Search Results (250)

Extreme climate events in Australia are increasing. Since 2019, fires and floods have devastated all states and territories in Australia, leading to a reckoning via several government inquiries, including a Royal Commission, on how governments, emergency services, communities, and individuals prepare for, respond to, and recover from such catastrophic events. It also raises the question of how the media reports and reacts to these events; in Australia, the national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), has taken on the role of emergency broadcaster. This paper employs a cross-sectional design to examine how media practitioners from ABC Canberra navigate their role as emergency broadcasters, how they prepare for and respond to emergencies, and how they interact with the community during those events. This examination includes reflections and memories from a series of interviews we conducted with these practitioners about the catastrophic bushfires in 2019/2020 in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) region. Using this design and a Bourdieusian lens, the study examined the practices of media practitioners during a catastrophic emergency and their perceptions of preparedness for future disasters. We examined how training (cultural capital), networks (social capital), online expertise (digital capital), and experience (habitus) contribute to preparedness in emergency broadcasting. The study has both a theoretical and practical contribution: theoretically, it expands Bourdieu’s cultural production model by applying it to a form of broadcasting that has not been examined in this way; practically, it contributes to our understanding of media practitioners and how they practice during emergency broadcasting. Full article

Following bushfires (also known as wildfires), impacted free-living wildlife with welfare or conservation concerns are captured and presented for veterinary assessment where possible. This study represents an in-depth retrospective analysis of the veterinary records of 259 animals in Victoria, Australia, impacted by bushfire in 2019–2020. In total, 35 different species were assessed, including 196 koalas. Multivariable analyses of 126 koalas with complete medical records identified several clinical prognostic factors affecting 6-month survival outcomes. Increased odds of negative outcomes (death or euthanasia) were associated with increasing age (tooth wear class; odds ratio 2.70 for one unit increase), lower body condition score (one-unit decrease OR 7.27), and the earlier animals were presented after the fire event (OR 0.94 for each passing day). In 83 koalas with burn injuries, negative outcomes were also associated with burns more severe than minor (85% survival for minor burns only, compared to 31% survival with moderate or severe burns), and burns to more than 10 digits (12% survival). In burnt koalas, the combination of burn severity and digital involvement appear to be important prognostic factors for long-term outcomes. These findings can support veterinarians to more accurately evaluate prognosis for bushfire-affected koalas during initial assessment and will facilitate the strategic allocation of limited treatment and rehabilitation resources to the animals most likely to recover. The scope of this study was limited to the consideration of health outcomes, with the recognition of health as just one of many factors that must inform decisions about rehabilitating injured wildlife. Full article

Ecological resettlement (ER), or conservation-led displacement, is widely implemented to safeguard biodiversity but often produces complex socio-ecological outcomes. This study assessed the environmental justice (both social and ecological) impacts of ER in Nepal’s Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) using an enhanced (including social, ecological, and environmental aspects) environmental justice (EJ) framework. Data were collected from 240 households across all resettled villages within the Chitwan and Parsa National Parks (NPs) of Nepal through household interviews, key informant interviews, focus groups, and field observations, supplemented by policy reviews, reports, and unpublished documents. Household demographics indicated an average family size of 5.5, gender parity (664 females, 658 males), and diverse caste/ethnic composition (ethnic: 146 households; higher caste: 64; lower caste: 6). Wealth distribution and literacy were uneven, with disparities in land ownership, assets, and social positions. Social and ecological justice outcomes were analysed using chi-square and McNemar tests. We observed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in substantive justice (food, shelter, clothing, and security) attributes before and after the resettlements. Similarly, significant improvements post-resettlement were observed in procedural and recognition justice: participation in decision-making increased from 43% to 62% (χ² = 12.34, p < 0.05). However, recognition of Indigenous knowledge and FPIC rights remained low, with 93% of households reporting inadequate acknowledgment (χ² = 198.5, p < 0.05). Distributive justice indicators, including access to compensation and forest resources, showed mixed outcomes, with 52% reporting fair compensation and 48% citing inequities (p < 0.05). Ecological outcomes also shifted significantly: forest cover decreased in 65% of surveyed areas post-resettlement, while grassland extent increased in 28% (χ² = 27.4, p < 0.05). Water source accessibility declined for 48% of households (χ² = 21.6, p < 0.05), and bushfire incidence decreased by 15% (χ² = 9.8, p < 0.05). Composite scoring revealed strong linkages between social justice deficits and ecological downturn in the resettled areas, suggesting that inadequate participation, recognition, inequitable compensation, and ecological degradation shift the issues from parks to the outside and exacerbate environmental vulnerability. These findings demonstrate that ER can achieve partial ecological objectives inside the parks but often perpetuates social inequities and ecological downturn in the resettled areas, undermining the long-term sustainability of the socio-ecological landscape. The study highlights the critical need to integrate social justice, participatory governance, and ecological monitoring into resettlement planning. Future policies should be grounded in the understanding that conservation effectiveness and social equity are mutually reinforcing, and that ignoring justice dimensions risks undermining both biodiversity outcomes and human wellbeing. Full article

