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12 pages, 4818 KiB  
Article
Pathology of Red Blood Cells in Patients with SARS-CoV-2
by Sona Hakobyan, Lina Hakobyan, Liana Abroyan, Aida Avetisyan, Hranush Avagyan, Nane Bayramyan, Lyudmila Niazyan, Mher Davidyants, Knarik Sargsyan, Tehmine Ghalechyan, Anna Semerjyan, Elena Karalova and Zaven Karalyan
Biomedicines 2025, 13(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010191 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
 Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been associated with various hematological disorders. Understanding the pathology of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in coronavirus infection may provide insights into disease severity and progression. Objective: To review and analyze the general pathology [...] Read more.
 Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been associated with various hematological disorders. Understanding the pathology of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in coronavirus infection may provide insights into disease severity and progression. Objective: To review and analyze the general pathology of erythrocytes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, focusing on clinical and laboratory findings across different severity groups. Methods: Patients were classified into four groups based on clinical criteria: Group 1: Regular group (fever, respiratory symptoms, and radiographic evidence of pneumonia). Group 2: Severe group (shortness of breath >30 breaths/min, peripheral blood oxygen saturation <92% at rest, extensive pneumonia, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and/or organ failure necessitating intensive care). Group 3: Low saturation group (peripheral blood oxygen saturation <85% at rest). Group 4: Erythroblastosis group (erythroblast count >0.5% among total nucleated blood cells). Clinical laboratory investigations included major routine studies and scanning microspectrophotometry to measure hemoglobin (Hb) spectra in unstained erythrocytes. Results: Erythroblasts were detected in approximately 30% of SARS-CoV-2 patients, predominantly in the severe group. Serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and anisocytosis were strongly correlated with disease severity. Microspectrophotometric studies revealed significant changes in hemoglobin adsorption spectra, with an increase in Hb absorbance at 420 nm in severe cases compared to normal controls. Conclusions: Elevated serum ferritin, CRP levels, anisocytosis, and altered hemoglobin absorption at 420 nm wavelength are associated with adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings highlight the potential utility of hematological parameters as markers for disease severity and prognosis in viral infections. Full article
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17 pages, 960 KiB  
Review
The Need for Standardized Guidelines for the Use of Monocyte Distribution Width (MDW) in the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis
by Andrea Piccioni, Fabio Spagnuolo, Silvia Baroni, Gabriele Savioli, Federico Valletta, Maria Chiara Bungaro, Gianluca Tullo, Marcello Candelli, Antonio Gasbarrini and Francesco Franceschi
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15010005 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1845
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex and potentially life-threatening syndrome characterized by an abnormal immune response to an infection, which can lead to organ dysfunction, septic shock, and death. Early diagnosis is crucial to improving prognosis and reducing hospital management costs. This narrative review aims [...] Read more.
