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Keywords = Zn–Al alloy

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16 pages, 14261 KiB  
Article
Effect of Er Microalloying and Zn/Mg Ratio on Dry Sliding Wear Properties of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy
by Hanyu Chen, Xiaolan Wu, Xuxu Ding, Shengping Wen, Liang Hong, Kunyuan Gao, Wu Wei, Li Rong, Hui Huang and Zuoren Nie
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153541 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
In this study, dry sliding wear tests were carried out on Er, Zr-microalloyed Al-Zn-Mg alloys with different Zn/Mg ratios under 30–70 N loads. The effects of the Zn/Mg content ratio and Er microalloying on the friction coefficient, wear volume loss, worn surface, and [...] Read more.
In this study, dry sliding wear tests were carried out on Er, Zr-microalloyed Al-Zn-Mg alloys with different Zn/Mg ratios under 30–70 N loads. The effects of the Zn/Mg content ratio and Er microalloying on the friction coefficient, wear volume loss, worn surface, and wear debris during the friction process of Al-Zn-Mg alloys were analyzed. At the load of 30 N, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and adhesive wear were synergistically involved. At a load of 50 N, the abrasive wear dominated, accompanied by fatigue wear and adhesive wear. At a load of 70 N, the primary wear mechanisms transitioned to abrasive wear and fatigue wear, with additional adhesive wear and oxidative wear observed. Reducing the Zn/Mg ratio mitigated wear volume across all tested loads. For the Al4.5Zn1.5Mg alloy, Er microalloying significantly reduced wear volume under moderate-to-low loads (30 N, 50 N). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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24 pages, 6934 KiB  
Article
In Situ High-Resolution Optical Microscopy Survey of the Initial Reactivity of Multiphase ZnAlMgSi Coating on Steel
by Guilherme Adinolfi Colpaert Sartori, Oumayma Gabsi, Tiago Machado Amorim, Viacheslav Shkirskiy and Polina Volovitch
Metals 2025, 15(8), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080821 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 260
Abstract
The initial reactivity of a multiphase ZnAlMgSi coating with an Al content > 30 wt.% was studied by in situ reflective microscopy under alternating applied potentials +50 mV/−50 mV vs. open-circuit potential in 5 wt.% NaCl and 5 wt.% Na2SO4 [...] Read more.
The initial reactivity of a multiphase ZnAlMgSi coating with an Al content > 30 wt.% was studied by in situ reflective microscopy under alternating applied potentials +50 mV/−50 mV vs. open-circuit potential in 5 wt.% NaCl and 5 wt.% Na2SO4 aqueous solutions. In both environments, galvanic coupling between different coating phases and the anodic behavior decreased in the order binary ZnAl > binary Zn/Zn2Mg > Zn2Mg > Al(Zn); dendrites were evidenced for the coating exposed alone as well as in galvanic coupling with steel. Contrary to the observations known for Zn-rich ZnAlMg coatings, pure Zn2Mg was less reactive than the pure ZnAl phase, underlining the importance of the microstructure for reactivity. Si-needles were systematically cathodic, and Al(Zn) dendrites have shown cathodic behavior in some couplings. In the configuration of coupling with steel, corrosion started at the interfaces “binary ZnAl/steel substrate” or “binary ZnAl/Si particle”. The distribution and nature of the corrosion products formed during the experiment were assessed using X-ray microanalysis in scanning electron microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. In the sulfate environment, a homogenous and stable corrosion product layer formed from the first steps of the degradation; this was in contrast to the chloride environment, where no surface film formed on the dendrites. Full article
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13 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Time Required to Reach the Melting Temperature of Metals in Domestic Microwaves Using Dimensionless Modeling and XGBoost
by Juan José Moreno Labella, Milagrosa González Fernández de Castro, Víctor Saiz Sevilla, Miguel Panizo Laiz and Yolanda Martín Álvarez
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143400 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 287
Abstract
A novel and cost-effective methodology is introduced for the precise prediction of the melting time of metals and alloys in a 700 W domestic microwave oven, using a hybrid SiC–graphite susceptor to ensure efficient heating without direct interaction with microwaves. The study includes [...] Read more.