Video footage of a recent California wildfire confirmed that dangerous fire spread can lead to unsurvivable foreground conditions. This process thus needs enhanced awareness across the wildfire sector. The fire moved sideways, downwind of a ridgeline, and formed dense, rapidly spreading spot-fires. Effective lateral rates-of-spread up to 20 km h⁻¹ were measured. This is discussed in detail. A HPWREN camera system was installed on Santiago Peak in California. The Airport Fire, on two consecutive days, burned past the cameras by means of vorticity-driven lateral spread (VLS). This provided the most complete sets of time-series observations of VLS on a landscape-scale. Some remarkable measurements are derived from the observations. The overall lateral rate-of-spread averaged at 1.9 km h⁻¹. Around plume touch-down events, that speed rose to 4 km h⁻¹, but also peaked at 20 km h⁻¹. The effective downwind spread of the overall fire envelope was 45 km h⁻¹. A major spot-fire had a slope-affected headfire rate-of-spread of 15 km h⁻¹ (equivalent to c. 2 km h⁻¹ on flat ground) and a burn rate of 60 ha h⁻¹. The implications for fireground safety are extreme. An emphasis must be placed on predicting these events, as any burnover entrapments may well be unsurvivable. Avoiding a burnover requires good predictive capability, and observations such as these are critical for calibration. Full article

Since early 2023, severe to exceptional drought has developed in southern coastal Australia, with dam levels falling as stream flows plummet. The wet season, April to September, reflects the most equatorward position of the mid-latitude westerly wind regime that brings rain-bearing systems to southern coastal Australia. Climatologically, an upper-level tropospheric split-jet is present in the Australia–New Zealand region. This is evident in the subtropical jet (STJ) location when the 1965 to 1995 u-component of the 250 hPa wind anomaly, relative to 1991 to 2020, is located above northern tropical Australia, and the weaker polar-front jet (PFJ) branch anomaly spans the mid-latitudes south of Australia. Permutation testing revealed a statistically significant decrease in the 2016 to 2025 wet season mean precipitation across southern Australia. Compared with the 1965 to 1995 u-component wind anomaly at 250 hPa, the 2006 to 2015 decadal anomaly still shows the split jet with the STJ branch over northern tropical Australia and the PFJ in the mid-latitudes of the Australia–New Zealand region. However, there is a dramatic change in position and structure of the STJ branch of the split jet, between the 1965 to 2015 and the 2016 to 2025 anomalies. The split jet structure has shifted approximately 10° poleward, causing rain-producing systems to track south of the Australian continent. The reduced precipitation can generate more frequent and intense droughts, with greatly reduced stream flows and dam levels. Historically, the low precipitation warm season follows from October to March when heatwaves, combined with pre-existing dry conditions, often create catastrophic bushfire conditions. Full article

Uncrewed aerial systems (UAS)-based remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) analysis enable real-time wildfire or bushfire detection, facilitating early response to minimize damage and protect lives and property. However, their effectiveness is limited by three issues: distinguishing smoke from fog, the high cost of manual annotation, and the computational demands of large models. This study addresses the three key challenges by introducing plume as a new indicator to better distinguish smoke from similar visual elements, and by employing a hybrid annotation method using knowledge distillation (KD) to reduce expert labour and accelerate labelling. Additionally, it leverages lightweight YOLO Nano models trained with pseudo-labels generated from a fine-tuned teacher network to lower computational demands while maintaining high detection accuracy for real-time wildfire monitoring. Controlled pile burns in Canungra, QLD, Australia, were conducted to collect UAS-captured images over deciduous vegetation, which were subsequently augmented with the Flame2 dataset, which contains wildfire images of coniferous vegetation. A Grounding DINO model, fine-tuned using few-shot learning, served as the teacher network to generate pseudo-labels for a significant portion of the Flame2 dataset. These pseudo-labels were then used to train student networks consisting of YOLO Nano architectures, specifically versions 5, 8, and 11 (YOLOv5n, YOLOv8n, YOLOv11n). The experimental results show that YOLOv8n and YOLOv5n achieved an mAP@0.5 of 0.721. Plume detection outperforms smoke indicators (F1: 76.1–85.7% vs. 70%) in fog and wildfire scenarios. These findings underscore the value of incorporating plume as a distinct class and utilizing KD, both of which enhance detection accuracy and scalability, ultimately supporting more reliable and timelier wildfire monitoring and response. Full article

