Search Results (1,070)

In the context of rapid urban tourism expansion and the growing emphasis on equitable and sustainable transport development, understanding how transport systems support different types of attractions has become increasingly important. This study investigates how attraction hierarchy and functional type interact with public transport accessibility to shape urban tourism patterns and equity. Whereas prior work emphasizes objective metrics, the alignment between perceived accessibility and actual transport conditions remains understudied. Using Wuhan’s A-rated and popular unrated attractions as a case, we have developed an innovative “ objective–perceived coupling framework that integrates GIS network analysis, travel cost matrix, non-parametric testing, and online comment text mining methods to examine how scenic spot levels (A-level and unrated popular scenic spots) and functional types interact with the public transportation system from both objective and perceptual dimensions. Results show: (1) A-rated attractions cluster in suburbs with low accessibility, while unrated sites concentrate centrally with high rail-bus connectivity, revealing a “high-grade–low-accessibility” mismatch. (2) Accessibility varies by type: natural sites are lowest, cultural/leisure venues intermediate, and comprehensive sites highest due to multimodal hub proximity. (3) Sentiment and topic analyses based on transport-related review content suggest that some A-rated attractions receive less favorable evaluations of access conditions (e.g., transfers, waiting, last-mile walking, wayfinding, and parking), whereas many popular unrated sites are evaluated more positively in these transport-specific aspects. (4) Quadrant analysis shows many highly rated attractions fall into a “low objective–low perceived” disadvantage, while most unrated ones exhibit strong objective–perceived coupling. These findings underscore structural imbalances among administrative grading, attraction function, and transit provision, offering evidence for optimizing public transport service to tourist attractions. They help optimize the spatial structure of urban tourism, improve resource allocation efficiency, guide differentiated scenic spot development strategies, and promote sustainable and experience-oriented urban tourism governance. Full article

Fog computing extends cloud services to the network edge to support low-latency IoT applications. However, since fog environments are distributed and resource-constrained, intrusion detection systems must be adapted to defend against cyberattacks while keeping computation and communication overhead minimal. This systematic review presents research on intrusion detection systems (IDSs) for fog computing and synthesizes advances and research gaps. The study was guided by the “Preferred-Reporting-Items for-Systematic-Reviews-and-Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) framework. Scopus and Web of Science were searched in the title field using TITLE/TI = (“intrusion detection” AND “fog computing”) for 2021–2025. The inclusion criteria were (i) 2021–2025 publications, (ii) journal or conference papers, (iii) English language, and (iv) open access availability; duplicates were removed programmatically using a DOI-first key with a title, year, and author alternative. The search identified 8560 records, of which 4905 were unique and included for qualitative grouping and bibliometric synthesis. Metadata (year, venue, authors, affiliations, keywords, and citations) were extracted and analyzed in Python to compute trends and collaboration. Intrusion detection systems in fog networks were categorized into traditional/signature-based, machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid/ensemble. Hybrid and DL approaches reported accuracy ranging from 95 to 99% on benchmark datasets (such as NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, CIC-IDS2017, KDD99, BoT-IoT). Notable bottlenecks included computational load relative to real-time latency on resource-constrained nodes, elevated false-positive rates for anomaly detection under concept drift, limited generalization to unseen attacks, privacy risks from centralizing data, and limited real-world validation. Bibliometric analyses highlighted the field’s concentration in fast-turnaround, open-access journals such as IEEE Access and Sensors, as well as a small number of highly collaborative author clusters, alongside dominant terms such as “learning,” “federated,” “ensemble,” “lightweight,” and “explainability.” Emerging directions include federated and distributed training to preserve privacy, as well as online/continual learning adaptation. Future work should consist of real-world evaluation of fog networks, ultra-lightweight yet adaptive hybrid IDS, self-learning, and secure cooperative frameworks. These insights help researchers select appropriate IDS models for fog networks. Full article

University mathematics-support programs rarely test their theoretical foundations against student evidence, particularly in the Global South. This study addresses that gap by analyzing how students’ experiences in Mathematical Thinking Workshops (MTWs) at a South African university confirm, nuance, or challenge assumptions the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), Action–Process–Object–Schema (APOS) theory, Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), and constructivism. We conducted a qualitative secondary analysis of six focus-group interviews (n = 17), using abductive reflexive thematic analysis and an Assumption–Indicator–Evidence matrix that linked design rationales to student narratives. Student accounts strongly supported ZPD, with facilitation and peer norms fostering psychological safety and risk-taking, while also showing that equitable participation required explicit role-rotation routines. APOS-informed task sequencing enabled coordination across representations but operated recursively, with students calling for planned revisiting sessions to consolidate difficult ideas. CLT claims were affirmed where venue conditions and timing inflated extraneous load, highlighting the need for short debriefs and load-aware logistics. Constructivist activity fostered belonging, confidence, and more social views of mathematics but generated uncertainty when tasks ended without brief closure. We conclude by proposing context-aware refinements to these frameworks and outlining a replicable routine for testing educational theory through student evidence. Full article