Sepsis is a complex and potentially life-threatening syndrome characterized by an abnormal immune response to an infection, which can lead to organ dysfunction, septic shock, and death. Early diagnosis is crucial to improving prognosis and reducing hospital management costs. This narrative review aims to summarize and evaluate the current literature on the role of monocyte distribution width (MDW) as a diagnostic biomarker for sepsis, highlighting its advantages, limitations, and potential clinical applications. MDW measures the volumetric distribution width of monocytes, reflecting monocytic anisocytosis, and is detected using advanced hematological analyzers. In 2019, it was approved by the FDA as a biomarker for sepsis due to its ability to identify systemic inflammatory response at an early stage. Thirty-one studies analyzed by us have shown that an increased MDW value is associated with a higher risk of sepsis and that its combination with clinical parameters (such as qSOFA) and other biomarkers (CRP, PCT) can enhance diagnostic sensitivity and risk stratification capacity. Despite its high sensitivity, MDW has lower specificity compared to more established biomarkers such as procalcitonin, thus requiring a multimodal integration for an accurate diagnosis. The use of MDW in emergency and intensive care settings represents an opportunity to improve early sepsis diagnosis and critical patient management, particularly when combined with other markers and clinical tools. However, further studies are needed to define a universal cut-off and confirm its validity in different clinical contexts and pathological scenarios. Full article
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11 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
Correlation of Red Blood Cell Morphology with Serum Cobalamin and Folate Concentration in Dogs with Chronic Diarrhea: A Retrospective Study
by Argyrios Ginoudis, Anna Maria Ioannidou, Dimitra Pardali, Asteria Tsikna and Zoe Polizopoulou
Metabolites 2024, 14(12), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120657 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1133
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Chronic diarrhea in dogs is a prevalent condition that significantly impacts canine health, often leading to weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition. Diagnosing and treating chronic diarrhea is challenging due to its multifactorial nature, necessitating collaboration among veterinarians across various specialties. Measuring [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Chronic diarrhea in dogs is a prevalent condition that significantly impacts canine health, often leading to weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition. Diagnosing and treating chronic diarrhea is challenging due to its multifactorial nature, necessitating collaboration among veterinarians across various specialties. Measuring cobalamin and folate levels is a crucial diagnostic step for all dogs with chronic diarrhea. The role of these vitamins in erythropoiesis is well-documented in human medicine, where deficiencies are linked to erythropoietic disorders and megaloblastic anemia. This study explores the relationship between cobalamin and folate concentrations with hematologic parameters in dogs with chronic diarrhea to develop novel diagnostic methods that facilitate timely decision making. Methods: Forty-seven adult dogs with a history of chronic diarrhea (2019–2023) were included in the study. Upon presentation, complete blood count and measurement of cobalamin and folate concentrations were performed. The correlation of cobalamin and folate levels with erythrocytic parameters, including hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), and reticulocyte count, as well as morphological changes in the blood smear were examined. Results: Serum cobalamin was significantly correlated with RBC (p = 0.032), HGB (p = 0.006), HCT (p = 0.005), and MCV (p = 0.022). Anisocytosis was significantly correlated with hypocobalaminemia (p = 0.002), while acanthocytosis correlated with normal cobalamin levels (p = 0.046). No correlation was found between serum folate and erythrocytic parameters or morphological changes. Conclusions: These findings emphasize cobalamin’s potential role in canine erythropoiesis, highlighting the need for routine evaluation and supplementation when necessary. Conversely, the lack of association with folate suggests it plays a less significant role in this species. These results underscore the importance of complete blood count in the diagnostic investigation of dogs with chronic diarrhea. Full article
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11 pages, 2669 KiB  
Article
Epidemiologic and Clinicopathological Characterization of Feline Mammary Lesions
by Fernanda R. Souza, Isabella S. Moreira, Artur A. Dariva, Karen Y. R. Nakagaki, Camila C. Abreu, Débora Balabram and Geovanni D. Cassali
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(11), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11110549 - 7 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Most lesions found in the mammary glands of cats are malignant, with aggressive behavior and unfavorable prognosis. Studies on the epidemiologic and clinicopathological characteristics of mammary lesions in cats are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate those characteristics and to correlate them [...] Read more.
