Search Results (312)

UNESCO landscapes, as socio-ecological systems of high natural and cultural value, must be well managed and protected for future generations. The study area of the present research includes the UNESCO site of the Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri (Central Italy). The main aims of the study are as follows: (1) to compare landscape dynamics of the study area from 1954 to 2023; (2) to assess the potential positive effects of the recognition of the area as a UNESCO site in terms of mitigating landscape change and fragmentation; (3) to identify potential sustainable conservation actions aimed at promoting the connectivity between the site and its landscape context. There was a change in the land cover in the entire study area from 1954 to 2023, which was 23%, with different dynamics at different times, while fragmentation was evident in the UNESCO buffer. This is particularly a concern because it includes the ancient Etruscan city, and it is not subject to adequate protection measures. Finally, this research identified crucial management strategies, including the expansion of the core area to include the ancient city; the restoration of naturalistic connections (e.g., the ancient path) between the city, necropolis, and natural context; and the reforestation of sensitive archaeological areas to mitigate landscape fragmentation. Full article

In the Roman Empire, lead tags were used for various purposes, one of which was to label textiles that needed cleaning, repairing or dyeing. So far, these tesserae have been found at over 90 sites in 13 Roman provinces. The cities of Siscia and Carnuntum in Pannonia Superior have the highest number of finds. In 2011, a Roman cesspit was excavated in the civil city of Carnuntum and dated to the mid-2nd century CE. The latrine contained household and food waste, human faeces, pottery shards, pollen, lime, amber and 179 lead tags. The tags bear inscriptions consisting of personal names, prices, and abbreviations of terms relating to garments, colours and services such as cleaning, mending, repairing, fulling, fumigating, perfuming, dyeing, and redyeing. The findings of Roman textiles unearthed in Carnuntum are too degraded to allow a successful dye analysis to be carried out. Therefore, the inscriptions are important sources for drawing conclusions about dyeing materials and techniques. This information was supplemented by ancient written sources as well as archaeobotanical finds of dye plants and dye analyses of archaeological textiles found in Central Europe dating from the same period or earlier. Full article

China has entered a period of urban renewal, with the focus shifting from large-scale incremental construction to both upgrading existing building quality and adjusting incremental structures. There are three main types of urban renewal: demolition and reconstruction, comprehensive improvement, and organic renewal. The latter systematically optimizes and enhances urban functions, spaces, and culture through gradual renovation methods and is, therefore, suitable for use in ancient cities. To promote organic renewal, the problem of limited space resources must first be addressed, which can be resolved to a certain extent by the moderate development of underground spaces; preliminary evaluations of the development potential are also required. In consideration of the demands of organic renewal, we constructed a novel indicator system for evaluating underground space development potential (USDP) in ancient cities that assesses two dimensions: development demand and development suitability. A multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to quantify the indicators of USDP, taking Shaoxing Ancient City (SAC) as the case study. According to the USDP evaluation, SAC can be divided into four kinds of areas: high-potential, general-potential, low-potential, and prohibited development areas. High-potential areas accounted for 16.38% of the total evaluation area and were primarily concentrated in or near key locations: train transit stations (Shaoxing Railway Station), public service facilities, evacuated land, and cultural and tourism facilities around historic districts (Shusheng Guli Historical and Cultural Street). The proposed development strategies for these areas included the interconnection of metro stations, redevelopment of relocation-related and vacated land, construction of underground cultural corridors, and supplementation of parking facilities. For developed underground spaces with low utilization efficiency, functional renewal and management improvement measures were put forward. Our method of evaluating the USDP of ancient cities and the strategies proposed to optimize the utilization of underground space can provide reference examples for SAC and other similar ancient cities. Full article

The Chengyang City (城阳城) site in Xinyang, Henan Province, China, was a significant northern military stronghold of the Chu state during the Warring States period (475/403–221 BCE). The lacquered armor unearthed from Tomb M18 provides critical material evidence for studying ancient military technology and lacquer craftsmanship. In this study, a comprehensive analytical approach combining ultra-depth optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed to systematically characterize the structural and compositional features of the armor samples. The results indicate that the armor was constructed with a leather substrate and lacked any lacquer ash layer, while the surface exhibited multiple layers of mixed laccol and urushiol-based lacquer coatings. Cinnabar (HgS) was identified as the primary red pigment, and no carbon black or iron-based blackening agents were detected in the dark lacquer layers. Notably, the presence of laccol suggests that such lacquer resources may have also been produced in mainland China, offering new perspectives on the prevailing view that associates laccol exclusively with “Vietnamese lacquer.” This study elucidates the technological characteristics of mid-Warring States period lacquered armor, provides scientific insights into ancient lacquering techniques, and contributes valuable data for the conservation and restoration of similar cultural heritage artifacts. Full article