Recent findings demonstrate that concentrated sulfuric acid supports rich organic chemistry, including the stability of the canonical DNA bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Yet, due to full protonation in concentrated sulfuric acid, these bases may not pair as effectively as they do in water. We are therefore motivated to study nucleic acid bases that pair via hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions instead of canonical hydrogen bonding. Here, we investigate the stability of 14 selected, commercially available alternative nucleobases in concentrated sulfuric acid to evaluate their potential for forming DNA-like polymers in this solvent. The reactivity of compounds 1–14 have not been previously investigated in concentrated sulfuric acid. We incubate the selected compounds in 98% and 81% w/w sulfuric acid and monitor their stability using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy over 3 weeks at room temperature. In 98% w/w sulfuric acid, six bases—benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (1), 2,2′-bipyridine (2), 1,1′-biphenyl (3), 1-methoxy-3-methylbenzene (MMO2) (7) and 1-chloro-3-methoxybenzene (ClMO) (13), and 2,4-difluorotoluene (14)—remain soluble and stable with no detectable degradation. A few compounds show non-destructive reactivity, like sulfonation (compound 3) or H/D exchange (compounds 7, 13, 14). The other compounds react rapidly or are insoluble in 98% w/w sulfuric acid. In 81% w/w sulfuric acid, only compounds 1 and 2 remain stable and soluble, while other selected compounds are insoluble or unstable. Our findings identify a subset of alternative bases stable in concentrated sulfuric acid, advancing efforts towards the design of an example genetic-like polymer in this unusual solvent. Our work further highlights sulfuric acid’s potential for supporting complex organic chemistry, with implications for astrobiology, planetary science of Venus and synthetic biology. Full article

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure. Catheter ablation is the most effective treatment strategy to decrease AF burden, a measure strongly correlated with significant clinical outcomes. For the last two decades, pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has remained the cornerstone of the ablation procedure, with single procedure success rates as high as 90% in patients with paroxysmal AF. These favorable outcomes have not translated to patients with persistent AF, who harbor more atrial remodeling and who may require ablation beyond PVI. While most PVI-adjunctive ablation strategies have not survived the rigor of randomized control trials, in 2020, VENUS showed that adjunctive ethanol instillation into the vein of Marshall (EIVOM) improved clinical outcomes in patients with persistent AF. Since VENUS, three other randomized trials have consistently shown a benefit of adjunctive EIVOM, though utilization of this technique remains low due to a multitude of factors. In parallel to the mounting evidence supporting EIVOM, pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has revolutionized the landscape and has called into question the ongoing role of EIVOM. This review examines the electrophysiologic significance of the VOM and summarizes the clinical evidence supporting adjunctive EIVOM in the era of PFA. Full article

Operational carbon emissions of buildings account for more than 25% of global carbon emissions and, generally, over 50% of the total carbon emissions across the whole life cycle of a building. The evaluation and management of carbon emission levels during the operational phase of buildings are at present important tasks for China’s construction industry administration departments. This paper analyzes the indicators for evaluating the operational carbon emission levels of buildings and the content of carbon emission calculations, and introduces a specific operation mode for characterizing building energy consumption by the equivalent electricity method from the perspective of building energy consumption statistics. A calculation method for the carbon emission intensity per unit energy consumption of buildings based on the equivalent electricity method is constructed, and its validity is verified through calculations on 15 actual projects. The results show that the variances in carbon emission intensity per unit energy consumption index based on the equivalent electricity method are 0.03, 0.04 and 0.03 for residential, office and venue buildings, respectively, which are far lower than those of the carbon emission intensity per unit building area index (72.79, 123.33 and 153.35) and close to those of the building energy saving rate index (0.02, 0.01 and 0.02). Compared with the building energy saving rate and carbon emission intensity per unit building area, this index can better characterize the degree of building decarbonization and exhibits good evaluation stability across buildings of different functional types. Combined with the building energy consumption quota index, it is conducive to promoting the transformation of the construction sector from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions. Full article

