Search Results (428)

A novel composite catalyst for photothermal CO₂ cycloaddition was developed by integrating the ionic liquid 1-ethylpyridinium bromide (EPB) with a copper-based metal–organic framework (HKUST-1). HKUST-1 was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and functionalized with EPB through a wet impregnation strategy to enhance its catalytic performance. Under xenon lamp irradiation and optimized conditions (80 °C, 1 MPa CO₂ pressure, 12 h, and 0.07% mol of TBAB bromide as a co-catalyst), the HK@EPB composite exhibited outstanding performance in catalyzing the conversion of CO₂ and various epoxides into cyclic carbonates. The exceptional catalytic activity arises from a synergistic multicomponent mechanism: the incorporation of EPB not only enhances CO₂ adsorption capacity but also provides photothermal energy for the reaction; simultaneously, EPB dissociates bromide ions to effectively initiate epoxide ring-opening. In particular, propylene oxide achieved a selectivity of 95% for the desired cyclic carbonate, surpassing most previously reported MOF-based catalysts. This system enables efficient catalysis under mild conditions through the synergistic contributions of the high CO₂ adsorption capacity and Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ redox-mediated electron transfer of HKUST-1, the provision of nucleophilic Br-species from EPB to promote epoxide ring-opening, and the cooperative effect of TBAB. This study demonstrates that ionic-liquid-functionalized MOF composites can serve as sustainable and versatile catalytic platforms, offering an environmentally friendly pathway for large-scale CO₂ utilization. Full article

Agricultural karst watersheds are highly vulnerable to nutrient loss because strong surface water–groundwater (SW–GW) connectivity can rapidly transfer nitrogen and sulfur species from soils, agricultural activities, and human settlements into aquatic systems. However, the coupled behavior and contrasting controls of nitrate (NO₃⁻) and sulfate (SO₄²⁻) in such agroecosystems remain insufficiently understood, limiting effective nutrient and groundwater-quality management. In this study, a typical karst agricultural watershed in Southwest China was selected to investigate the sources, transformation processes, and transport pathways of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ under strong SW–GW interactions. During the rainy season, 44 groundwater and 40 surface water samples were collected for major hydrochemical and nitrate–sulfate stable isotope analyses. An integrated framework combining hydrochemical analysis, self-organizing maps (SOM), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and MixSIAR were used to identify dominant sources, quantify source contributions, and clarify controlling processes. The results showed that groundwater was mainly characterized by carbonate-controlled Ca-HCO₃ facies, whereas surface water exhibited higher mineralization and a shift toward Ca-SO₄ facies, indicating stronger external inputs and rapid hydrological responses. Nitrate was primarily controlled by external nitrogen inputs, with manure and sewage and soil nitrogen contributing 39–62% and 16–33%, respectively. Nitrate was also regulated by nitrification under oxic conditions, while denitrification was negligible. In contrast, sulfate was predominantly governed by geogenic processes, with sulfide oxidation contributing 63–83%, while other sources were minor. These contrasting controls resulted in distinct spatial and process behaviors: nitrate showed source-driven variability associated with agricultural and domestic inputs, whereas sulfate displayed process-driven accumulation mainly controlled by water–rock interactions. Strong SW–GW connectivity enhanced the transfer of anthropogenic nutrient signals, while subsurface mixing and buffering regulated their expression in groundwater and surface water. These findings demonstrate a clear decoupling between nitrate and sulfate controls in agricultural karst systems and provide a scientific basis for nutrient pollution control, groundwater protection, and sustainable agricultural water management in vulnerable karst regions. Full article