The evolution of agricultural civilization is closely related to the social changes in ancient China, with Fuzhou being home to a large number of traditional granary buildings with distinctive regional characteristics. This study employs field surveys, a literature review, architectural mapping, and comparative analysis to explore whether there is mutual verification between the “room-style” granaries in Fuzhou and related agricultural imagery. The findings reveal that (1) the granary buildings in Fuzhou city generally follow the ancient raised-platform structure and are organically integrated with the local courtyard-style dwellings, forming a unique “room-style” granaries. Their layout and structure not only adapt to the local natural environment but also reflect the ancient craftsmen’s deep understanding of material properties and structural mechanics. (2) The spatial layout and functions of traditional granary buildings have evolved with social changes. Their development has been profoundly influenced by Zhuzi’s granary system and Neo-Confucian thought, gradually forming a hybrid space that combines storage and residential functions, integrating both practicality and esthetics. This evolutionary process not only reflects the flexibility and adaptability of the ancient storage system but also demonstrates the influence of social and cultural factors in shaping architectural space. Currently, there are the following gaps in the research on traditional granaries in Fuzhou City: a lack of analysis on the form and structural patterns of local granary buildings, insufficient cross-verification between documentary records and physical remains, and inadequate research on the construction wisdom of traditional granary buildings. This study provides valuable insights into the research of ancient architectural art, cultural exchange, and regional construction. Full article

Urban green space, a vital part of urban ecosystems, offers inhabitants essential ecosystem services, and ensuring its fair distribution is essential to preserving their ecological well-being. This study uses Kaifeng City in Henan Province as the research object and aims to address the unique conflict between the preservation of well-known historical and cultural cities and the development of greening. It does this by integrating streetscape big data (2925 sampling points) and point of interest (POI) density data (57,266 records) and using the DeepLab-ResNeSt269 semantic segmentation model in conjunction with spatial statistical techniques (Moran’s Index, Locational Entropy and Theil Index Decomposition) to quantitatively analyze the spatial equity of the green view index (GVI) in Kaifeng City. The results of the study show that (1) The Theil Index reveals that the primary contradiction in Kaifeng City’s distribution pattern—low GVI in the center and high in the periphery—is the micro-street scale difference, suggesting that the spatial imbalance of the GVI is primarily reflected at the micro level rather than the macro urban area difference. (2) The distribution of the GVI in Kaifeng City exhibits a significant spatial polarization phenomenon, with the proportion of low-value area (35.40%) being significantly higher than that of high-value area (25.10%) and the spatial clustering being evident (Moran’s Index 0.3824). Additionally, the ancient city area and the new city area exhibit distinct spatial organization patterns. (3) POI density and GVI had a substantial negative correlation (r = −0.085), suggesting a complicated process of interaction between green space and urban functions. The study reveals that the fairness of green visibility in historical and cultural cities presents the characteristics of differentiated distribution in different spatial scales, which provides a scientific basis for the optimization of greening spatial layouts in historical and cultural cities while preserving the traditional landscape. Full article

Water resources allow us to trace the history of many of our towns. In settings with limited surface water, a very interesting case study is represented by the presence/preservation of water in the rupestrian towns located along the rocky walls of canyons (locally named “gravine”) southward, cutting the Murge karst area (Puglia, Southern Italy). In some sections of their valleys, soft rocks, easy to dig, are exposed, and, along the canyon flanks, favored the development of rupestrian towns (cities where dwellings are carved in these soft rocks). Here, before the construction of aqueducts that now bring water from the “distant” Apennines (at least 30 km away), the building of historical fountains, in addition to the collection of rainwater in cisterns, testifies to the presence of an aquifer now undervalued as a local water resource useful for human settlements in a predominantly karst territory. Our study regards an aquifer feeding the Mascheroni Fountain (Great Masks Fountain) through a short qanat that allowed for the development of the old town of Laterza, in Puglia (Southern Italy). Starting from the attractiveness of the ancient fountain, the connection between geological features of the area and the ancestral origin of the city could be proposed to a large audience, representing an intriguing opportunity to develop themes useful for geotouristic purposes and disseminating concepts about sustainability and the importance of preserving local renewable resources. This topic is of paramount importance since the town of Laterza is located at the boundary between the UNESCO MurGEopark and the “Terra delle Gravine” Regional Park, making it the ideal starting point for both parks. Full article

