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Keywords = advice-taking behavior

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20 pages, 314 KiB  
Review
Dog Neuter, Yes or No? A Summary of the Motivations, Benefits, and Harms, with Special Emphasis on the Behavioral Aspect
by Ana Arroube and Alfredo F. Pereira
Animals 2025, 15(7), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071063 - 6 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3746
Abstract
The decision to neuter pet dogs remains a significant and ongoing debate from ethical, animal health, and animal welfare perspectives. Millions of dogs worldwide are considered integral family members, and their behavior, as well as the bond they form with their owners, play [...] Read more.
The decision to neuter pet dogs remains a significant and ongoing debate from ethical, animal health, and animal welfare perspectives. Millions of dogs worldwide are considered integral family members, and their behavior, as well as the bond they form with their owners, play a key role in the decision to keep them as pets. When behavioral problems arise, neutering is often viewed as a potential solution. However, by removing the source of sexual hormones, neutering creates the potential for both beneficial and harmful effects on a dog’s health and behavior. It is crucial for society to rely on professionals to provide informed advice about whether and when the procedure should be performed on a pet, taking into account the unique risks and benefits of each individual case. Instead, the conclusions drawn from existing research—both in terms of behavior and health aspects—remain inconclusive and sometimes conflicting. Studies have reported higher risks for developing reproductive, urinary, metabolic, and musculoskeletal disorders in neutered dogs. Additionally, some studies suggest increases in stress, fear, anxiety, and even certain types of aggression following neutering. The limitations of current research, the subjectivity of pet owners’ evaluations of their dogs’ behaviors, the influence of various demographic factors, and the complex relationships between sex hormones and other hormones or neurotransmitters all contribute to the challenges in this field of study. Despite these complexities, they also offer promising avenues for future research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various effects of neutering on dogs, with a particular focus on behavioral outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
24 pages, 4901 KiB  
Article
Compliance Behavior in Environmental Tax Policy
by Suci Lestari Hakam, Agus Rahayu, Lili Adi Wibowo, Lazuardi Imani Hakam, Muhamad Adhi Nugroho and Siti Sarah Fuadi
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(12), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17120542 - 29 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2414
Abstract
This study examines compliance behavior in the context of environmental tax policies, highlighting the essential role that these policies play in achieving the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Environmental taxes are crucial instruments for reducing environmental damage and increasing energy efficiency. [...] Read more.
This study examines compliance behavior in the context of environmental tax policies, highlighting the essential role that these policies play in achieving the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Environmental taxes are crucial instruments for reducing environmental damage and increasing energy efficiency. Nevertheless, taxpayer compliance, which is impacted by several variables, including social acceptability, regulatory quality, and perceptions of fairness, is a key component of these policies’ efficacy. In contrast to earlier research, which frequently concentrated on certain kinds of tax or discrete policy mechanisms, this study takes a broad approach, looking at a range of environmental taxation instruments. Emerging trends, significant factors influencing compliance behavior, and noteworthy contributions from eminent authors and organizations are all identified via bibliometric and scientometric analyses. To create fair and effective environmental tax policies, interdisciplinary approaches and international collaboration are required. Along with presenting policies to improve environmental regulation compliance, this study offers insightful advice for businesses that can help them innovate toward sustainability and adjust to shifting policy. It also provides a solid theoretical base for future researchers by highlighting important areas that require more investigation, especially when it comes to the wider effects of environmental taxes on various industries. Full article
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14 pages, 743 KiB  
Article
Trust Dynamics in Financial Decision Making: Behavioral Responses to AI and Human Expert Advice Following Structural Breaks
by Hyo Young Kim and Young Soo Park
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100964 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2542
Abstract
This study explores the trust dynamics in financial forecasting by comparing how individuals perceive the credibility of AI and human experts during significant structural market changes. We specifically examine the impact of two types of structural breaks on trust: Additive Outliers, which represent [...] Read more.
