Search Results (5,015)

Background and Objectives: Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are widely used for moderate-to-severe psoriasis and are known to induce autoantibody formation in a proportion of treated patients. This study evaluated changes in ANA/ENA and anti-dsDNA antibody levels in psoriasis patients receiving adalimumab therapy during the first 12 months of treatment. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-centre study was conducted at the Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic of Riga 1st Hospital. Adult psoriasis patients treated with adalimumab for at least 12 months were included. ANA/ENA and anti-dsDNA IgG levels were assessed before treatment initiation and after one year of therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 31, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Seventy-one patients met the inclusion criteria (69%; 49 males, 31%; 22 females), with 41 patients aged ≥45 years and 30 patients aged <45 years. Anti-dsDNA IgG levels increased significantly after therapy in both females (0.9 IU/mL (IQR 9.4) vs. 15.0 (IQR 31.4) IU/mL; p =0.004) and males (0 (IQR 2.9) IU/mL vs. 3.1 (IQR 13.6) IU/mL; p =0.005), with the largest increase observed in patients aged ≥45 years (p < 0.001). ANA/ENA positivity rose from 6% at baseline to 23% after treatment. Patients with elevated autoantibody levels more frequently switched to another biologic agent; however, this association was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Adalimumab therapy was associated with increased anti-dsDNA IgG levels and ANA/ENA positivity after 12 months, confirming previous observations that TNF-α inhibition may be accompanied by treatment-associated autoantibody development. The clinical significance of these serological changes remains uncertain, and further prospective studies, including anti-drug antibody assessment, are needed to clarify their relationship with treatment outcomes and biologic immunogenicity. Full article

β-carotene has excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its poor chemical stability and susceptibility to oxidative degradation strongly limit its practical application. Therefore, encapsulation technology serves as a crucial delivery method to achieve the bioavailability of β-carotene. The study aimed to explore effects of microencapsulated and nanoemulsified β-carotene on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function in weaned piglets. A total of 147 healthy weaned piglets with similar initial body weight (7.75 ± 0.09 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CON), microencapsulated β-carotene treatment group (B1) and nanoemulsified β-carotene treatment group (B2). Results showed that the two β-carotene preparations remarkably improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity of weaned piglets compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). In tissues of liver, jejunum and colon, B1 and B2 groups increased antioxidase activity (CAT, SOD, T-AOC) and concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ), with reduced MDA and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α) contents. Both B1 and B2 treatments improved intestinal barrier function and optimized jejunal microbial composition compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The B2 group exerted far superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects compared with the B1 group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the nanoemulsion delivery system can improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function of β-carotene in weaned piglets compared with the traditional microencapsulated form. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of nanoemulsified β-carotene to improve the bioavailability of β-carotene. Full article

In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of Urtica dioica L. (UD) on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Forty-eight male rats were divided into six groups: control, BPA (50 mg/kg), UD100 (100 mg/kg), UD200 (200 mg/kg), BPA + UD100, and BPA + UD200. UD ameliorated the BPA-induced reductions in sperm concentration and motility, membrane integrity and decreased increments in abnormalities of sperm. The results showed that BPA exposure significantly decreased testosterone levels, and moreover, co-administration of UD appeared to enhance this effect. Treatment with UD alleviated BPA-induced testicular apoptosis by attenuation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels by increasing Bcl-2 level. Moreover, it was significantly reduced inflammation by decreasing the expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in the testis tissue compared to the BPA group. It was also determined that BPA-induced histopathological damage was significantly mitigated by UD co-administration. In the BPA group, CAT, SOD, and GPx levels decreased compared with those of the control group. However, co-administration of UD showed an ameliorative effect on the other antioxidant enzymes except for SOD. These findings revealed that UD can be used as a potential and effective agent to ameliorate BPA-induced testicular toxicity due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. Full article