The historic landscape and the value of the ancient city in the stock era present a diversified and mixed problem; as such, this study explores a quantifiable spatial correlation method for landscape layering characteristics and value space, in order to provide support for the urban renewal paths that integrate historical and contemporary needs. Taking as an example Chaozhou Ancient City, a renowned historical and cultural city in China, this study draws on the theory of historical urban landscape layering and comprehensively uses historical graphic interpretation, GIS spatial quantitative analysis, the single-land-use dynamic degree model, the Analytic Network Process, and the Delphi method to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the landscape layering characteristics and value space of the ancient city. Meanwhile, it explores the relationship between the historical landscape layering characteristics and value space of ancient cities using the spatial autocorrelation model and the coupling coordination modulus model. The key findings are as follows: (1) The high-layer space (66.1%) and high-value space (31.1%) of the historic landscape of Chaozhou Ancient City show significant mismatch and imbalance. Spatially, layer spaces increase from the city center toward the periphery, whereas value spaces decrease from the center outward, demonstrating marked spatial heterogeneity. (2) The layer–value space shows a spatial distribution of agglomeration, with Moran’s I index values of 0.2712 and 0.6437, respectively. The agglomeration degree of the value space is much higher than that of the layer space, and both show significant non-equilibrium and associative coupling. (3) Coupling coordination: basically balanced (D = 0.56) indicates a transition toward a more integrated state, although 48% of the region remains in a state of severe dysfunction, mainly consisting of two types of spaces: “high-layer–high-value” and “low-layer–low-value.” These two dysfunctional types should be prioritized in future conservation and renewal strategies. This study provides a more comprehensive quantitative analysis path for identifying and evaluating the landscape layer–value space of the ancient city, providing visualization tools and decision-making support for the future protection and renewal of Chaozhou Ancient City and the declaration of the World Heritage. Full article

At present, industrial heritage preservation in China often focuses on individual industrial buildings, lacking a holistic consideration of industrial settlements (e.g., industrial cities, towns, and villages). This study draws upon the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach to construct a research framework that applies to industrial settlements, considering both integrity and layering. Taking the case of Tongguan Ancient Town—a typical industrial settlement—this study uses the integrated approach of historical materials acquisition, oral interview, and field investigation to review the interactive evolution of industry and space across three historical periods. It identifies a comprehensive set of heritage elements within the Tongguan industrial settlement and proposes a preservation framework for its industrial heritage. The key findings are threefold: industrial settlement heritage possesses characteristics of integrity and layering; the HUL approach can be effectively applied to industrial settlement studies; and the protection of industrial settlements is a crucial step toward establishing a complete system for the inheritance and preservation of China’s urban and rural historical and cultural heritage. Full article

Urban public space is a crucial constituent of livable city construction. A pleasant and comfortable public space is not simply spacious, bright, and accessible but also subjectively preferred by citizens who use it. Efforts to understand how citizens experience and perceive therein thus matters and would significantly aid urban design and well-being improvement. This research constructs a perception lexicon for 129 sites of public street space, a significant type of public space, in Shanghai and identifies how citizens comment on these sites through sentiment analysis based on social platform texts. A Chinese natural language processing (NLP) tool is applied to sort out the extent of citizens’ feelings on the urban street environment through a 0–1 scoring system. Six types of built environment elements and five categories of urban public spaces are identified. Pleasantly perceived sites primarily locate in the urban center and sporadically distribute in the outskirts and are normally “high-density” and “multi-function” in nature. Among the five categories of urban public spaces, sites that are commercially dynamic with culture, arts, and historical elements or that have gourmet food and good walkability generally receive the higher sentiment scores, but scores of ancient town commercial streets (many are antique streets), once popular and contributing much to tourism economy, are not satisfactory. The NLP-based text analysis also quantifies the intensity of emotional perceptions toward the six types of built environment elements and their associations with the general perception. This study not only offers insights for designers and policy makers in public space optimization but also showcases a scalable, data-driven approach for integrating public emotional and experiential dimensions into urban livability assessments. Full article

This study integrates EEG technology with the VIKOR-GRA model to construct a quantitative method for assessing emotional responses to rural landscapes. Taking 94 scenes from Xiedian Ancient Village in Macheng City, Hubei Province, as the research objects, arousal (Arousal) and valence (Valence) were calculated based on the power ratio of α and β frequency bands. The entropy weight method was employed to determine weights and compute group utility value (S), individual regret value (R), and compromise solution (Q). The results indicate that 16 scenes had Q values > 0.75 (Grade IV), reflecting poor emotional experiences, with significantly lower arousal (−2.15 ± 0.38) and valence (−0.87 ± 1.02). Vegetation morphology and water visibility were identified as the primary limiting factors, while graphic symbols and historical culture exhibited strong positive feedback. Optimization strategies are proposed, providing a quantifiable technical pathway for the renewal of rural heritage landscapes. Full article