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy carrier for decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors, yet more than 95% of current global production remains fossil-derived. Biological hydrogen (biohydrogen) produced by dark fermentation (DF), photo-fermentation (PF), or microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) offers the dual advantage of valorizing organic wastes while delivering low-carbon H₂; however, none of these standalone technologies mobilizes more than 25–33% (DF), 40–70% (PF), or 40–60% (MEC) of feedstock organic carbon through H₂-producing oxidation pathways. Most existing reviews compare these pathways on hydrogen yield alone, a metric that conceals where the majority of feedstock carbon and electrons are actually lost and obscures the quantitative rationale for system integration. This review reframes the comparison around carbon and electron flow, explicitly tracking how much input carbon is mobilized through H₂-producing oxidation pathways, how much is retained in volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biomass, or unlinked CO₂, and what happens to the associated electrons. Stoichiometric, mechanistic, and reactor-level evidence is synthesized to show that DF channels only 25–33% of input organic carbon through H₂-yielding decarboxylation on real heterogeneous substrates, with 40–60% retained as residual VFAs and unhydrolyzed solids; PF can recover 60–80% of VFA carbon but is constrained by photon economics and nitrogenase sensitivity; and MEC achieves >85% COD removal only when coupled to an upstream acidogenic stage. Two-stage (DF–PF, DF–MEC) and three-stage (DF–PF–MEC, DF–MEC–AD) configurations are critically evaluated, with theoretical yields separated from experimentally demonstrated performance on real wastes and hidden energy inputs (pretreatment, inter-stage transfer, gas separation, and compression) explicitly accounted for. DF–MEC coupling is identified as the most near-term tractable configuration, achieving 55–70% H₂-pathway carbon mobilization and 80–92% COD removal at an electrical input of 0.9–1.5 kWh/m³ H₂, with levelized hydrogen costs of US$3–5.5/kg under favorable waste-tipping-fee conditions. Multi-stage systems push carbon recovery above 70% but carry unresolved capital, methanogenesis control, and scale-up penalties. This review closes by proposing a standardized ten-descriptor reporting framework including H₂-pathway carbon mobilization (%), cathodic hydrogen recovery (rCAT), net energy recovery (NEB), and LCA carbon intensity under both attributional and consequential boundaries, and demonstrates its backward compatibility by retrospective application to seven studies already in the literature. Research priorities tractable on a 5–10 year horizon are identified, centered on methanogen suppression at pilot scale, real-waste MEC performance, and renewable-electricity coupling. Full article

As a core component of terrestrial ecosystems, forests play an irreplaceable ecological role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and global climate regulation. Home to key global forest belts including the Congo Basin, the African continent’s forest changes directly shape regional ecological balance and sustainable development while profoundly affecting global ecological security and climate dynamics. Based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), a unified narrative framework for global socioeconomic and environmental change scenarios, this study couples techniques such as the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model, dynamic degree analysis, transition matrix, K-means clustering analysis, and patch fragmentation analysis. This work aims to answer two key questions: (1) What are the spatiotemporal characteristics and dominant drivers of African woodland changes under different SSPs? (2) How do spatial clustering and fragmentation patterns vary across scenarios? It systematically predicts and analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics, driving mechanisms, and fragmentation change patterns of African woodlands in 2030, 2050, and 2070 under five scenarios (SSP1-SSP5) with 2020 as the baseline. These five official IPCC SSP frameworks represent five distinctly divergent socioeconomic development trajectories ranging from sustainable to fossil-fuel-driven development, which are the core differentiated scenarios recommended by IPCC; full inclusion facilitates systematic comparison of varied forest feedback features across Africa’s diversified national development backgrounds. The research results show that understory forests in the SSP5 (Fossil Fuel-dominated Development) scenario exhibit a stable growth trend, with the total area transferred in significantly exceeding the area transferred out from 2020 to 2070, resulting in a net increase of 143,513 km². This growth occurs because high-income economies under this scenario invest heavily in ecological restoration and forest protection, offsetting carbon-intensive development impacts. The core forest density continues to increase and is distributed in contiguous areas; the SSP4 (uneven development) scenario regarding forest degradation is the most severe, with the dynamic rate expected to drop to −0.05% between 2050 and 2070, and a net transfer of −265,581 km². Forest fragmentation is highest, and the core density area is gradually shrinking. Cluster analysis shows that forest area remains relatively stable in most African countries, with stable countries accounting for as much as 95.49% under scenario SSP5. Regions with woodland expansion are mainly distributed in North Africa and localized parts of Southern Africa. After refinement using independent tree-density evidence, woodland expansion in South Africa is shown to be more limited and spatially heterogeneous; these newly expanded woodlands are mostly artificial plantations and alien invasive tree stands rather than native natural woodlands, mainly occurring in eastern and southeastern areas rather than in arid western regions. The spatiotemporal transfer process exhibits significant periodic differentiation, with 2030–2050 being a critical transitional period for forest change, and the differentiation effect between scenarios intensifying. Fragmentation analysis indicates that scenario SSP3 (regional rivalry, with moderate population growth and weak policy constraints) has the best forest integration and the lowest degree of fragmentation, while scenario SSP4 is most strongly affected by human activities and has the highest risk of patch fragmentation. These findings can provide a scientific basis for African countries to formulate differentiated forest protection policies and optimize ecological restoration plans, while also offering theoretical insights for continental-scale forest ecological management. Full article