A novel and cost-effective methodology is introduced for the precise prediction of the melting time of metals and alloys in a 700 W domestic microwave oven, using a hybrid SiC–graphite susceptor to ensure efficient heating without direct interaction with microwaves. The study includes experimental trials with multiple alloys (Sn–Bi, Zn, Zamak, and Al–Si, among others) and variable masses, whose results made it possible to construct a dimensionless model, trained with XGBoost on easily measurable thermophysical properties (specific heat, density, thermal conductivity, mass, and melting temperature). The model achieves high accuracy, with a relative error below 5%, and metrics of MAE = 4.8 s, RMSE = 6.1 s, and R2 = 0.9996. The generalization of the model to different microwave powers (600–1100 W) is also validated through analytical adjustment, without the need for additional experiments. The proposal is implemented as a Python application with a graphical interface, suitable for any academic or teaching laboratory, and its performance is compared with classical models. This approach effectively contributes to the democratization of thermal testing of metals in educational and research settings with limited resources, providing thermodynamic rigor and advanced artificial intelligence tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
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44 pages, 14734 KiB  
Article
Influence of Zn Content on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Cast and Friction Stir-Welded Al-Si-Mg-Fe-Zn Alloys
by Xiaomi Chen, Kun Liu, Quan Liu, Jing Kong, Valentino A. M. Cristino, Kin-Ho Lo, Zhengchao Xie, Zhi Wang, Dongfu Song and Chi-Tat Kwok
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143306 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 423
Abstract
With the ongoing development of lightweight automobiles, research on new aluminum alloys and welding technology has gained significant attention. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technique for welding aluminum alloys without melting. In this study, novel squeeze-cast Al-Si-Mg-Fe-Zn alloys with different [...] Read more.
With the ongoing development of lightweight automobiles, research on new aluminum alloys and welding technology has gained significant attention. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technique for welding aluminum alloys without melting. In this study, novel squeeze-cast Al-Si-Mg-Fe-Zn alloys with different Zn contents (0, 3.4, 6.5, and 8.3 wt%) were friction stir welded (FSWed) at a translational speed of 200 mm/min and a rotational speed of 800 rpm. These parameters were chosen based on the observations of visually sound welds, defect-free and fine-grained microstructures, homogeneous secondary phase distribution, and low roughness. Zn can affect the microstructure of Al-Si-Mg-Fe-Zn alloys, including the grain size and the content of secondary phases, leading to different mechanical and corrosion behavior. Adding different Zn contents with Mg forms the various amount of MgZn2, which has a significant strengthening effect on the alloys. Softening observed in the weld zones of the alloys with 0, 3.4, and 6.5 wt% Zn is primarily attributed to the reduction in Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) and a decrease in the Si phase and MgZn2. Consequently, the mechanical strengths of the FSWed joints are lower as compared to the base material. Conversely, the FSWed alloy with 8.3 wt% Zn exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, with hardness of 116.3 HV0.2, yield strength (YS) of 184.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 226.9 MP, percent elongation (EL%) of 1.78%, and a strength coefficient exceeding 100%, indicating that the joint retains the strength of the as-cast one, due to refined grains and more uniformly dispersed secondary phases. The highest corrosion resistance of the FSWed alloy with 6.5%Zn is due to the smallest grain size and KAM, without MgZn2 and the highest percentage of {111} texture (24.8%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Electrochemical Behavior and Corrosion of Materials)
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10 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
Research on the Solidification Structure of the Zn-19Al-6Mg Alloy
by Jianhua Wei, Jun Xiao, Shaoguang Yang, Kuo Cao, Di Wang and Aimin Zhao
Metals 2025, 15(7), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070769 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 225
Abstract
This paper deals with “Zn-19Al-6Mg” coatings and their solidification structure is the basis for the study of the alloy’s properties. The solidification equilibrium phase diagram of this alloy was calculated using thermodynamic software. Samples were taken from the billets of this alloy for [...] Read more.