Among the many concerns surrounding global health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized as a major threat, especially critical within livestock production, where restrictions on antibiotic use demand effective preventive alternatives. The documented health benefits and structural stability have positioned yeast-derived postbiotics as an attractive alternative, but research has largely focused on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, leaving non-Saccharomyces yeast species underexplored. To this end, in this study nine non-conventional yeast strains were selected and subjected to different thermal and chemical inactivation methods to determine the most suitable conditions for postbiotic obtention. Based on their physicochemical characterization and scalability potential, heat-treated postbiotics were selected for subsequent in vitro evaluation. Immunomodulatory assays demonstrated that heat-inactivated postbiotics from the different yeast strains were internalized by macrophages and induced dose-and-species-dependent expression of maturation markers CD40 and CD86, as well as TNF-α production, eliciting a proinflammatory response in vitro. Moreover, among all the species evaluated in this work, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Wickerhamomyces anomalus stood out for their ability to significantly reduce the adhesion of the enteropathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to intestinal cells in vitro. These results highlight the species-dependent immunomodulatory and anti-infective properties of selected yeast-derived postbiotics. Full article

Background: Biological treatment of psoriasis has revolutionized the therapy of this disease, in most cases enabling complete remission of skin lesions. Methods: This study aimed to analyze real-world evidence from 165 patients (mean age 38.1 ± 5.66) treated with 11 biological drugs at our Dermatology Department. Results: Skin lesion severity, expressed by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Body Surface Area (BSA), improved significantly throughout the treatment, along with the quality of life, expressed by Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (all p < 0.0001). We observed a statistically significantly higher reduction in skin lesion severity and life quality improvement with IL-23 and IL-17 inhibitors compared to TNFα inhibitors (both p < 0.0001). Secondary loss of response was observed in 26.7% of patients treated with anti-TNF agents, compared to 15.0% in the anti-IL-23 group and 8.3% in the anti-IL-17 group (χ² test, p = 0.0683). Patients who had been treated in the past with biologics had significantly higher PASI and BSA at week 16 of therapy compared to those who were bio-naïve. A positive correlation was demonstrated between PASI at 16 weeks and BMI (R = 0.15; p = 0.0396). There was no correlation between the duration of psoriasis, sex, or age of patients when introducing biologics and PASI at any of the timepoints (p > 0.05). The most frequent side effects were infections, occurring mainly in patients on anti-TNFα agents and bimekizumab. Conclusions: IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors demonstrated superior efficacy compared to TNFα inhibitors, with higher rates of complete skin clearance and a lower tendency toward loss of response. The worst efficacy and the highest rate of loss of response were observed in case of adalimumab. These findings support the increasing role of IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors as preferred therapeutic options in psoriasis. Previous biologic exposure and higher BMI seem to be associated with poorer therapeutic outcomes. Overall, biological treatment is an effective, rapid, and safe therapeutic option. Full article

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae) is widely incorporated into dermatological and wound-healing formulations, where dechlorophylization is commonly used to improve extract stability, although its biological consequences are not fully understood. In this study, an ethanolic extract of C. asiatica leaves (CAE) was compared with a dechlorophylized C. asiatica extract (DCAE) in terms of cytotoxicity, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, complemented by network pharmacology analysis. DCAE exhibited improved cytocompatibility, remaining non-cytotoxic up to 100 µg/mL, whereas CAE showed cytotoxic effects above 25 µg/mL. In contrast, CAE demonstrated superior wound-healing performance, reducing the residual wound area to 21.77% compared with 36.81% for DCAE and inducing higher Ki67 expression (1.94-fold versus 1.58-fold). These findings suggest that chlorophyll-associated constituents may contribute to keratinocyte proliferation and re-epithelialization. Although DCAE was enriched in pentacyclic triterpenes, including asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside, it showed stronger anti-inflammatory effects by more effectively suppressing CXCL10, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 expression. Both extracts displayed weak antibacterial activity but moderate antifungal effects against Candida albicans, likely mediated through membrane disruption. Network pharmacology further indicated that wound-healing activity is associated with the regulation of COL1A1 and VEGFA through quercetin, kaempferol, and asiatic acid by way of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, whereas anti-inflammatory effects involve modulation of PTGS2 and TNF through the NF-κB and IL-17 pathways. Overall, DCAE enhances cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity, while CAE retains stronger regenerative capacity. These findings support the rational design of tailored formulations for specific dermatological applications, such as promoting wound repair or alleviating chronic skin inflammation. Full article