This study explores the trust dynamics in financial forecasting by comparing how individuals perceive the credibility of AI and human experts during significant structural market changes. We specifically examine the impact of two types of structural breaks on trust: Additive Outliers, which represent a single yet significant anomaly, and Level Shifts, which indicate a sustained change in data patterns. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as attribution theory, algorithm aversion, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this research investigates psychological responses to AI and human advice under uncertainty. This experiment involved 157 participants, recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), who were asked to forecast stock prices under different structural break scenarios. Participants were randomly assigned to either the AI or human expert treatment group, and the experiment was conducted online. Through this controlled experiment, we find that, while initial trust levels in AI and human experts are comparable, the credibility of advice is more severely compromised following a structural break in the Level Shift condition, compared to the Additive Outlier condition. Moreover, the decline in trust is more pronounced for human experts than for AI. These findings highlight the psychological factors influencing decision making under uncertainty and offer insights into the behavioral responses to AI and human expert systems during structural market changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)
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10 pages, 1373 KiB  
Opinion
Therapeutic Patient Education and Eating Habits: A Challenge in Caries Disease
by Marjorie Zanini, Mélodie Clerc, Sylvie Azogui-Levy and Annabelle Tenenbaum
Dent. J. 2024, 12(10), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12100322 - 8 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2057
Abstract
Dietary Factors and Oral Health: Risky dietary behaviors, particularly excessive sugar consumption, significantly contribute to dental caries. Dental practitioners are tasked with detecting and managing these behaviors to effectively treat caries and prevent recurrences. Although dietary assessment tools exist to identify such behaviors, [...] Read more.
Dietary Factors and Oral Health: Risky dietary behaviors, particularly excessive sugar consumption, significantly contribute to dental caries. Dental practitioners are tasked with detecting and managing these behaviors to effectively treat caries and prevent recurrences. Although dietary assessment tools exist to identify such behaviors, they have limits. Furthermore, traditional methods, focused on information dissemination and advice, often fall short in promoting sustainable changes in patient behavior toward oral health. From our perspective, there is a necessity to integrate educational approaches with therapeutic management for enhancing the ability current and future dental practitioners to effectively care for their patients’ oral health needs. Discussion: Specific educational models have been developed for patients with chronic diseases, through Therapeutic Patient Education (TPE), defined as helping patients acquire or maintain the skills they need to best manage their lives with a chronic disease. Future Directions: By incorporating TPE into dental practice, oral health professionals can empower patients to take control of their eating habits and reduce their risk of caries disease. This holistic approach addresses both the carious lesions and underlying causes of tooth decay, leading to better oral health outcomes for patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Preventive Dentistry)
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14 pages, 522 KiB  
Article
Training Methods Used by Dog Guardians in the United States: Prevalence, Sources of Information, and Reasons for Use
by Anamarie C. Johnson and Clive D. L. Wynne
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091310 - 27 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4935
Abstract
While there has been recent attention in the scientific community on the ethical and welfare implications of different dog training methods, less research has investigated what methods and training tools United States dog guardians use, where they obtain information about dog training, and [...] Read more.
While there has been recent attention in the scientific community on the ethical and welfare implications of different dog training methods, less research has investigated what methods and training tools United States dog guardians use, where they obtain information about dog training, and the reasons they give for their choices of method. We conducted two surveys with nearly 800 Arizona State University undergraduate students to gain a more realistic look into how dog guardians in the United States train their dogs and where they are receiving their training information. Only 5% of respondents reported utilizing a trainer when they had concerns regarding their dog’s behavior; 60% would ask a friend or family member or seek advice online. Few reported taking their dog to any training classes; 70% reported either training the dog themselves or not implementing any formal training. When asked general questions, most respondents reported using rewards-based methods but, when asked about specific problem behaviors, 57% of respondents noted that they would use auditory or physical corrections. Respondents who trained with rewards-based methods reported that these methods of training were more effective significantly more frequently than those who trained with mixed methods reported that those methods were most effective (Fisher’s Exact Test, p < 0.01). Full article
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8 pages, 523 KiB  
Article
How Cultural Behaviors and Superstitions Associate the Willingness to Undergo Cataract Surgery in Taiwan: A Nationwide Survey
by Hsiao-Fan Tung, Yi-Ling Chen, Chiu-Liang Chen, Mei-Jih Gee, Chih-Hsin Muo and Shin-Lin Chiu
Medicina 2023, 59(5), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59050973 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2591