This paper deals with “Zn-19Al-6Mg” coatings and their solidification structure is the basis for the study of the alloy’s properties. The solidification equilibrium phase diagram of this alloy was calculated using thermodynamic software. Samples were taken from the billets of this alloy for differential thermal analysis experiments. By combining the phase diagram and the experimental results of differential thermal analysis, the solidification structure of the Zn-19Al-6Mg alloy was obtained. The phases in the solidified structure were identified by means of SEM, EDS, XRD, etc. The research finds that the solidification structure of the Zn-19Al-6Mg alloy is composed of the β-Al phase, the α-Al phase, the MgZn2 phase, and the Mg2Zn11 phase. During the actual solidification process of the alloy, due to the large cooling rate, Zn-rich phases will appear in the microstructure. The research results provide a basis for the regulation of the coating structure when preparing Zn-19Al-6Mg-coated sheets and strips. Full article
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17 pages, 5291 KiB  
Article
General Prediction of Interface Chemical Bonding at Metal–Oxide Interface with the Interface Reaction Considered
by Michiko Yoshitake
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133096 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
A method for generally predicting interface chemical bonding at the metal–oxide interface with the interface reaction considered is reported. So far, the interface between pure metal or alloy and 11 oxides—MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3 [...] Read more.
A method for generally predicting interface chemical bonding at the metal–oxide interface with the interface reaction considered is reported. So far, the interface between pure metal or alloy and 11 oxides—MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3, ZnO, Ga2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2, CdO, La2O3, and HfO2—without considering the interface reaction, has been discussed and implemented in the free web-based software product InterChemBond (v2022). Now, the number of oxides available for prediction is 83 in total. Among them, 29 oxides are in one stable valence, and the others are multi-valence. The newly developed prediction method considering the interface reaction is additionally implemented in InterChemBond. The principles and formula for predicting interface bonding while considering interface reactions are provided as well as some screenshots of the software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Technology and Coatings Materials)
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14 pages, 4333 KiB  
Article
Hot Deformation Behavior, Processing Maps, and Microstructure Evolution of 7E97 Alloy
by Fangyan He, Xiaolan Wu, Shengping Wen, Liang Hong, Zhizheng Rong, Hanyu Chen, Kunyuan Gao, Wu Wei, Hui Huang and Zuoren Nie
Metals 2025, 15(7), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070725 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
A hot compression simulation was conducted on the Al-7.62Zn-2.22Mg-0.90Cu-0.30Mn-0.09Er-0.13Zr alloy (7E97) within the temperature range of 300~460 °C and strain rate range of 0.001~10 s−1 using a Gleeble-3500 hot simulator. A flow-stress constitutive equation and hot processing maps were established for the [...] Read more.
A hot compression simulation was conducted on the Al-7.62Zn-2.22Mg-0.90Cu-0.30Mn-0.09Er-0.13Zr alloy (7E97) within the temperature range of 300~460 °C and strain rate range of 0.001~10 s−1 using a Gleeble-3500 hot simulator. A flow-stress constitutive equation and hot processing maps were established for the alloy, and the microstructural evolution of the alloy after hot deformation was investigated. It was found that the dominant dynamic softening mechanism of the alloy was dynamic recovery, accompanied by minor dynamic recrystallization. The optimal hot processing window for the alloy was determined to be in the ranges of 0.001~0.05 s−1 and 350~410 °C. Full article
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14 pages, 3540 KiB  
Article
Effects of In Situ Electrical Pulse Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Resistance Spot Welds
by Shitian Wei, Xiaoyu Ma, Jiarui Xie, Yali Xie and Yu Zhang
Metals 2025, 15(7), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070703 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
This study introduces a novel in situ pulsed current-assisted resistance spot welding method, which differs fundamentally from conventional post-weld heat treatments and is designed to enhance the mechanical performance of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy joints. Immediately after welding, a short-duration pulsed current is applied [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel in situ pulsed current-assisted resistance spot welding method, which differs fundamentally from conventional post-weld heat treatments and is designed to enhance the mechanical performance of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy joints. Immediately after welding, a short-duration pulsed current is applied while the weld remains in a high excess-vacancy state, effectively accelerating precipitation reactions within the weld region. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations reveal that pulsed current treatment promotes the formation of band-like solute clusters, indicating a significant acceleration of the early-stage precipitation process. Interestingly, the formation of quasicrystalline phases—rare in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy systems—is incidentally observed at grain boundaries, exhibiting characteristic fivefold symmetry. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns further show that these quasicrystals undergo partial dissolution under the influence of the pulsed current, transforming into short-range ordered cluster-like structures. Lap shear tests demonstrate that joints treated with pulsed current exhibit significantly higher peak load and energy absorption compared to untreated specimens. Statistical analysis of weld size confirms that both groups possess comparable weld diameters under identical welding currents, suggesting that the observed mechanical improvements are primarily attributed to microstructural evolution rather than geometric factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding and Fatigue of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 3067 KiB  
Article
In Situ Investigation of Deformation Mechanisms and Stress Evolution in Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) Alloy Using Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction
by Yuxin Cao, Li Li, Yong Wang, Tuo Ye and Changping Tang
Metals 2025, 15(6), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060675 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
This study employs synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction (micro-XRD) to resolve the dynamic interplay between deformation mechanisms and stress redistribution in a commercial Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy under uniaxial tension. Submicron-resolution mapping across 13 incremental load steps (12–73 MPa) reveals sequential activation of deformation modes: [...] Read more.