Fluorescence-based immunoassays are widely used for sensitive and specific biomarker detection; however, further improvements in sensitivity remain desirable for detecting low-abundance analytes without increasing assay complexity. In this work, we present a proof-of-concept demonstration of guided electrokinetic assembly of functionalized latex beads as a post-assay signal enhancement strategy using alternating-current electro-osmosis (ACEO). Carboxyl-modified 1 μm polystyrene beads conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647-labeled anti-IgG were localized within lithographically defined windows on carbon interdigitated electrode arrays, producing localized fluorescence enhancement through physical bead localization without enzymatic amplification or additional labeling chemistries. Compatibility of the approach with fluorescence-based immunoassays was demonstrated through adaptation of a TNF-α ELISA workflow. Electro-osmotic localization of functionalized bead conjugates was achieved within 120 s, producing an approximately 12-fold increase in corrected total fluorescence relative to the corrected signal of the pre-electro-osmosis condition while demonstrating negligible enrichment of unbound fluorescent protein. Application of the platform to a TNF-α sandwich immunoassay yielded an approximately 5.5-fold enhancement in fluorescence signal, and robust bead localization was maintained across anti-IgG concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 μg/mL. These findings demonstrate that guided electrokinetic bead localization provides an effective signal enhancement strategy for fluorescence-based immunoassays and represents a promising approach for improving the detection of low-abundance analytes. Full article

Glutamine peptides not only serve as delivery vehicles for supplemental glutamine but also frequently possess unique biological activities that surpass glutamine itself, playing a crucial role in maintaining intestinal health. Corn gluten meal, as a major byproduct of corn processing with substantial production volume, is rich in glutamine, making it an ideal raw material for preparing glutamine peptides. This study aims to establish an enzymatic hydrolysis process for the efficient release of glutamine peptides from corn gluten meal and to identify glutamine peptides with gut health-maintaining effects. The results indicate that stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis of corn gluten meal using Protamex and Trypsin yields a glutamine-rich corn protein hydrolysate (GRCH). A total of 175 glutamine peptides were further identified from the low-molecular-weight fraction of GRCH. Through physicochemical property analysis and molecular docking technology, five glutamine peptides with potential inhibitory activity against the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were screened, among which QFSLP demonstrated outstanding performance. In vitro experiments demonstrate that QFSLP is fully absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells and effectively alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in intestinal cells. Following QFSLP intervention, the levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in cells were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while the level of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The findings of this study contribute to the industrial-scale production of glutamine peptides and provide experimental evidence for their development in gut health-related products. Full article

The enzyme-treated soybean protein (ETSP) could improve their application as an ingredient and substitute for fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds. In the present research, an eight-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of using ETSP as a particle substitution in FM on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant, intestinal barrier integrity and relative mRNA expression levels in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A cohort of 450 fish (15.52 ± 0.04 g/fish) were randomly divided into five groups with five replacement levels of ETSP: 0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0% (control, H2-12.5, H2-25.0, H2-37.5 and H2-50.0). Results showed that final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) reach the highest value, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) reaches lowest in H2-25.0 group. The activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were remarkably increased by replacing FM with ETSP at certain level, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Higher levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) as well as lower activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected with ETSP replacement. Histological examination revealed that villus height in mid-intestine was the highest, while this factor in pyloric caeca was not affected. The activity of diamine oxidase (DAO) and the contents of D-lactate (D-Lac) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum were gradually decreased when replacing FM with ETSP in the diets. In addition, replacement of FM with ETSP at 25% improved intestinal barrier function by upregulating gene expression related to the tight junctions (occludin, claudins, ZO-1 and ZO-2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) while downregulating pro-inflammatory factors (IL-8 and TNFα). Moreover, proper amount of ETSP instead of FM can upregulate mRNA expression of LAT1, PEPT1 and PEPT2 in the intestine. In conclusion, at the fishmeal level used in the diet tested in the present study, 25% replacement is the most beneficial for juvenile largemouth bass. Full article