To improve preparedness and minimise losses, this paper presents the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based forecasting models using a large-scale climate index for Victoria (Australia), which is known to be one of the most fire-prone areas in the country. Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach, this study investigates the nonlinear relationships between SOI and the Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) to develop a robust predictive model. Levenberg–Marquardt optimisation through the backpropagation method was employed to train the ANN models. Based on local climate data, FFDI values were calculated for eight locations within southeast Australia, and SOI values of earlier months were correlated with the FFDI values of the later months. A total of 55 years (1965–2019) of monthly SOI and FFDI values were used to train, validate, and test the developed ANN models. The findings show that the developed models can predict future FFDI values, having correlation coefficients ranging 0.71~0.96, 0.70~0.95, and 0.75~0.93 for 1-month, 2-month, and 3-month lagged periods, respectively. As is obvious, one-month-ahead predictions were more accurate than two/three-month-ahead predictions. In general, the stations located in the eastern parts are attributed to higher prediction accuracy than stations located in the western regions, possibly due to their closer proximity to the location from where SOI originates (i.e., southern Pacific). These variations between the stations located in the eastern and western parts may partly exhibit the applicability of FFDI to different vegetation types. However, the outcomes hold potential for informing stakeholders, improving resource allocation for fire preparedness, and mitigating the devastating impacts of bushfires on communities and ecosystems. Full article

Australia’s residential sector faces mounting climate adaptation challenges. Residential buildings contribute over 10% of national carbon emissions and are increasingly exposed to intensifying extreme weather events, including bushfires, floods, and heatwaves. While previous reviews have examined specific mitigation strategies or impacts of individual hazards, no synthesis has traced how climate-resilient housing research has evolved across multiple hazard types and design approaches in the Australian context. This study addresses this gap through a longitudinal analysis of 36 peer-reviewed articles (2009–2025) identified via Scopus and analyzed thematically. The findings reveal a significant paradigm shift: early research (2009–2018) focused predominantly on energy efficiency and carbon mitigation through passive design and building performance optimization, whereas the recent literature (2019–2025) emphasizes comprehensive adaptation frameworks integrating hazard-specific resilience strategies, technological innovations, and socio-political considerations. This synthesis identifies emerging priorities, informing future research agendas and evidence-based policymaking for climate adaptation in Australia’s residential sector. Full article

Climate change remains one of the existential threats to humanity in particular and life on earth in general. It presents significant impacts on food and nutritional security, health, and the general well-being of living organisms globally. Despite global efforts to tackle the climate crisis, the record shows that limited progress has been made in curbing the problem. Consequently, this study intends to address the following research question: How does the climate crisis affect indigenous food systems, farmers’ livelihoods, and local communities in the study area? This study was conducted in the Tolon district of the northern region of Ghana from 2017 to 2022. Grounded in the theoretical prism of political ecology and indigenous knowledge perspective, we selected individuals who were smallholder farmers, students, faculty members, extension officers, and an administrator from the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and workshops and analyzed using coding, thematization, and inferences drawn from the literature and authors’ experiences. This study discovered some of the effects of a changing climate, including the extinction of indigenous food crops, poor yield resulting in poverty, and food and nutritional insecurity. This study concludes that failure to tackle climate change could pose a greater threat to the survival of smallholder households in Ghana. Full article

Fire has had a profound impact on Australia’s landscapes and biodiversity since the late Tertiary. Indigenous (Aboriginal) people have lived in Australia for at least 65,000 years and fire is an integral part of their culture and cosmology. In 2015, an Indigenous cultural burn was undertaken by Banbai rangers at Wattleridge Indigenous Protected Area, New England Tablelands, NSW. We compared the impact of this burn on the composition, cover, abundance, and species richness of dry sclerophyll vegetation and fuel hazard, with a hazard reduction burn at nearby Warra National Park, using a Before-After-Control-Impact experimental design. Our study found that the low-severity cultural burn and moderate-severity hazard reduction burn reduced fuel loads but did not have a significant impact on the composition of the vegetation overall or the herb layer. The hazard reduction burn had a significant impact on shrub and juvenile tree (woody species) cover, while the abundance of woody species was significantly affected by both fires, with a mass germination of ‘seeder’ species, particularly after the cultural burn. The long unburnt fire regime at Wattleridge may have made the vegetation more responsive to fire than the more frequently burnt vegetation at Warra, through accumulation of seed in the seed bank, so that the patchy cultural burn had a greater impact on woody species abundance. In terms of ecological and bushfire management outcomes, this study provides evidence to support claims that Indigenous cultural burning decreases fuel loads, stimulates regeneration of shrubs and trees, and manages at a local, place-based scale. We recommend cultural burning as a key management tool across Indigenous Protected Areas and other land tenures, with its implementation monitored and adaptively managed through two-way science, to foster fire regimes that are both culturally and ecologically beneficial. This is a vital element of our resilience in the Pyrocene and a significant step toward decolonizing science and land management. Full article