This study employs synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction (micro-XRD) to resolve the dynamic interplay between deformation mechanisms and stress redistribution in a commercial Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy under uniaxial tension. Submicron-resolution mapping across 13 incremental load steps (12–73 MPa) reveals sequential activation of deformation modes: basal slip initiates at 46 MPa, followed by tensile twinning at 64 MPa, and non-basal slip accommodation during twin propagation at 68 MPa. Key findings include accelerated parent grain rotation (up to 0.275° basal plane tilt) between 43–46 MPa, stress relaxation in parent grains coinciding with twin nucleation, and a ~35 MPa stress reversal within twins. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) ratio of twinning to basal slip is experimentally determined as 1.8, with orientation-dependent variations attributed to parent grain crystallography. These results provide unprecedented insights into microscale deformation pathways, critical for optimizing magnesium alloy formability and performance in lightweight applications. Full article
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22 pages, 5716 KiB  
Article
Order–Disorder-Type Transitions Through a Multifractal Procedure in Cu-Zn-Al Alloys—Experimental and Theoretical Design
by Constantin Plăcintă, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehăduş, Elena Puiu Costescu, Tudor-Cristian Petrescu, Sergiu Stanciu, Maricel Agop, Diana-Carmen Mirilă and Florin Nedeff
Entropy 2025, 27(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27060587 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical design on thermal and structural properties of Cu-Zn-Al alloys are established. As such, from an experimental point of view, differential thermal analysis has been performed with the help of a DSC Netzsch STA 449 F1 Jupiter calorimeter with high levels [...] Read more.
Experimental and theoretical design on thermal and structural properties of Cu-Zn-Al alloys are established. As such, from an experimental point of view, differential thermal analysis has been performed with the help of a DSC Netzsch STA 449 F1 Jupiter calorimeter with high levels of sensitivity, and the structural analysis has been accomplished through X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. An unusual specific property for a metallic material has been discovered, which is known as “rubber-type behavior”, a characteristic determined by micro-structural changes. From the theoretical point of view, the thermal transfer in Cu-Zn-Al is presented by assimilating this alloy, both structurally and functionally, with a multifractal, situation in which the order–disorder transitions assimilated with thermal “dynamics” of Cu-Zn-Al, are mimed through transitions from non-multifractal to multifractal curves. In such a context, the thermal expansion velocity contains both the propagation speed of the phase transformation (be it a direct one: austenitic–martensitic transformation, or an indirect one: martensitic–austenitic transformation) and the thermal diffusion speed. Then, through self-modulations of the thermal field, the Cu-Zn-Al alloy will self-structure in channel-type or cellular-type thermal patterns, which can be linked to obtained experimental data. Consequently, since the thermal conductivity becomes a function of the observation scale, and heat transfer is modified to reflect the multifractal, non-differentiable paths in the material, it leads to anomalous diffusion and complex thermal behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Complexity)
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4 pages, 1565 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Lian et al. Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Mg-3Al-1Zn Magnesium Alloy Sheet Processed by Integrated High Temperature Rolling and Continuous Bending. Metals 2020, 10, 380
by Yong Lian, Benhong Liao, Tao Zhou, Wenjun Ge, Laixin Shi, Li Hu, Mingbo Yang and Jin Zhang
Metals 2025, 15(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060616 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
In the original publication, there were mistakes in Figures 2d, 3, 4b, 5, 6d and 7b as published [...] Full article
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11 pages, 3317 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behavior of Zinc Wrought Alloy ZnAl15Cu1Mg (ZEP1510) as a Potential Substitute for Brass and Galvanized Steel
by Abdulkerim Karaman, Alexander Kremer and Michael Marré
Alloys 2025, 4(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys4020009 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 760
Abstract
The increasing restriction of lead in industrial alloys, particularly in copper–zinc-based materials such as CuZn40Pb2, necessitates the development of environmentally safer alternatives. ZnAl15Cu1Mg (ZEP1510), a zinc-based wrought alloy composed of 15% aluminum, 1% copper, 0.03% magnesium, with the remainder being zinc, has emerged [...] Read more.