Most lesions found in the mammary glands of cats are malignant, with aggressive behavior and unfavorable prognosis. Studies on the epidemiologic and clinicopathological characteristics of mammary lesions in cats are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate those characteristics and to correlate them with survival in cats. Mammary specimens were selected from 418 domestic cats that underwent surgical removal with or without lymphadenectomy. The cats and mammary lesions were evaluated for epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics. Cats with malignant neoplasms were older than cats with benign neoplasms and non-neoplastic lesions; 858 lesions were identified, including sporotrichosis, basaloid carcinoma, and benign phyllodes, described for the first time in cats. Tubulopapillary and cribriform carcinomas were the most common malignant tumors found and were very similar in characteristics such as marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis, high mitotic count (score 3) (p < 0.001), and presence of necrosis (p = 0.005). The association between advanced age and malignancy, as well as the description of new lesions, emphasizes the importance of population studies in cats to understand the behavior of the disease and to draw attention to diagnoses that should be considered in routine care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Canine and Feline Tumor)
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12 pages, 1949 KiB  
Article
Accounting for Red Cell Distribution Width Improves Risk Stratification by Commonly Used Mortality/Deterioration Risk Scores in Adult Patients Hospitalized Due to COVID-19
by Ana Jordan, Vladimir Trkulja, Ivana Jurin, Sanja Marević, Lovorka Đerek, Ivica Lukšić, Šime Manola and Marko Lucijanić
Life 2024, 14(10), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101267 - 5 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1376
Abstract
Higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) levels have gained attention in the prognostication of many chronic metabolic and malignant diseases, as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to evaluate whether accounting for RDW might contribute to risk stratification when added [...] Read more.
Higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) levels have gained attention in the prognostication of many chronic metabolic and malignant diseases, as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to evaluate whether accounting for RDW might contribute to risk stratification when added to commonly used risk scoring systems in adult COVID-19 patients. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 3212 non-critical COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a tertiary-level institution from March 2020 to June 2021. Admission RDW values were considered normal if they were ≤14.5% in males or ≤16.1% in females. The Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium score (ISARIC 4C), and Veterans Health Administration COVID-19 (VACO) index were evaluated as prognostic scores. RDW exceeded the upper limit in 628 (19.6%) of the patients. When RDW was accounted for, risks of the predicted outcomes were considerably different within the same MEWS, 4C score, and VACO index levels. The same patterns applied equally to patients who started, and those who did not start, remdesivir before deterioration. RDW may be a useful tool for stratifying risk when considered on top of commonly used prognostic scores in non-critical COVID-19 patients. Full article
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8 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Albinism and Blood Cell Profile: The Peculiar Case of Asinara Donkeys
by Maria Grazia Cappai, Alice Senes and Giovannantonio Pilo
Animals 2024, 14(18), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182641 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1521
Abstract
The complete blood cell count (CBC) was screened in a group of 15 donkeys, of which 8 were of Asinara breed (oculocutaneous albinism type 1, OCA1) and 7 of Sardo breed (gray coat). All donkeys were kept under same management and dietary conditions [...] Read more.
The complete blood cell count (CBC) was screened in a group of 15 donkeys, of which 8 were of Asinara breed (oculocutaneous albinism type 1, OCA1) and 7 of Sardo breed (gray coat). All donkeys were kept under same management and dietary conditions and underwent periodic health monitoring in the month of June 2024, at the peak of the positive photoperiod, at Mediterranean latitudes. One aliquot of whole blood, drawn from each individual into K2-EDTA containing tubes, was analyzed for the complete blood cell count through an automatic analyzer, within two hours of sampling. Data were analyzed and compared by one-way ANOVA, where the breed was an independent variable. All animals appeared clinically healthy, though mild eosinophilia was observed in Sardo donkeys. The red blood cell line showed peculiar traits for Asinara donkeys, which displayed significantly higher circulating red blood cell numbers than gray coat Sardo donkeys (RBC, 5.19 vs. 3.80 1012/mL ± 0.98 pooled-St. Dev, respectively; p = 0.017). RBCs also exhibited a smaller diameter and higher degree of anisocytosis in Asinara donkeys, along with lower hematocrit value, albeit within physiological ranges. Taken all together, such hematological profile depicts a peculiar trait of the red blood cell line in albino donkeys during the positive photoperiod. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Donkeys and Mules)
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9 pages, 375 KiB  
Article
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Erythrocyte Indices, and Elongation Index at Baseline in a Group of Trained Subjects
by Gregorio Caimi, Melania Carlisi and Rosalia Lo Presti
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010151 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Background: Regular exercise elicits adaptive changes in several organs and physiological processes, including erythrocyte properties. Methods: In a group of 79 subjects (62 men and 17 women; mean age 31.37 ± 10.19 years) who trained several times a week as they practiced amateur [...] Read more.