Neuroinflammation plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Glycyrrhizin (GL), a major component of licorice, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, but its effects on AD pathology remain unclear. To investigate the effects of GL (18β-glycyrrhizin, 18β-GL) and its stereoisomer (18α-glycyrrhizin, 18α-GL) on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and AD pathology in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8; P8) mice, 40-week-old P8 male mice, an AD model due to aging, and the control (senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1, SAMR1; R1) mice were treated with 18β-GL, 18α-GL and physiological saline (control) for 12 weeks (n = 6 in each group). Cognitive function was evaluated using a step-through passive avoidance test. Plasma levels of α-Klotho, IGF-1, 2′,3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′,3′-cGAMP), HMGB1, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Hippocampal microglial activation (Iba1), amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Aged P8 mice showed impaired memory, decreased α-Klotho and IGF-1 levels, and increased inflammatory markers compared with R1 mice. GL significantly improved memory performance, reduced inflammatory markers, and suppressed Iba1 activation, as well as Aβ and p-Tau accumulation. These effects were associated with inhibition of the cGAS–STING pathway, as indicated by reduced 2′,3′-cGAMP and HMGB1 levels. GL ameliorates AD pathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation, suggesting its therapeutic potential for AD. Full article

Background: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) involves a complex interplay between systemic inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses. The hyperacute kinetics of these cytokines and their incremental prognostic value beyond established brain injury biomarkers remain inadequately characterized. We aimed to evaluate whether the 6 h post–return-of-spontaneous-circulation (ROSC) cytokine profile predicts neurological outcome, with the Th1/Th2 ratio largely reflecting the IL-10 signal. Methods: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a single-center cardiac arrest registry included 56 cardiac arrest survivors (40 out-of-hospital, 16 in-hospital) treated with targeted temperature management (TTM) at 33 °C or 36 °C between January 2024 and December 2025. Serum IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ (interferon-γ), and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured at five time points (initial presentation (INIT), and 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post-ROSC). Neurological outcome was assessed using the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale at 6 months after cardiac arrest, with poor outcome defined as CPC 3–5. Results: Eighteen patients (32.1%) had a good outcome (CPC 1–2) and 38 (67.9%) had a poor outcome at 6 months after cardiac arrest. Among the 38 poor-outcome patients, 2 were classified as CPC 3, 8 as CPC 4, and 28 as CPC 5 (death) at 6 months; the 6-month outcome was available for all 56 patients, with no loss to follow-up. Patients with poor outcomes exhibited a synchronized surge of IL-6 and IL-10 peaking at 6 h post-ROSC. IL-10 at 6 h showed the highest discriminative power among cytokines (area under the curve (AUC) 0.844) compared with IL-6 (AUC 0.761). Multivariable analysis using Youden-derived cut-offs revealed that IL-10 ≥ 154.32 pg/mL (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 15.28, 95% CI 2.02–115.38, p = 0.008) and a Th1/Th2 ratio ≥ 0.0314 (aOR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.61, p = 0.013) were independently associated with neurological outcome after adjustment for age and initial shockable rhythm. Conclusions: The 6 h post-ROSC window is a critical inflection point for immune dysregulation in PCAS. Early IL-10 elevation and collapse of the Th1/Th2 balance are independently associated with poor neurological recovery and add incremental prognostic information to established brain injury biomarkers. External validation in larger prospective cohorts is required. Full article

Probiotic interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have become a hot research topic in this field. However, no previous studies have investigated whether fox-derived probiotics exert therapeutic effects against colitis. The present investigation evaluated the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (syn. Lactobacillus plantarum) J3, sourced from the intestines of healthy Arctic foxes, on colitis. In an in vitro LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cell model, strain J3 exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, indicating potential to preserve intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, in an in vivo DSS-induced colitis mouse model, oral J3 supplementation markedly alleviated body weight loss, lowered disease activity index (DAI), and ameliorated histopathological lesions in colon tissues. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the J3 group displayed significantly decreased colonic levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MPO, PGE₂, along with downregulated COX-2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). By contrast, the levels of IL-10, TJ protein mRNA, and MUC2 mRNA were markedly upregulated, whereas serum LPS and D-Lac concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). In an exploratory analysis of 16S rDNA and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in a subset of mice, J3 treatment showed a trend toward colonic microbial remodeling, accompanied by a significant increase in short-chain fatty acid production (p < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum J3 derived from foxes may alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice, providing a basis for future translational research. Full article

