polyhydroxyalkanoate production, studies have predominantly focused on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), with limited reports on copolymer synthesis from pentose-rich lignocellulosic streams. In this study, a newly isolated Bacillus sp. HLI02 was employed for the biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), using pentosan-rich sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as an inexpensive and sustainable carbon source. Fermentation parameters were systematically optimized at different pH and temperature, and the strain demonstrated efficient conversion of xylose-rich hydrolysate into PHBV without the requirement for external nutrient supplementation. Under optimized conditions (pH 7.0, 37 °C, and C/N ratio of 40), a maximum PHBV yield of 2 g/L, corresponding to 59.5% of cell dry weight, was achieved. Structural and compositional analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed successful PHBV copolymer formation with well-defined structural characteristics. Thermal analysis revealed a decomposition temperature of 166 °C, indicating good thermal stability. The produced PHBV further exhibited favourable biocompatibility and biodegradability, supporting its potential applicability in sustainable packaging and related sectors. This work demonstrates the effective conversion of hemicellulosic sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate into PHBV using a newly isolated Bacillus strain, highlighting an underexplored route for copolymer production from agro-waste–derived C5 sugars. By integrating low-cost feedstock utilization with process optimization and comprehensive polymer characterization, this study contributes to the development of economically viable and sustainable bio-based polymer production strategies. Full article

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that play vital roles in various physiological and biochemical processes, including fatty acid β-oxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. These organelles have been implicated in the pathogenicity of many plant fungal pathogens. In this study, CaPex8, a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pex8, was identified and characterized in Colletotrichum aenigma. CaPEX8 was found to localize to peroxisomes, and its deletion impaired the mutant’s ability to utilize fatty acids as a carbon source. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the peroxisomal targeting signal PTS1, the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins was shown to be defective in ΔCapex8 mutants. Additionally, the mutants exhibited elevated conidiation, increased sensitivity to osmotic stress and oxidative stress, and impaired cell wall integrity. Peroxisome biogenesis was also disrupted in the absence of CaPEX8. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CaPex8 is essential for maintaining peroxisomal structure and function, and it significantly influences fungal growth, development, and pathogenicity in C. aenigma. Full article

To address the non-stationary fluctuations caused by capacity regeneration and measurement noise during lithium-ion battery aging, this paper proposes a decomposition-guided heterogeneous prognostic framework for capacity forecasting and remaining useful life (RUL) inference. First, the raw capacity sequence is decomposed by CEEMDAN to separate the long-term degradation trend from short-term regeneration-related disturbances across different time scales. Next, a temporal convolutional network (TCN) is employed to model the trend component, while Gaussian process regression (GPR) is used to characterize local fluctuation behavior and provide predictive uncertainty. Finally, Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is introduced to fuse multi-source prognostic outputs, yielding a more robust capacity trajectory for end-of-life (EOL) threshold localization and RUL estimation. Experiments are conducted on the lithium-ion battery dataset released by NASA Ames. Across the four tested battery cells, the proposed method achieves RMSE values of 0.0257–0.0445 Ah and EOL cycle deviations of 1.17–5.53 cycles, while yielding a more balanced trade-off than representative baselines between point-wise prediction accuracy and threshold-crossing stability. Moreover, under direct multi-step forecasting, the prediction error increases with the forecasting horizon, which is consistent with the expected characteristics of long-horizon capacity extrapolation. Overall, this work provides an implementable and interpretable prognostic framework for battery health assessment in the presence of capacity regeneration phenomena. Full article

Subadult flathead grey mullets (Mugil cephalus) were fed three experimental diets containing increasing percentages of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) that proportionally replaced the protein sources in the reference diet. At the end of the feeding trial, fish growth and gut, liver and spleen histology were evaluated. BSF inclusion did not significantly affect growth performances in any dietary groups. However, Fulton’s condition factor was lower in fish who were fed diets with the highest replacement levels (15% and 20%; BSF15 and BSF20) compared to those fed the 10% replacement (BSF10) and the control diet (BSF0). Histological analyses revealed increased villi thickness and mucous cell proliferation in the intestine of fish from BSF10 and BSF15 groups. A significant worsening of intestinal condition was observed in fish from the BSF20 group. Liver histology was not affected, while a dose-dependent effect on spleen was observed in fish fed BSF inclusions. Despite the absence of enteritis signs, an increase in macrophages/like TNF-α+ cells in the intestine mucosa indicated immune stimulation in the BSF10 group. Results indicate, for the first time, a threshold for BSF meal inclusion in diets specifically formulated for flathead grey mullets. The BSF10 diet was optimal, as growth performance was not affected and intestine health improved at both morphological and innate immune system levels. Full article

Age-related muscle decline is associated with impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, altered redox signaling, and reduced myogenic capacity, yet how photobiomodulation (PBM) source characteristics shape these processes under replicative aging remains unclear. Here, we investigated source-specific PBM responses in C2C12 myoblasts using a 660 nm light-emitting diode (LED) and an 830 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser across fluence ranges and replicative stages. Single-cell screening performed at passage 25 identified 5 J/cm² as the optimal fluence for both sources, producing biphasic increases in mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS. Population-level assays in young (≤5 passages) and old (≥30 passages) cells revealed divergent downstream outcomes. LED irradiation elicited stronger metabolic activation and ATP production, particularly in aged cells, whereas NIR irradiation robustly enhanced myogenic fusion in both age groups and partially rescued differentiation deficits in aged myoblasts. Bulk ROS increased significantly after PBM independent of source, while extracellular vesicle release displayed age-dependent source sensitivity, with NIR favoring canonical small EV populations in young cells and LED inducing greater particle release in aged cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that PBM engages conserved mitochondrial signaling while source-specific delivery and wavelength differentially direct metabolic, paracrine, and myogenic outputs under replicative aging conditions. Full article

Immunosuppression is associated with impaired immune responses and increased susceptibility to disease, highlighting the need for safe and effective immunomodulatory strategies. Oligosaccharides derived from natural sources have attracted growing interest due to their bioactivity and regulatory effects on host immunity. The present study was designed to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of Periplaneta americana oligosaccharides (PAOSs) and to explore their association with SCFA-producing gut microbiota and metabolic regulation in an immunosuppressed mouse model. PAOS administration significantly increased serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG and IgM), promoted the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4), and elevated the proportion of CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen. In addition, PAOSs alleviated oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde accumulation while promoting the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Metabolomic analysis revealed that PAOSs altered host metabolic profiles, particularly enhancing pyrimidine metabolism. Furthermore, PAOSs markedly enriched short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, and elevated colonic short-chain fatty acid levels. These changes were closely associated with the observed improvement in immune function. Collectively, this study demonstrated that PAOSs exerted immunomodulatory effects through coordinated regulation of SCFA-producing gut microbiota and host metabolism, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of insect-derived oligosaccharides. Full article