Background: Regular exercise elicits adaptive changes in several organs and physiological processes, including erythrocyte properties. Methods: In a group of 79 subjects (62 men and 17 women; mean age 31.37 ± 10.19 years) who trained several times a week as they practiced amateur sports, we evaluated the elongation index, markers of erythrocyte deformability, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), indicators of erythrocyte anisocytosis, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and the main erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in basal conditions. Results: In comparison with a group of healthy, but not training, volunteers, the values of the elongation index, and not the RDW, are increased, and this datum is accompanied by an increase in MCV and MCHC, likely related to an increased presence of circulating young erythrocytes in training subjects. We also divided the same group according to the median of the VO2max, observing that the subgroup above the median shows both an increase in the elongation index values and a decrease in MCH and MCHC. Conclusions: In trained subjects, there is no correlation between the values of the elongation index and the RDW, while the interrelations among the elongation index, RDW, and main erythrocyte indices appear to be of particular interest and of a certain complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine)
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16 pages, 902 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Crucial Parameters in Diabesity-Related Liver Fibrosis: A Preliminary Study
by Szymon Suwała, Aleksandra Białczyk, Kinga Koperska, Alicja Rajewska, Magdalena Krintus and Roman Junik
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7760; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247760 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1617
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity have been recognized as confirmed risk factors for the occurrence of liver fibrosis. Despite the long-standing acknowledgment of “diabesity”, the simultaneous existence of diabetes and obesity, scholarly literature has shown limited attention to this topic. The aim of this pilot [...] Read more.
Diabetes and obesity have been recognized as confirmed risk factors for the occurrence of liver fibrosis. Despite the long-standing acknowledgment of “diabesity”, the simultaneous existence of diabetes and obesity, scholarly literature has shown limited attention to this topic. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence of liver fibrosis among individuals with diabetes (specifically those who are obese) in order to identify the key factors associated with hepatofibrosis and determine the most important associations and differences between patients with and without liver fibrosis. The research included a total of 164 participants (48.17% had comorbid obesity). Liver elastography (Fibroscan) was performed on these individuals in addition to laboratory tests. Liver fibrosis was found in 34.76% of type 2 diabetes patients; male gender almost doubled the risk of hepatofibrosis (RR 1.81) and diabesity nearly tripled this risk (RR 2.81; however, in degree III of obesity, the risk was elevated to 3.65 times higher). Anisocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or elevated liver enzymes raised the incidence of liver fibrosis by 1.78 to 2.47 times. In these individuals, liver stiffness was negatively correlated with MCV, platelet count, and albumin concentration; GGTP activity and HbA1c percentage were positively correlated. The regression analysis results suggest that the concentration of albumin and the activity of GGTP are likely to have a substantial influence on the future management of liver fibrosis in patients with diabesity. The findings of this study can serve as the basis for subsequent investigations and actions focused on identifying potential therapeutic and diagnostic avenues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Type 2 Diabetes Research)
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15 pages, 1674 KiB  
Article
Stratification of βSβ+ Compound Heterozygotes Based on L-Glutamine Administration and RDW: Focusing on Disease Severity
by Aimilia Giannaki, Hara Τ. Georgatzakou, Sotirios P. Fortis, Alkmini T. Anastasiadi, Efthimia G. Pavlou, Efrosyni G. Nomikou, Maria P. Drandaki, Angeliki Kotsiafti, Aikaterini Xydaki, Christina Fountzoula, Effie G. Papageorgiou, Vassilis L. Tzounakas and Anastasios G. Kriebardis
Antioxidants 2023, 12(11), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111982 - 8 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1691