The increasing restriction of lead in industrial alloys, particularly in copper–zinc-based materials such as CuZn40Pb2, necessitates the development of environmentally safer alternatives. ZnAl15Cu1Mg (ZEP1510), a zinc-based wrought alloy composed of 15% aluminum, 1% copper, 0.03% magnesium, with the remainder being zinc, has emerged as a promising candidate for lead-free applications due to its favorable forming characteristics and corrosion resistance. This study investigates the performance of ZEP1510 compared to conventional leaded copper alloys and galvanized steel. Corrosion behavior was evaluated using neutral salt spray testing, cyclic climate chamber exposure, and electrochemical potential analysis in chloride- and sulfate-containing environments. ZEP1510 exhibited corrosion resistance comparable to brass and significantly better performance than galvanized steel in neutral and humid atmospheres. Combined with its low processing temperature and high recyclability, ZEP1510 presents itself as a viable and sustainable alternative to brass with lead for applications in sanitary, automotive, and electrical engineering industries. Full article
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25 pages, 4627 KiB  
Article
Laser-Based Characterization and Classification of Functional Alloy Materials (AlCuPbSiSnZn) Using Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and a Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Electrotechnical Applications
by Amir Fayyaz, Muhammad Waqas, Kiran Fatima, Kashif Naseem, Haroon Asghar, Rizwan Ahmed, Zeshan Adeel Umar and Muhammad Aslam Baig
Materials 2025, 18(9), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092092 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 778
Abstract
In this paper, we present the analysis of functional alloy samples containing metals aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn) using a Q-switched Nd laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm with a pulse duration of [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present the analysis of functional alloy samples containing metals aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn) using a Q-switched Nd laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm with a pulse duration of 5 ns. Nine pelletized alloy samples were prepared, each containing varying chemical concentrations (wt.%) of Al, Cu, Pb, Si, Sn, and Zn—elements commonly used in electrotechnical and thermal functional materials. The laser beam is focused on the target surface, and the resulting emission spectrum is captured within the temperature interval of 9.0×103 to 1.1×104 K using a set of compact Avantes spectrometers. Each spectrometer is equipped with a linear charged-coupled device (CCD) array set at a 2 μs gate delay for spectrum recording. The quantitative analysis was performed using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) under the assumptions of optically thin plasma and self-absorption-free conditions, as well as local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The net normalized integrated intensities of the selected emission lines were utilized for the analysis. The intensities were normalized by dividing the net integrated intensity of each line by that of the aluminum emission line (Al II) at 281.62 nm. The results obtained using CF-LIBS were compared with those from the laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS), showing good agreement between the two techniques. Furthermore, a random forest technique (RFT) was employed using LIBS spectral data for sample classification. The RFT technique achieves the highest accuracy of ~98.89% using out-of-bag (OOB) estimation for grouping, while a 10-fold cross-validation technique, implemented for comparison, yields a mean accuracy of ~99.12%. The integrated use of LIBS, LA-TOF-MS, and machine learning (e.g., RFT) enables fast, preparation-free analysis and classification of functional metallic materials, highlighting the synergy between quantitative techniques and data-driven methods. Full article
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17 pages, 8251 KiB  
Article
The Electrochemical Characteristics and Corrosion Resistance of a Low-Melting-Point Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 Alloy in NaCl Solution
by Xiaofei Yao, Weihua Wang, Xiaoling Qi, Yunkun Lv, Wei Yang, Yufei Ma and Jian Chen
Crystals 2025, 15(5), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050425 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 420
Abstract
In this study, we prepared an innovative corrosion-resistant and low-melting-point Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy, and its microstructure was characterized. The corrosion resistance of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy in a NaCl solution with different concentrations was tested via electrochemical and immersion methods. In addition, the corrosion morphologies [...] Read more.