Background/Objectives: Revolutionary small molecule, targeted, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the clinic have engendered the perception that optimal treatment has already been established for diseases like chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Addressing BCR::ABL1 oncokinase domain mutations in CML is unlikely to redress disease recrudescence owing to persistent leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Therefore, it is necessary to consider an alternative strategic approach: disrupting LSC interactions with the protective microenvironment and/or immune system. The interaction of the TNF-α superfamily member, CD27, with its upregulated ligand, CD70, initiates survival signaling specifically in CML cells when BCR::ABL1 is inhibited by TKIs and thus represents an attractive target. Previous studies modulating the expression of CD27 on LSCs in a mouse model of advanced phase CML were encouraging. In our study, we explored the CD70/CD27 axis as a therapeutic target in early-phase disease. Methods: Primitive CD34+ cells from treatment-naïve chronic phase (CP) CML patients were drug-exposed in an in vitro co-culture system; combination drug treatments of the therapeutic anti-CD70 antibody and TKIs, nilotinib, were assessed in our CP CML murine model. Results: The blockade of the CD70/CD27 axis in combination with TKIs did not result in greater LSC elimination than with nilotinib as a single agent in our CP CML models. Nonetheless, there was an observed reduction in CD70+ cells with combination treatment. Conclusion: Further preclinical study of the antibody as an adjunct in CD70-expressing hematological malignancy is perhaps warranted. Full article

Acinetobacter baumannii, particularly colistin-resistant strains, represents a major therapeutic challenge because of multidrug resistance, biofilm formation, and limited treatment options. This study investigated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, immunomodulatory, and therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera ethanolic root extracts (WSEEs) against drug-sensitive (DS) and colistin-resistant (CR) A. baumannii. WSEE exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with MIC/MBC values of 125/250 μg/mL against the DS isolate and 250/500 μg/mL against the CR isolate. Time–kill analysis demonstrated bactericidal activity at 250 μg/mL, and WSEE significantly reduced the biomass of preformed biofilms. In cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenic mice, oral administration of WSEE (100 and 200 mg/kg) restored leukocyte counts and significantly reduced pulmonary bacterial burden following infection with both isolates. The higher dose (200 mg/kg) achieved survival rates of 90% and 70% in mice infected with the DS and CR isolates, respectively, compared with 50% and 30% in the corresponding colistin-treated groups. WSEE also significantly decreased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), indicating attenuation of infection-associated inflammation. Biochemical analyses further showed that WSEE did not produce detectable hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity under the experimental conditions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that WSEE possesses antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities and provides therapeutic benefit in experimental A. baumannii infection. These results support the potential of WSEE as a complementary therapeutic strategy against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, while further mechanistic, pharmacokinetic, and translational studies are needed to validate its clinical potential. Full article

Phanera sirindhorniae (formerly known as Bauhinia sirindhorniae) is a Thai medicinal plant with reported traditional use for the treatment of inflammation; however, its comprehensive phytochemical, biological, and formulation potential remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the flower (BSFE), stem (BSSE), and leaf (BSLE), and to develop a BSLE-loaded hydrogel sheet for topical application. Among the extracts, BSSE exhibited the highest total phenolic content (503.71 ± 7.56 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (4778.67 ± 255.47 mg EGCG/g), along with strong antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by DPPH (IC₅₀ = 17.05 µg/mL) and FRAP assays. BSLE showed superior anti-inflammatory activity by significantly suppressing nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas BSSE displayed moderate effects. In antimicrobial evaluation, BSSE exhibited the strongest activity among the extracts, particularly against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species, although its potency remained lower than that of standard antibiotics. HPLC analysis identified 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and luteolin as characteristic anti-inflammatory markers in BSLE. Based on its promising anti-inflammatory activity, BSLE was incorporated into hydrogel sheets (BSLE-F1 and BSLE-F2) using HPMC/PVA matrices with varying PEG 600 content. Both formulations demonstrated suitable physicochemical properties and skin-compatible pH. BSLE-F2 showed improved water retention and dimensional stability, whereas BSLE-F1 exhibited superior peelability, swelling capacity, and tensile strength. In conclusion, BSLE-F1 demonstrated a more favorable balance of mechanical and functional properties, suggesting its suitability as a topical anti-inflammatory hydrogel sheet. This study highlights the potential of P. sirindhorniae extracts for developing multifunctional, natural-based topical delivery systems. Full article