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is heterogeneous in terms of manifestation severity, even more so when in compound heterozygosity with beta-thalassemia. The aim of the present study was to stratify βSβ+ patient blood samples in a severity-dependent manner. Blood from thirty-two [...] Read more.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is heterogeneous in terms of manifestation severity, even more so when in compound heterozygosity with beta-thalassemia. The aim of the present study was to stratify βSβ+ patient blood samples in a severity-dependent manner. Blood from thirty-two patients with HbS/β-thalassemia compound heterozygosity was examined for several parameters (e.g., hemostasis, inflammation, redox equilibrium) against healthy controls. Additionally, SCD patients were a posteriori (a) categorized based on the L-glutamine dose and (b) clustered into high-/low-RDW subgroups. The patient cohort was characterized by anemia, inflammation, and elevated coagulation. Higher-dose administration of L-glutamine was associated with decreased markers of inflammation and oxidation (e.g., intracellular reactive oxygen species) and an altered coagulation profile. The higher-RDW group was characterized by increased hemolysis, elevated markers of inflammation and stress erythropoiesis, and oxidative phenomena (e.g., membrane-bound hemoglobin). Moreover, the levels of hemostasis parameters (e.g., D-Dimers) were greater compared to the lower-RDW subgroup. The administration of higher doses of L-glutamine along with hydroxyurea seems to attenuate several features in SCD patients, probably by enhancing antioxidant power. Moreover, anisocytosis may alter erythrocytes’ coagulation processes and hemolytic propensity. This results in the disruption of the redox and pro-/anti-inflammatory equilibria, creating a positive feedback loop by inducing stress erythropoiesis and, thus, the occurrence of a mixed erythrocyte population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blood Cells and Redox Homeostasis in Health and Disease)
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12 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
Red Cell Distribution Width Association with Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
by Marta González-Sierra, Alejandro Romo-Cordero, Juan C. Quevedo-Abeledo, Adrián Quevedo-Rodríguez, Fuensanta Gómez-Bernal, Antonia de Vera-González, Raquel López-Mejías, Candelaria Martín-González, Miguel Ángel González-Gay and Iván Ferraz-Amaro
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(20), 6497; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206497 - 12 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the variation in mean corpuscular volume that reflects the degree of anisocytosis on the peripheral blood smear. RDW value variation has been implicated in several disorders including chronic inflammatory processes and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. [...] Read more.
Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the variation in mean corpuscular volume that reflects the degree of anisocytosis on the peripheral blood smear. RDW value variation has been implicated in several disorders including chronic inflammatory processes and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. In the present work, our objective was to study the relationship that RDW has with the characteristics of the disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), focusing on CV risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted that included 430 patients with RA and 208 controls matched by sex and age. Complete blood count, including RDW, was assessed. Multivariable analysis was performed to analyze the relationship of RDW with RA disease characteristics, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and traditional CV factors, including a comprehensive profile of lipid molecules and insulin resistance and beta cell function indices. After multivariable adjustment, the RDW was significantly higher in RA patients compared with controls (beta coefficient 1.0 [95% confidence interval 0.2 to 1.8] %, p = 0.020). Furthermore, although the erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a positive and significant relationship with RDW, this association was not found with C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. A positive and independent relationship was observed between DAS28-ESR disease activity score and RDW. However, no association was found between the RDW and other disease activity scores that do not include erythrocyte sedimentation rate in their formula. The SCORE2 CV risk algorithm was positively and significantly associated with higher RDW values. Likewise, a negative relationship was found between RDW with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a positive relationship was found between RDW and insulin resistance indices. In conclusion, RDW values are higher in RA patients compared to matched controls. Although the relationship of RDW with disease activity was not consistent, RDW shows associations with subclinical CV disease risk factors, including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and with the SCORE2 CV disease-risk prediction algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)
13 pages, 1582 KiB  
Review
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width as a Novel Parameter in Canine Disorders: Literature Review and Future Prospective
by Arianna Miglio, Carlotta Valente and Carlo Guglielmini
Animals 2023, 13(6), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13060985 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10465
Abstract
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for clinical classification of anemia. An increased RDW reflects a great heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells [...] Read more.