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cultural beliefs influence the conceptualization, adaptation, and coping strategies for diseases. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cultural beliefs and customs on the willingness to undergo cataract surgery in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: The data were [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Cultural beliefs influence the conceptualization, adaptation, and coping strategies for diseases. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cultural beliefs and customs on the willingness to undergo cataract surgery in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: The data were retrospectively retrieved from the national Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000). From the national database, we enrolled patients that were diagnosed with cataracts and underwent cataract surgery from 2001 to 2010. All the patients were stratified according to their gender and living area. Gender was categorized as male or female, and the living area was classified as urban or rural. We compared the difference in the number of surgeries between stratified patient groups in each Chinese lunar month. Results: The number of cataract surgeries decreased significantly in the seventh and twelfth lunar months for both genders. There was a significant reduction in cataract surgeries in both the urban and rural groups during the seventh lunar month. Interestingly, only the seventh lunar month had an association with sex in different living areas, which meant that in the seventh month, there was a gender-specific difference in the surgical numbers. Conclusions: The Taiwanese population holds a belief that surgical procedures, including cataract surgery, during the lunar ghost month is inauspicious. Citizens tend to avoid elective surgery due to cultural practice, resulting in a decrease in surgical numbers during the period of the Chinese New Year. The authorities should consider these cultural behaviors when developing medical policies and allocating resources. Healthcare providers should be aware of these superstitions and take them into account when providing medical care and advice to patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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17 pages, 6949 KiB  
Article
Multi-Location Assortment Optimization with Drone and Human Courier Joint Delivery
by Mengting Wu and Zhi Pei
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5441; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095441 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
This paper studies the constrained multi-location assortment optimization problem under joint delivery by drone and human courier. To maximize the revenue of the retailer, product assortment and last-mile delivery methods are configured simultaneously. To handle the joint delivery problem with product assortment, a [...] Read more.
This paper studies the constrained multi-location assortment optimization problem under joint delivery by drone and human courier. To maximize the revenue of the retailer, product assortment and last-mile delivery methods are configured simultaneously. To handle the joint delivery problem with product assortment, a mixed multinomial logit model is established to depict the customer purchase behavior. We also take into account the load capacity of drones and the delivery distance limit of drones and human couriers. To the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to study the assortment optimization problem considering joint delivery by drone and human courier. The problem is first formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, which is then transformed into a conic quadratic mixed-integer model with McCormick inequalities (Conic + MC). In the numerical study, it is demonstrated that Conic + MC outperforms MILP as Conic + MC finds the optimal solution within 300 s, while MILP needs more than 600 s. Furthermore, several management insights are revealed for retailers regarding assortment planning when facing different kinds of product revenue structures, and advice is provided for online ordering platforms in terms of setting delivery limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)
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15 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Health-Seeking Behaviors and Misconceptions about Osteoarthritis in Patients and the General Population in Saudi Arabia
by Ambreen Kazi, Hamad F. Alrabiah, Khalid Fawaz Alosaimi, Naif Ahmed Alshehri, Omar Mohammad Bassam Alhalabi, Abdulelah Saad Alshamrani, AlJohara M AlQuaiz and Bushra Hamid
Healthcare 2023, 11(9), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091208 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2743
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a public health disease that causes decreased mobility and leads to poor quality of life. A person’s health-seeking behavior can influence their understanding of a disease, which in turn can alter its course. The objectives of this study were to [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a public health disease that causes decreased mobility and leads to poor quality of life. A person’s health-seeking behavior can influence their understanding of a disease, which in turn can alter its course. The objectives of this study were to measure the misconceptions about osteoarthritis and to identify the associated health-seeking behaviors. An online, self-administered, questionnaire-based study was conducted with 872 Arabic-speaking participants divided into three strata, group 1 comprising of patients with OA, group 2 participants with joint pain (without OA) and group 3 comprised of general population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that seeking care from general practitioners [3.29 (1.19, 9.16)], taking advice from friends [2.83 (1.08, 7.42)], seeking care from chiropractors [3.67 (1.02, 13.60)] and podiatrist [4.64 (1.31, 16.51)] were significantly associated with misconceptions, whereas, the odds were lower for those using social media [0.16 (0.06, 0.46)] and expert websites [0.63 (0.40, 0.99)]. The findings of this study imply that the level of misconceptions is high amongst all three strata.. Expert websites and social media have a positive effect on the management of osteoarthritis. However, general practitioners and allied health workers should regularly update their knowledge using refresher courses. Full article
16 pages, 259 KiB  
Article
Patients’ Experience of Medication Brand Changes during Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer—An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
by Yolanda Eraso, Zoe Moon and Ieva Steinberga
Healthcare 2022, 10(12), 2558; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122558 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2531
Abstract
Medication adherence to hormone therapy (HT) in breast cancer survivors is often suboptimal and is affected by a range of factors. Patients are usually prescribed different generic formulations of HT drugs and their impact on side effects and on adherence and persistence is [...] Read more.