In this study, we prepared an innovative corrosion-resistant and low-melting-point Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy, and its microstructure was characterized. The corrosion resistance of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy in a NaCl solution with different concentrations was tested via electrochemical and immersion methods. In addition, the corrosion morphologies and products were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the effects of the NaCl solution’s concentration on the corrosion resistance of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy were studied. The results showed that the melting point of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy was only 356.8 °C, and the melting temperature range was 356.8–377.6 °C. The microstructure of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy was dendritic, eutectic, and peritectic, and it had a face-centered cube (FCC) composition in the solid solution phase. The dendrite structure comprised an Al-rich solid solution primarily in the interdendrites and a Zn-rich solid solution mostly in the dendrites; the eutectic structure mainly consisted of Sn- and Pb-rich solid solutions; and the peritectic structure mainly comprised Zn- and Sn-rich solid solutions. In NaCl solutions of different concentrations, the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy is generally corrosive; the corrosion rate of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution was 1.97 × 10−2 mm/a; and the corrosion surface was loose or cracking. The corrosion products attached to the corrosion surface of the alloys mainly comprised Al and Zn oxides, while Sn and Pb corroded to form Sn and Pb oxides, which dissolved or fell off to form microholes or pores on the corrosion surface of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy. With an increase in the NaCl solution’s concentration, the degree of corrosion products that fell off or dissolved increased, and thus, the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy’s corrosion rate increased. In 10.5% and 14% NaCl solutions, the amount of Al oxides in the corrosion products increased, and the locally dense corrosion product that formed on the corrosion surface of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy cracked and could not protect the matrix. The locally dense corrosion products on the surface of the Al49Sn21Zn16Pb14 alloy in NaCl solutions therefore could not improve the corrosion resistance. Full article
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12 pages, 6390 KiB  
Article
Exploring How Dopants Strengthen Metal-Ni/Ceramic-Al2O3 Interface Structures at the Atomic and Electronic Levels
by Fengqiao Sun, Xiaofeng Zhang, Long Li, Qicheng Chen, Dehao Kong, Haifeng Yang and Renwei Li
Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1990; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091990 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
The metal-based/ceramic interface structure is a key research focus in science, and addressing the stability of the interface has significant scientific importance as well as economic value. In this project, the work of adhesion, heat of segregation, electronic structure, charge density, and density [...] Read more.
The metal-based/ceramic interface structure is a key research focus in science, and addressing the stability of the interface has significant scientific importance as well as economic value. In this project, the work of adhesion, heat of segregation, electronic structure, charge density, and density of states for doped-M (M = Ti, Mg, Cu, Zn, Si, Mn, or Al) Ni (111)/Al2O3 (0001) interface structures are studied using first-principle calculation methods. The calculation results demonstrate that doping Ti and Mg can increase the bonding strength of the Ni–Al2O3 interface by factors of 3.4 and 1.5, respectively. However, other dopants, such as Si, Mn, and Al, have a negative effect on the bonding of the Ni–Al2O3 interface. As a result, the alloying elements may be beneficial to the bonding of the Ni–Al2O3 interface, but they may also play an opposite role. Moreover, the Ti and Mg dopants segregate from the matrix and move to the middle position of the Ni–Al2O3 interface during relaxation, while other dopants exhibit a slight segregation and solid solution in the matrix. Most remarkably, the segregation behavior of Ti and Mg induced electron transfer to the middle of the interface, thereby increasing the charge density of the Ni–Al2O3 interface. For the optimal doped-Ti Ni–Al2O3 interface, bonds of Ti–O and Ti–Ni are found, which indicates that the dopant Ti generates stable compounds in the interface region, acting as a stabilizer for the interface. Consequently, selecting Ti as an additive in the fabrication of metal-based ceramic Ni–Al2O3 composites will contribute to prolonging the service lifetime of the composite. Full article
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