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for clinical classification of anemia. An increased RDW reflects a great heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells typical of regenerative and iron-deficiency anemia. In humans, numerous and recent studies have shown a relationship between increased RDW and the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with various disorders. In particular, a strong association has been established between changes in RDW and the risk of adverse outcome in humans with diseases affecting different organs or systems. Following the human literature, some studies have recently been conducted trying to clarify the clinical role of RDW in various animal disorders, particularly in dogs. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate the results of the studies based on the measurement of RDW in dogs. We also emphasize the need for further and more extensive studies on the use of this simple and inexpensive parameter in animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animals in 2023)
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14 pages, 766 KiB  
Review
The Role of Red Cell Distribution Width as a Prognostic Marker in Chronic Liver Disease: A Literature Review
by Hunain Aslam, Fouzia Oza, Khalid Ahmed, Jonathan Kopel, Mark M. Aloysius, Aman Ali, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Muhammad Aziz, Abhilash Perisetti and Hemant Goyal
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043487 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5648
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily available, non-invasive marker to aid in monitoring and prognosticating hepatic disorders. Recently, red blood cell distribution width [...] Read more.
Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily available, non-invasive marker to aid in monitoring and prognosticating hepatic disorders. Recently, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with various inflammatory conditions with implications for its use as a potential marker for assessing disease progression and prognosis in multiple conditions. Multiple factors effect red blood cell production whereby a dysfunction in any process can lead to anisocytosis. Furthermore, a chronic inflammatory state leads to increased oxidative stress and produces inflammatory cytokines causing dysregulation and increased intracellular uptake and use of both iron and vitamin B12, which leads to a reduction in erythropoiesis causing an increase in RDW. This literature review reviews in-depth pathophysiology that may lead to an increase in RDW and its potential correlation with chronic liver diseases, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In our review, we examine the use of RDW as a prognostic and predictive marker for hepatic injury and chronic liver disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roles of Erythrocytes in Human Health and Disease)
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15 pages, 668 KiB  
Article
An Interplay between Oxidative Stress (Lactate Dehydrogenase) and Inflammation (Anisocytosis) Mediates COVID-19 Severity Defined by Routine Clinical Markers
by Marta Alonso-Bernáldez, Amanda Cuevas-Sierra, Víctor Micó, Andrea Higuera-Gómez, Omar Ramos-Lopez, Lidia Daimiel, Alberto Dávalos, María Martínez-Urbistondo, Víctor Moreno-Torres, Ana Ramirez de Molina, Juan Antonio Vargas and J. Alfredo Martinez
Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020234 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3479
Abstract
Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this research was to study the role of the [...] Read more.
Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this research was to study the role of the oxidative stress process assessed through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the severity of COVID-19 measured by oxygen saturation (SaO2) and the putative interaction with inflammation. The investigation enrolled 1808 patients (mean age of 68 and 60% male) with COVID-19 from the HM Hospitals database. To explore interactions, a regression model and mediation analyses were performed. The patients with lower SaO2 presented lymphopenia and higher values of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio and on the anisocytosis coefficient. The regression model showed an interaction between LDH and anisocytosis, suggesting that high levels of LDH (>544 U/L) and an anisocytosis coefficient higher than 10% can impact SaO2 in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, analysis revealed that LDH mediated 41% (p value = 0.001) of the effect of anisocytosis on SaO2 in this cohort. This investigation revealed that the oxidative stress marker LDH and the interaction with anisocytosis have an important role in the severity of COVID-19 infection and should be considered for the management and treatment of the oxidative phenomena concerning this within a precision medicine strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ROS and COVID-19 II)
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12 pages, 1293 KiB  
Article
The Association between the Hematocrit at Admission and Preoperative Deep Venous Thrombosis in Hip Fractures in Older People: A Retrospective Analysis
by Dong-Yang Li, Dong-Xing Lu, Ting Yan, Kai-Yuan Zhang, Bin-Fei Zhang and Yu-Min Zhang
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(1), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010353 - 2 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3147
Abstract
Hematocrit, a commonly used hematological indicator, is a simple and easily applicable test. As a marker of anisocytosis and anemia, it indicates the percentage of blood cells per unit volume of whole blood. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the level [...] Read more.