Medication adherence to hormone therapy (HT) in breast cancer survivors is often suboptimal and is affected by a range of factors. Patients are usually prescribed different generic formulations of HT drugs and their impact on side effects and on adherence and persistence is poorly understood. This study aimed to explore women’s lived experience of HT medication brand changes (generic substitution) and its impact on side effects, quality of life and medication-taking behaviors, as well as on adherence and persistence. Nine female breast cancer survivors who had previous experience of HT medication brand changes participated in the study. Individual, online, semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings identified three superordinate themes and nine subordinate themes that influenced the lived experience of medication brand changes for these patients: (i) experiencing brand changes, (ii) responsiveness of health care providers and (iii) future expectations. Women reported negative physical and emotional experiences of brand changes, which is often compounded by healthcare professionals’ lack of information and reassurances, disbelief in the worsening of side effects and inconsistent advice regarding generics. These have implications for women’s self-efficacy for medication-taking behaviors, ability to manage side effects and HT adherence and persistence. Full article
13 pages, 382 KiB  
Article
Oral Health and Knowledge among Postpartum Women
by Mordechai Ben David, Yaffa Callen, Hila Eliasi, Benjamin Peretz, Rasha Odeh-Natour, Michal Ben David Hadani and Sigalit Blumer
Children 2022, 9(10), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101449 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2888
Abstract
Oral health behavior and risks during pregnancy and after birth affect the oral health of babies and toddlers. We examined the oral and gingival health and caries prevalence of 150 postpartum women shortly after giving birth and assessed their knowledge of oral hygiene [...] Read more.
Oral health behavior and risks during pregnancy and after birth affect the oral health of babies and toddlers. We examined the oral and gingival health and caries prevalence of 150 postpartum women shortly after giving birth and assessed their knowledge of oral hygiene using a questionnaire. We also compared the oral health knowledge of nulliparous and multiparous women. Although most participants (98.0%) understood the importance of maintaining oral hygiene in children, their overall knowledge of oral health was medium–low, regardless of the number of previous pregnancies. Only 4.6% of women received oral health advice from their obstetrician during their pregnancy. Most participants had a high gingival index score, which correlated with dental pain during pregnancy. In contrast, the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth was significantly lower in first-time mothers. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between women who regularly visit their dentist and those who regularly take their children to the dentist. Expecting mothers should be educated about their own oral health and that of their developing fetus and children. Raising awareness among obstetricians with regards to this topic may be an effective way to achieve this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Behaviours and Their Predictors in Children)
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11 pages, 723 KiB  
Article
Identifying and Characterizing Medical Advice-Seekers on a Social Media Forum for Buprenorphine Use
by Gian-Gabriel P. Garcia, Ramin Dehghanpoor, Erin J. Stringfellow, Marichi Gupta, Jillian Rochelle, Elizabeth Mason, Toyya A. Pujol and Mohammad S. Jalali
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106281 - 22 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
Background: Online communities such as Reddit can provide social support for those recovering from opioid use disorder. However, it is unclear whether and how advice-seekers differ from other users. Our research addresses this gap by identifying key characteristics of r/suboxone users that predict [...] Read more.