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO₃RR) has emerged as a promising alternative to the energy-intensive and carbon-intensive Haber–Bosch process for green ammonia synthesis. However, the intrinsic complexity of the eight-electron transfer pathway and inevitable competing side reactions limit the activity and selectivity of eNO₃RR. Maximizing the utilization of active sites and ensuring structural stability in electrocatalysts are essential for promoting surface proton-coupled electron transfer and improving Faradaic efficiency. Herein, we present a copper metal–organic framework (Cu-MOF)-derived electrocatalyst synthesized via in situ electrosynthesis on copper foam, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a structure-directing agent, followed by electroreduction to produce a self-supported, nano-dendritic structure. This three-dimensional architecture exposes abundant active sites and facilitates electron transport, enabling efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. The optimized CTAB-assisted electrode achieves an ammonia yield of 14.33 ± 0.61 mg h⁻¹ cm⁻² with a Faradaic efficiency of 90.95 ± 2.28% at −1.7 V versus Ag/AgCl. This study introduces a versatile design strategy for copper-based electrocatalysts that integrates structural stability with high activity, offering a sustainable approach for both ammonia production and nitrate remediation. Full article

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻-ORR) represents a sustainable and energy-efficient approach for decentralized hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production compared with the conventional anthraquinone process. Among various electrocatalysts, metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) materials have attracted extensive attention owing to their tunable electronic structures and favorable *OOH adsorption behavior. However, the uncontrolled pyrolysis process generally leads to structurally heterogeneous and ill-defined coordination environments, making it difficult to precisely regulate active sites and understand catalytic mechanisms. Herein, we report a single-atom catalyst (CoN@OCNT) featuring spatially confined pyridinic-N-coordinated Co single sites, synthesized by anchoring a well-defined hexapod terpyridine Co-precursor onto oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) to suppress metal aggregation during pyrolysis. Benefiting from the optimized coordination environment and enhanced mass/electron transfer, the CoN@OCNT catalyst exhibits nearly 100% H₂O₂ selectivity over a wide potential window from −1.0 to 0.66 V versus RHE in neutral electrolyte. In situ FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy reveal a rapid *OOH-mediated reaction pathway during the 2e⁻-ORR process. Furthermore, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) testing demonstrates an H₂O₂ production rate of 21.8 mol h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ with stable operation over 80 h at 60 mA cm⁻². Remarkably, at an industrially relevant current density of 300 mA cm⁻², the catalyst achieves a record H₂O₂ production rate of 70.3 mol h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ and a salt-free H₂O₂ concentration of 9.4 mM, highlighting its great potential for practical large-scale H₂O₂ electrosynthesis in neutral media. Full article

Leaf litter decomposition is a key pathway for carbon transfer from forest ecosystems to soils and surface waters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) released during early-stage leaching represents a potentially reactive fraction of this carbon pool; however, its molecular composition and short-term reactivity remain insufficiently characterised. This study provides a comparative characterisation of DOM released from composite leaf litter samples representing five common deciduous tree species (Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Alnus glutinosa, Populus tremula, and Quercus robur) under controlled laboratory conditions. Leaf material collected from multiple trees per species was pooled to obtain a single composite sample; therefore, replicate leaching experiments represent procedural rather than biological replication. DOM was isolated using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatisation, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) were used as indicators of oxidative reactivity and short-term biodegradability. The applied analytical approach captures a selective and operationally defined fraction of DOM, primarily low-molecular-weight and derivatisable compounds; therefore, the results are interpreted as semi-quantitative compositional fingerprints. Carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, and low-molecular-weight organic acids dominated the detected fraction of DOM, with differences observed among composite samples. The composite samples representing A. glutinosa and P. tremula contained higher relative proportions of carbohydrate-related compounds, whereas the composite samples representing B. pendula and C. betulus showed higher relative contributions of aromatic compounds. Apparent differences in BOD₅ were observed among composite samples; however, these observations likely reflect procedural variability rather than independent biological effects. The results indicate variability in DOM composition and apparent reactivity among composite litter samples under controlled laboratory conditions. Due to the lack of biological replication and the selective nature of the analytical approach, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory and not as evidence of generalised tree-species effects. Full article