Hematocrit, a commonly used hematological indicator, is a simple and easily applicable test. As a marker of anisocytosis and anemia, it indicates the percentage of blood cells per unit volume of whole blood. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the level of the hematocrit at admission and preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in hip fractures of older people. We collected the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with geriatric hip fractures between 1 January 2015, and 30 September 2019, at the largest trauma center in northwestern China. Doppler ultrasonography was used to diagnose DVT. The correlation between hematocrit levels at admission and preoperative DVT was assessed using linear and nonlinear multivariate logistic regression, according to the adjusted model. All analyzes were performed using EmpowerStats and R software. In total, 1840 patients were included in this study, of which 587 patients (32%) had preoperative DVT. The mean hematocrit level was 34.44 ± 5.64 vol%. Linear multivariate logistic regression models showed that admission hematocrit levels were associated with preoperative DVT (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99; p = 0.0019) after adjustment for confounding factors. However, the linear association was unstable, and nonlinearity was identified. An admission hematocrit level of 33.5 vol% was an inflection point for the prediction. Admission hematocrit levels <33.5 vol% were not associated with preoperative DVT (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97–1.04, p = 0.8230), whereas admission hematocrit levels >33.5 vol% were associated with preoperative DVT (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 25 0.91–0.97, p = 0.0006). Hematocrit levels at admission were nonlinearly associated with preoperative DVT, and hematocrit at admission was a risk factor for preoperative DVT. However, the severity of a low hematocrit was not associated with preoperative DVT when the hematocrit was <33.5 vol%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery)
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8 pages, 234 KiB  
Article
Conjunctival Extramedullary Plasmacytoma in Dogs and a Cat: Clinical Characteristics and Histopathological Findings
by Aleksandra Rawicka, Manuela Crasta, Adolfo Guandalini, Claudio Peruccio, Domenico Multari, Marco Rondena, Nunzio D’Anna and Chiara Giudice
Animals 2022, 12(21), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213015 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3209
Abstract
Background: Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a plasma cell tumor that is very rarely reported in ocular and adnexal tissue and is usually solitary and benign. Methods: This study evaluated seven cases from different ophthalmology referrals submitted for histopathological analysis between 2013 and 2022. [...] Read more.
Background: Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a plasma cell tumor that is very rarely reported in ocular and adnexal tissue and is usually solitary and benign. Methods: This study evaluated seven cases from different ophthalmology referrals submitted for histopathological analysis between 2013 and 2022. Results: EMPs were diagnosed in a 9-year-old domestic short-haired cat and in six dogs (median age, 10 years): three English Cocker Spaniels, a Golden Retriever, a Maltese, and a Pinscher. EMPs affected the third eyelid conjunctiva in five cases (5/7), followed by the superior bulbar (1/7) and palpebral conjunctivae (1/7), respectively, and were presented mostly as well-defined, salmon-colored nodules. Histopathologically, the masses were composed of sheets and packets of round cells morphologically consistent with mature plasma cells with mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis; mitosis and binucleated giant cells were rarely observed. Follow up for 6/7 cases ranged from 6 months to 2 years. No signs of recurrence or systemic involvement (multiple myeloma) were observed. Conclusions: EMP should be included in the differential diagnoses of canine and feline conjunctival masses. Staging recommendations should include multiple myeloma diagnostic evaluation. Our results suggest that primary conjunctival EMP does not appear to be locally aggressive and has low systemic involvement behavior. The local surgical excision alone or combined with cryotherapy should be curative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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