Background: Online communities such as Reddit can provide social support for those recovering from opioid use disorder. However, it is unclear whether and how advice-seekers differ from other users. Our research addresses this gap by identifying key characteristics of r/suboxone users that predict advice-seeking behavior. Objective: The objective of this analysis is to identify and describe advice-seekers on Reddit for buprenorphine-naloxone use using text annotation, social network analysis, and statistical modeling techniques. Methods: We collected 5258 posts and their comments from Reddit between 2014 and 2019. Among 202 posts which met our inclusion criteria, we annotated each post to determine which were advice-seeking (n = 137) or not advice-seeking (n = 65). We also annotated each posting user’s buprenorphine-naloxone use status (current versus formerly taking and, if currently taking, whether inducting or tapering versus other stages) and quantified their connectedness using social network analysis. To analyze the relationship between Reddit users’ advice-seeking and their social connectivity and medication use status, we constructed four models which varied in their inclusion of explanatory variables for social connectedness and buprenorphine use status. Results: The stepwise model containing “total degree” (p = 0.002), “using: inducting/tapering” (p < 0.001), and “using: other” (p = 0.01) outperformed all other models. Reddit users with fewer connections and who are currently using buprenorphine-naloxone are more likely to seek advice than those who are well-connected and no longer using the medication, respectively. Importantly, advice-seeking behavior is most accurately predicted using a combination of network characteristics and medication use status, rather than either factor alone. Conclusions: Our findings provide insights for the clinical care of people recovering from opioid use disorder and the nature of online medical advice-seeking overall. Clinicians should be especially attentive (e.g., through frequent follow-up) to patients who are inducting or tapering buprenorphine-naloxone or signal limited social support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Communication and Informatics)
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16 pages, 1400 KiB  
Article
Personalizing Environmental Awareness through Smartphones Using AHP and PROMETHEE II
by Akrivi Krouska, Katerina Kabassi, Christos Troussas and Cleo Sgouropoulou
Future Internet 2022, 14(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14020066 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3555
Abstract
Environmental awareness refers to the understanding of the importance of protecting the natural environment. Digital technologies can play an important role in raising awareness of environmental issues. In view of this compelling need, this paper presents a novel way to promote environmental awareness [...] Read more.
Environmental awareness refers to the understanding of the importance of protecting the natural environment. Digital technologies can play an important role in raising awareness of environmental issues. In view of this compelling need, this paper presents a novel way to promote environmental awareness with the use of smartphones. To achieve this, it employs personalization techniques, and specifically the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and PROMETHEE II. In more detail, the mobile application incorporates a user model that holds information, such as location (city, mountain, sea, etc.), age, interests, needs and indicators of waste management, economy of natural resources, general environmental protection, and biodiversity. At the first interaction of the user with the application, the user model is initialized; then, the system uses AHP and PROMETHEE II to provide personalized advice to users in order to help them raise their environmental awareness. The criteria, used to evaluate environmental advice, include the current location, living environment, habits, interests, needs, age, and seasonal suitability of the user. The novelty of this paper is the combination of AHP and PROMETHEE II for personalizing the environmental awareness using mobile technologies, taking into consideration the user profile as well as the surrounding area where the user is at the time that the advice is provided. The presented application has been evaluated regarding the system usefulness and environmental awareness. The findings indicate the high acceptance of this approach and its positive impact on users’ attitude and behavior with regard to reducing their environmental footprint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction)
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8 pages, 422 KiB  
Article
Sleep, Behavior, and Adaptive Function in KAT6A Syndrome
by Clay Smith and Jacqueline Harris
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080966 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3883
Abstract
KAT6A syndrome is a Mendelian Disorder of the Epigenetic Machinery characterized by intellectual disability and profound expressive language impairment. This study aimed to further characterize behavior and sleep in this syndrome. 26 participants between the ages of 3 and 35 years with KAT6A [...] Read more.
KAT6A syndrome is a Mendelian Disorder of the Epigenetic Machinery characterized by intellectual disability and profound expressive language impairment. This study aimed to further characterize behavior and sleep in this syndrome. 26 participants between the ages of 3 and 35 years with KAT6A syndrome were assessed via parental informant using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System version 3 (ABAS-3), Achenbach Child or Adult Behavior Checklist (CBCL/ABCL), and a Modified Simonds and Parraga Sleep Questionnaire (MSPSQ). The ABAS reports conceptual, social, and practical domains of adaptive function as well as a general composite score for adaptive function. The CBCL/ABCL is an inventory that measures internalizing, externalizing, and DSM-oriented problem domains. The MSPSQ is a mix of qualitative and quantitative sleep information that includes behavioral and medical sleep problems. Mean values for all domains of the ABAS-3 were in the extremely low range. Additionally, sleep was very dysfunctional in this cohort. Sixty percent of respondents reported feeling there was a sleep problem, 64% take medication for sleep, and 68% have sought treatment or advice for sleep. Only 12% of these participants have sleep apnea suggesting that sleep problems in this disorder are unrelated to sleep-disordered breathing. Interestingly, there were extremely low rates of all types of behaviors reported among participants on the CBCL/ABCL. No significant differences were seen based on genotype grouping in adaptive function, sleep, or behavior. This study further delineates the phenotype of the KAT6A syndrome and emphasizes the need for supports for adaptive functioning as well as detailed attention to the behavioral aspects of sleep in this condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuro-Developmental Disorders: Bench-to-Bedside)
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27 pages, 35288 KiB  
Article
A Case for a New Satellite Mission for Remote Sensing of Night Lights
by John C. Barentine, Ken Walczak, Geza Gyuk, Cynthia Tarr and Travis Longcore
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(12), 2294; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122294 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7751
Abstract
The physiology and behavior of most life at or near the Earth’s surface has evolved over billions of years to be attuned with our planet’s natural light–dark cycle of day and night. However, over a relatively short time span, humans have disrupted this [...] Read more.