Non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) produced by the aminolysis of cyclic carbonates are often presented as safer and more sustainable alternatives to conventional polyurethanes. Their monomer sourcing and synthetic pathways are by now fairly well explored, but the physical principles controlling their properties remain much less understood. This perspective challenges the notion that these materials follow the paradigm of conventional polyurethanes. Emphasis is placed on the hydroxyl group formed next to the urethane moiety, which distinguishes these materials from conventional polyurethanes and makes them more precisely poly(hydroxy urethanes). The available evidence indicates that this pendent hydroxyl is not a minor structural detail but a central actor affecting hydrogen bonding, microphase separation, and through them, many macroscopic physical properties of NIPUs, such as glass transition, mechanical response, water uptake and reprocessability. In addition, it enables thermally activated bond-exchange reactions, which dynamically change chain connectivity and, in networks, topology. As a result, concepts borrowed from conventional segmented polyurethanes cannot be transferred directly to non-isocyanate ones. Instead, a new, physics-oriented predictive framework is the necessary next step for the rational design of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Such a framework should take bond-exchange reactions into account and connect molecular structure and thermal history with the macroscopic physical properties. Full article

Sustainable water remediation requires catalytic strategies that remove contaminants efficiently while reducing chemical input, byproduct formation, and ecological disturbance. Conventional radical-dominated advanced oxidation processes can rapidly degrade pollutants, but their reliance on high oxidant dosages and freely diffusing reactive oxygen species often causes matrix quenching, non-selective oxidation, low oxidant utilization, and potential ecological risks. Mild interfacial catalysis provides a materials-chemistry strategy to regulate oxidative intensity and direct contaminant transformation under environmentally relevant conditions. In this review, mild catalysts are defined by pathway-selective, interfacially confined, and environmentally compatible oxidation rather than by low dosage alone. Representative non-radical or low-intensity pathways, including singlet oxygen generation, surface-mediated electron transfer, high-valent metal–oxo species, and direct oxidative transfer processes, are discussed in relation to active-site structure, oxidant utilization, matrix tolerance, and byproduct control. We further summarize how coordination environments, defect chemistry, heteroatom configurations, nanoconfinement, and immobilized interfaces regulate reactive-species formation and interfacial charge transfer. Key material platforms, including single-atom catalysts, heteroatom-doped carbons, defect-engineered oxides, catalytic membranes, hydrogels, and floating or immobilized composites, are evaluated from mechanistic and application-oriented perspectives. Finally, catalyst regeneration, cost, microbial community responses, algae–bacteria balance, ecotoxicity, and long-term safety are discussed to guide sustainable aquatic ecosystem restoration. Full article

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are emerging as biomimetic bioelectrochemical systems that emulate naturally occurring microbial electron-transfer pathways for stimulus bioenergy generation and wastewater remediation. In this study, food–vegetable leachate (FVL) and sugarcane bagasse-derived biol were evaluated in combination with carbon fiber (CF) and biochar-modified carbon fiber (BCF) electrodes used as membrane components in MFCs. Four configurations, in duplicate, were constructed by coupling two substrates (biol or FVL) with two membrane types (CF and BCF). All systems exhibited progressive anodic acidification and up to a 55% increase in electrical conductivity. The highest voltage output was achieved in MFC-BL-2 (404.59 mV), followed by MFC-FL-1, driven by synergistic interactions between the substrate and biochar-enhanced conductive networks. MFC-FL-1 also demonstrated superior contaminant removal performance, achieving 60% COD reduction, 36% BOD reduction, and 50% NH₄⁺–N removal. SEM–EDS analysis confirmed that biochar-modified electrodes developed a porous structure and substantially enhanced microbial adhesion. FVL-fed systems formed dispersed electroactive biofilms that facilitated electron transfer, whereas biol-fed systems developed compact biofilms that constrained electron flux. By integrating waste-derived lignocellulosic materials with electroactive microbial consortia, this work advances a biomimetic circular bioengineering platform for sustainable bioelectrochemical recovery and wastewater remediation. Full article