As an important tangible carrier of historical and cultural heritage, ancient city walls embody the historical memory of urban development and serve as evidence of engineering evolution. However, due to prolonged exposure to complex natural environments and human activities, they are highly susceptible to various types of defects, such as cracks, missing bricks, salt crystallization, and vegetation erosion. To enhance the capability of cultural heritage conservation, this paper focuses on the ancient city wall of Jingzhou and proposes a multi-stage defect-detection framework based on computer vision technology. The proposed system establishes a processing pipeline that includes image processing, 2D defect detection, depth estimation, and 3D reconstruction. On the processing end, the Restormer and SG-LLIE models are introduced for image deblurring and illumination enhancement, respectively, improving the quality of wall images. The system incorporates the LFS-GAN model to augment defect samples. On the detection end, YOLOv12 is used as the 2D recognition network to detect common defects based on the generated samples. A depth estimation module is employed to assist in the verification of ancient wall defects. Finally, a Gaussian Splatting point-cloud reconstruction method is used to achieve a 3D visual representation of the defects. Experimental results show that the proposed system effectively detects multiple types of defects in ancient city walls, providing both a theoretical foundation and technical support for the intelligent monitoring of cultural heritage. Full article

Archaeological research fundamentally relies on detecting features to uncover hidden historical information. Airborne (aerial) LiDAR technology has significantly advanced this field by providing high-resolution 3D terrain maps that enable the identification of ancient structures and landscapes with improved accuracy and efficiency. This technical note comprehensively reviews 45 recent studies to critically examine the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), with airborne LiDAR derivatives for automated archaeological feature detection. The review highlights the transformative potential of these approaches, revealing their capability to automate feature detection and classification, thus enhancing efficiency and accuracy in archaeological research. CNN-based methods, employed in 32 of the reviewed studies, consistently demonstrate high accuracy across diverse archaeological features. For example, ancient city walls were delineated with 94.12% precision using U-Net, Maya settlements with 95% accuracy using VGG-19, and with an IoU of around 80% using YOLOv8, and shipwrecks with a 92% F1-score using YOLOv3 aided by transfer learning. Furthermore, traditional ML techniques like random forest proved effective in tasks such as identifying burial mounds with 96% accuracy and ancient canals. Despite these significant advancements, the application of ML/DL in archaeology faces critical challenges, including the scarcity of large, labeled archaeological datasets, the prevalence of false positives due to morphological similarities with natural or modern features, and the lack of standardized evaluation metrics across studies. This note underscores the transformative potential of LiDAR and ML/DL integration and emphasizes the crucial need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration to address these limitations and advance the preservation of cultural heritage. Full article

Background/Objectives: The Plague of Justinian marked the beginning of the First Pandemic (541–750 CE), yet no genomic evidence of Yersinia pestis has previously been recovered from the Eastern Mediterranean, where the outbreak was first recorded. This study aimed to determine whether Y. pestis was present in a mid-6th to early 7th century mass grave in Jerash, Jordan, and to characterize its genome within the broader context of First Pandemic strains. Methods: We analyzed samples from multiple individuals recovered from the Jerash mass grave. Initial screening for potential pathogen presence was conducted using proteomics. Select samples were subjected to ancient DNA extraction and whole genome sequencing. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to assess strain identity and evolutionary placement. Results: Genomic sequencing recovered Y. pestis DNA from five individuals, revealing highly similar genomes. All strains clustered tightly with other First Pandemic lineages but were notably recovered from a region geographically close to the pandemic’s historical epicenter for the first time. The near-identical genomes across diverse individuals suggest an outbreak of a single circulating lineage at the time of this outbreak. Conclusions: This study provides the first genomic evidence of Y. pestis in the Eastern Mediterranean during the First Pandemic, linking archaeological findings with pathogen genomics near the origin point of the Plague of Justinian. Summary Sentence: Genomic evidence links Y. pestis to the First Pandemic in an ancient city. Full article

The Roman public library of Timgad (Algeria) constituted the study object of several extensive research works, particularly during the French colonial era. Following a virtual restitution-focused research work, this investigation aims to quantitatively characterize the daylighting conditions inside Timgad Public Library. Here, it must be remembered that the luminous environment inside libraries is a main design parameter and a main environmentalfactor. In addition, it must be highlighted that the Timgad region’s luminous climate differs from where Rome’s designers and builders practiced. Hence, at a first step, a comparison is carried out between the precepts of Vitruvius, the pioneer of ancient Roman architecture, and the outcomes of previous studies related to Roman libraries. Then, as a second step, a double approach combining both 3D geometric modeling and numerical simulation using Radiance (2.0Beta) software. These simulations are mainly elaborated for the case of the large reading room, including most of the building’s main activities—consulting, reading, and storing books. Finally, this inner luminous environment’s characterization highlights that the Timgad Roman antic library was not uniformly daylit and suggests that its use varied spatially and temporally with respect to this environmental parameter. Full article