The physiology and behavior of most life at or near the Earth’s surface has evolved over billions of years to be attuned with our planet’s natural light–dark cycle of day and night. However, over a relatively short time span, humans have disrupted this natural cycle of illumination with the introduction and now widespread proliferation of artificial light at night (ALAN). Growing research in a broad range of fields, such as ecology, the environment, human health, public safety, economy, and society, increasingly shows that ALAN is taking a profound toll on our world. Much of our current understanding of light pollution comes from datasets generated by remote sensing, primarily from two missions, the Operational Linescan System (OLS) instrument of the now-declassified Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the U.S. Department of Defense and its follow-on platform, the Day-Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument on board the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership satellite. Although they have both proved invaluable for ALAN research, sensing of nighttime lights was not the primary design objective for either the DMSP-OLS or VIIRS-DNB instruments; thus, they have some critical limitations. Being broadband sensors, both the DMSP-OLS and VIIRS-DNB instruments suffer from a lack of spectral information. Additionally, their spatial resolutions are too low for many ALAN research applications, though the VIIRS-DNB instrument is much improved over the DMSP-OLS in this regard, as well as in terms of dynamic range and quantization. Further, the very late local time of VIIRS-DNB observations potentially misses the true picture of ALAN. We reviewed both current literature and guiding advice from ALAN experts, aggregated from a diverse range of disciplines and Science Goals, to derive recommendations for a mission to expand knowledge of ALAN in areas that are not adequately addressed with currently existing orbital missions. We propose a stand-alone mission focused on understanding light pollution and its effects on our planet. Here we review the science cases and the subsequent mission recommendations for NITESat (Nighttime Imaging of Terrestrial Environments Satellite), a dedicated ALAN observing mission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Pollution Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data)
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22 pages, 3207 KiB  
Article
Optimize the Banker’s Multi-Stage Decision-Making and the Mechanism of Pay Contract Influencing on Bank Default Risk in the Long-Term Model
by Tianyi Ma, Minghui Jiang and Xuchuan Yuan
Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041400 - 14 Feb 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have been devoted to illustrating the correlation between bankers’ pay contracts and a bank’s risk-taking behavior where corporate governance is concerned, especially throughout the past four decades and by using empirical analysis. Despite being a widespread concern, the causality [...] Read more.
In recent years, researchers have been devoted to illustrating the correlation between bankers’ pay contracts and a bank’s risk-taking behavior where corporate governance is concerned, especially throughout the past four decades and by using empirical analysis. Despite being a widespread concern, the causality of this relationship is not thoroughly understood. We initiate this research by modeling bankers’ multi-stage decisions of option investment and bond investment from the perspective of theoretical analysis, and by analyzing the function image results using data from Wells Fargo & Co. from the ExecuComp, BvD Orbis, and CRSP-COMPUSTAT databases. We aim to deeply explore the mechanism of how compensation influencing on risk. We are the first to find that it has a “risk cap”, which is the optimal risk level to maximize the return of decision-making. We are also the first to discover the optimal decision coefficient level to maximize the decision return, during which the internal causes and mechanisms of the impact of bankers’ compensation on a bank’s default risk are revealed. We also illustrate the influence of the number of periods. We expect our findings to provide advice for establishing policies when designing pay contracts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Banking: Issues and Challenges)
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