Aqueous zinc–manganese dioxide (Zn–MnO₂) batteries are undergoing a paradigm shift from traditional ion-insertion mechanisms to a reversible deposition/dissolution process. By leveraging a two-electron transfer (Mn²⁺/MnO₂), this electrolytic system achieves a high theoretical capacity of 616 mAh g⁻¹ and a theoretical operating voltage of 1.99 V. However, the accumulation of dead Mn, electrically isolated inactive phases, and dynamic interfacial pH fluctuations remain critical barriers to cycle life and practical energy density. This review systematizes a trinitarian strategy to overcome these bottlenecks, focusing on interfacial engineering, redox mediator-assisted recovery, and advanced electrode architectures. We evaluate how anion engineering and pH-buffering stabilize reaction pathways, and how diverse mediators (e.g., halogens, metal ions, and organic molecules) chemically rescue inactive manganese. Furthermore, we examine the integration of 3D carbon networks and low-cost hybrid electrodes to sustain high-areal-capacity deposition. To elucidate these complex mechanisms, we highlight multiscale analytical approaches combining synchrotron X-ray techniques and density functional theory (DFT). Finally, we outline a roadmap for applications ranging from grid-scale flow batteries to flexible wearable electronics. This work provides a comprehensive perspective on realizing sustainable, safe, and high-performance zinc-based energy storage. Full article

Ammonia is a promising zero-carbon energy carrier for maritime decarbonisation, but its deployment is limited by safety risks that are not adequately addressed by conventional marine fuel safety frameworks. This study critically reviews safety assessment, risk management and control strategies for ammonia storage and handling in maritime applications using a PRISMA-informed literature synthesis. Evidence is analysed across hazard characterisation, storage configurations, transfer operations, risk assessment methods, mitigation barriers and regulatory frameworks. The review shows that ammonia safety is governed by coupled release–exposure–barrier interactions shaped by storage condition, tank configuration, pressure–temperature behaviour, material compatibility, transfer mode, ventilation, ship geometry and human intervention. Existing methods, including HAZID, HAZOP, risk matrices and QRA, support hazard screening and prioritisation, but remain limited in representing flashing two-phase releases, dense gas dispersion, confined-space accumulation, exposure duration, ventilation effectiveness and safeguard timing under maritime conditions. CFD, FTA, Bayesian approaches and Monte Carlo analysis offer higher analytical resolution, but their reliability is constrained by limited validation data, uncertain leak-frequency inputs and simplified assumptions for human exposure and emergency response. Effective risk control therefore requires a toxicity-centred barrier strategy linking containment integrity, ammonia-compatible materials, gas and process monitoring, emergency shutdown, ventilation, water-based mitigation, PPE, competency-based training and emergency planning. Current regulatory and classification guidance provides an essential foundation but remains fragmented and insufficiently aligned with ammonia-specific requirements for exposure modelling, safety-zone definition and approval pathways. This review contributes a maritime-specific synthesis of ammonia storage and handling safety by connecting hazard behaviour, storage design, transfer operations, risk assessment limitations, control-barrier logic and regulatory approval needs. The findings highlight the need for validated source-term models, full-scale release and dispersion data, exposure-based safety criteria and harmonised regulatory pathways to support the safe and scalable use of ammonia in maritime decarbonisation. Full article

Backfilling the industrial solid waste coal gangue into deep coal mine goafs for CO₂ geological sequestration is a crucial pathway to achieve the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation. However, in complex deep geological environments, the chemical evolution of multiple mineral phases of coal gangue under gas–water–rock coupling effects and the carbon-controlling mechanism of residual total organic carbon (TOC) remain unclear. In this study, coal gangue from the goaf of the Xiaobaodang Coal Mine was used as the research object. Relying on a customized high-temperature and high-pressure reaction system to simulate the deep in situ environment (45 °C, 10 MPa), and combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), total organic carbon determination, and isothermal CO₂ adsorption experiments, the geochemical mechanism by which inorganic minerals and organic residual carbon synergistically control the ultimate CO₂ adsorption potential was systematically revealed. The results show that the modification of the CO₂ adsorption potential of coal gangue by gas–water–rock reactions exhibits strong mineral phase differentiation. Systems rich in active silicates generate a large amount of secondary clay minerals through intense carbonation alteration, achieving a significant increase in micro–nano pores and absolute adsorption capacity. Systems rich in carbonates steadily release deep primary adsorption potential by widening mass transfer channels through mineral dissolution. In contrast, systems rich in primary clay minerals face an irreversible attenuation of adsorption space due to physical clogging of pore throats caused by fluid migration. Furthermore, the initial organic carbon content exerts a significant non-linear regulatory effect on the development of the micropore network. The physical adsorption sites provided by the high relative content of layered clay minerals (>41%), coupled with the interfacial enhancement effect exerted by a moderate organic carbon content (0.12~0.16%), constitute an optimal physicochemical synergistic enhancement network, which is the core geological reason for stimulating the ultimate carbon sequestration capacity of coal gangue. The results of this study not only enrich the multiphase interfacial thermodynamic theory of complex heterogeneous geological bodies but also provide solid theoretical support for the precise optimization of target areas and the long-term evaluation of carbon sinks in goaf CO₂ sequestration engineering. Full article

Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) is increasingly applied in sewage-sludge management and organic-waste treatment because it can improve methane recovery, stabilize mixed substrates, and reduce life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions under appropriate feedstock and operating conditions. However, existing reviews still focus mainly on feedstock types or isolated enhancement measures and less often connect synergistic mechanisms with engineering implementation and carbon outcomes. The specific novelty of this review is to connect functional feedstock classification, mechanism boundaries, engineering controls, and carbon-performance evaluation within one sludge-centered AcoD framework. This review synthesizes recent progress in AcoD of sewage sludge, food waste, livestock manure, crop residues, and industrial organic streams through a chain from feedstock traits to substrate interactions, microbial responses, engineering performance, and carbon benefits. Feedstocks are reorganized by function rather than by waste name, highlighting how carbon-to-nitrogen contrast, buffering capacity, hydrolysis recalcitrance, and inhibitor profiles jointly define synergy potential. Key mechanisms, including C/N balancing, hydrolysis complementarity, inhibitor mitigation, and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), are discussed together with their applicability limits. Representative evidence shows methane-yield or methane-production increases of about 41–55% for selected food-waste–manure blends, approximately 45% for rice–straw–pig manure systems after cellulolytic pretreatment, and approximately 16–55% for selected additive strategies; these values are illustrative rather than directly comparable because the underlying studies differ in substrates, baselines, reactor configurations, pretreatment conditions, and operating parameters. The review then translates mechanism into practice through pretreatment, reactor-selection templates, operating windows, additive reinforcement, and artificial-intelligence-assisted monitoring. Representative cases and life-cycle evidence indicate that AcoD can improve methane productivity while lowering greenhouse-gas emissions relative to landfill or mono-digestion pathways when energy substitution and nutrient recycling are credibly counted. Remaining bottlenecks include incomplete kinetic integration, limited DIET quantification, insufficient reporting of quantitative operating ranges and additive dosages, and weak coupling of carbon, economics, and regional feedstock dynamics. The revised review therefore treats AcoD as a sludge-centered mechanism-to-engineering framework and highlights two transferability gaps that require stronger standardization: biodegradation/toxicity testing and local co-substrate logistics. Full article

Intensive duck production is shifting from greenhouse/curtain-sided houses toward closed, mechanically ventilated systems, yet low-carbon environmental control for moisture-dominated houses remains insufficiently synthesized. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework, this review aimed to identify low-carbon environmental-control pathways by integrating evidence on envelope design, ventilation, heat pump, and moisture management. Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched for English-language articles published during 2018–2025. Direct duck house evidence was separated from transferable poultry, livestock-building, and building-energy evidence. Synthesis shows that water access, wet litter, stocking density, and climate make houses latent-load-dominated systems, affecting relative humidity (RH), ammonia (NH₃), particulates, heat stress, welfare, and energy demand. Greenhouse-type houses have low energy use but weak environmental stability, whereas closed/windowless houses improve control and biosecurity but increase dependence on electricity, dehumidification, and backup systems. Low-carbon housing requires staged integration of moisture-source control, drainage, litter management, roof solar-load reduction, controlled ventilation, heat recovery, climate-suitable heat pumps, renewable electricity, sensor-based control, and resilience planning. Low-carbon environmental-control packages should be selected according to house type, climate, and management conditions. Future validation should report standardized energy, carbon, air quality, litter condition, welfare, productivity, cost, and outage-resilience metrics. Full article