Despite increased focus on resilient planning and construction design in areas prone to wildfire impacts, recent research has found inconsistent approaches, a lack of evidence-based performance criteria, and limited suitable code-based verification methods for use in wildfire contexts. These limitations serve to reduce the potential effectiveness of measures intended to improve wildfire community and build resilience. The lack of suitable verification methods is particularly problematic in Australia, where complex building code requirements associated with enhanced wildfire resilience have been extended to hospitals, child care facilities, schools, and other assembly buildings. To address this issue, this paper proposes the Wildfire Expected Risk to Life and Property (WERLP) verification method. As a holistic absolute probabilistic verification method, WERLP can be applied to both building and urban design contexts within the Australian jurisdiction. The application of WERLP is demonstrated using the case study of a new hospital development. Full article

Understanding rural communities’ perceptions of the health impacts of extreme weather is vital for strengthening community resilience and adaptation strategies. This paper aimed to collate existing evidence on the perceptions of rural Australians regarding the health impacts of extreme weather events. A scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted. Peer-reviewed empirical articles published up to 7 May 2025 were identified from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. One author undertook two-step screening and data extraction, which was checked by another author, and data were analysed using a thematic approach. Of 242 non-duplicate articles screened, 34 were included, which discussed drought (n = 14), bushfire (n = 8), flood (n = 6), extreme heat (n = 4) or a combination of events (n = 2). Two main themes arose: (1) perceived severity, frequency and duration of extreme weather events; and (2) perceptions of health impacts. The second theme comprised six subthemes: mental health risks, social disconnectedness, disrupted connection to land, distress due to uncertainties, community resilience, and disproportionate effects on vulnerable groups. Evidence gaps included a lack of perspectives separated by gender and age and a shortage of voices of socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Future research should investigate how to understand rural communities’ resilience to develop targeted adaptation and mitigation strategies. Full article

While social resources are known to promote positive psychological outcomes after disasters, little is known about the unique influence of different social resources on distress and coping during a disaster. This study examined the association between five social resources: sense of belonging, bushfire reciprocal support, emotional support, practical support and loneliness, and two psychological outcomes, distress and coping self-efficacy, during Australia’s 2019–2020 Black Summer bushfires. Survey data collected from 2611 bushfire-affected Australians in late 2020 was analysed using regression modelling. Higher perceived emotional and practical support and lower levels of loneliness predicted increased coping self-efficacy, and higher sense of belonging and lower loneliness predicted reduced distress. However, higher emotional and reciprocal support predicted higher distress after accounting for coping self-efficacy. The findings suggest having higher access to some social resources may not directly reduce distress but may reduce distress indirectly through increasing coping self-efficacy. While access to social resources, particularly bonding social capital, is likely important for supporting psychological response during disasters, the findings suggest this may be dependent on the perceived quantity, quality and expectations of these social resources. The findings indicate that different social resources interact with disaster-related psychological outcomes in distinct, complex and sometimes non-linear ways. Full article

Early evacuation during bushfires remains the safest strategy; however, in many realistic scenarios, timely evacuation is challenging, making safe sheltering a last-resort option to reduce risk compared to late evacuation attempts. However, most Australian homes in bushfire-prone areas are neither designed nor retrofitted to provide adequate protection against extreme bushfires, raising safety concerns. This study addresses this gap by investigating the concept of retrofitting a part of the residential buildings as attached safe rooms for sheltering and protection of valuables, providing a potential last-resort solution for bushfire-prone communities. Numerical simulations were conducted using the Fire Dynamics Simulator to assess heat transfer and internal temperature conditions in a representative residential building under bushfire exposure conditions. The study investigated the impact of the placement of the safe room relative to the fire front direction, failure of vulnerable building components, and the effectiveness of steel shutters in response to internal temperatures. The results showed that the strategic placement of safe rooms inside the building, along with adequate protective measures for windows, can substantially reduce internal temperatures. The findings emphasised the importance of maintaining the integrity of openings and the external building envelope, demonstrating the potential of retrofitted attached safe rooms as a last-resort solution for existing residential buildings in bushfire-prone areas where the entire building was not constructed to withstand bushfire conditions. Full article