Food insecurity is a considerable challenge for university students globally. While food pantries are a primary response, their impact on psychological well-being remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate effects of providing hot meals during community food-pantry events on participant satisfaction and self-reported loneliness among financially challenged university students in Tokyo. A non-randomized pre-post design was used to compare events with (n = 87) and without (n = 41) a hot meal. Participant satisfaction was assessed using a questionnaire; loneliness was measured using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Hot-meal events had a 100% satisfaction rate. Notably, satisfaction with the café space was significantly higher in hot-meal events than in non-meal events (p = 0.003). However, analysis of covariance indicated that the adjusted mean difference in post-event loneliness scores was not statistically significant. Hot meals enhanced participant satisfaction and the perception of the venue, suggesting it is a key component of the food-utilization dimension of food security. Although a significant reduction in loneliness was not observed, the high appreciation of the dining environment suggests that future programs should integrate hot meals with strategies to maximize social interaction, aiming for a more holistic impact on student well-being. Full article

Pawnshop buildings are places where pawn transactions are conducted. They are usually composed of a front shop and a back building, and their shape resembles a fortress. As a typical gambling city, pawnshops in Macau appeared as early as the Qing Dynasty. By the late Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) and early Republic of China (1912–1949), they had become a common market. They reached their peak during the Anti-Japanese War and were an important financial institution for the people to solve their urgent needs. Today, many pawnshop buildings have become architectural heritage sites and are distributed around the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site. Their location is consistent with the evolution of urban space and the development of gambling and tourism industries. However, existing research lacks systematic research based on spatial quantification technology and it has yet to be determined whether there is a spatial alignment relationship between pawnshop location and urban spatial structure. This paper takes the whole of Macau as the research area and combines DepthmapX space syntax, GIS analysis, and historical data comparison of pawnshop buildings to explore the path dependence characteristics of pawnshop building location and the service radius law in urban space. The study found that the location of pawnshop buildings in Macau has evolved through three stages: initially relying on traditional market spaces, then gathering around casino areas during a stable phase, and finally becoming closely tied to the core areas of gambling venues in the prosperous stage. It shows a path dependence that is continuously strengthened on nodes with low traffic resistance. The service radius of pawnshop buildings exhibits an unbalanced characteristic, with a dense core area and a blank peripheral area, forming a multi-level system of a 200 m core service circle, a 400 m extended service circle, and an 800 m radiation service circle. This study proposes pathways for the adaptive reuse and activation of traditional pawnbroking architectural heritage. For instance, by drawing on the operational model of the Tak Seng On Pawnshop, the integration of cultural exhibition and livelihood services can be realized, thereby providing practical references for the adaptive reuse and conservation of heritage assets. This study offers dual theoretical and practical support for the conservation of pawnbroking architectural heritage in Macau, the site selection and planning of modern pawnbroking establishments, and the optimization of the city’s urban spatial structure. Meanwhile, it enriches the research system on the spatial alignment between the peripheral financial industry and urban space. Full article

Access to justice (A2J) has been a prominent area of sociolegal scholarship, and its findings have significantly informed legal reform efforts. A2J scholarship has focused on disparities in court proceedings and has argued that the navigability of the legal system explains unequal access to the law more than knowledge of the law itself. However, courts are not the only venue for securing rights, and most rights disputes never reach them. In the United States, neurodivergent children possess legal entitlements and protections that are inconsistently and diffusely administered. This study tests the durability of A2J’s core findings by examining how knowledge disparities affect access to justice beyond the pursuit of remedies. Based on surveys and interviews with parents of neurodivergent children in Arizona, this study examines how knowledge disparities shape families’ ability to secure their rights and entitlements before engaging the courts. Substantive expertise explains rights inequality as families begin to actualize their rights and entitlements, while relational expertise remains significant in legal and non-legal rights contestation. The results add greater dynamism to A2J research, open new lines of inquiry, and demonstrate that reform efforts must look beyond improving remedial pathways to more equitably promote human rights. Full article

This study presents a passive mechanical filter designed to enhance sub-Hertz Venusquake detection by shaping the seismic transfer path. The mechanism uses a tunable, high-Q pendulum mounted inside a cylindrical enclosure on a three-ring gimbal to ensure self-leveling and alignment in gravity on uneven terrain. Unlike approaches that rely on broadband digitization and require active control and a stable power supply, this housing–gimbal mechanism performs mechanical filtering for sub-Hz signal amplification and higher frequency attenuation without power. Response spectrum analysis shows that the transmissibility can be tuned to achieve peak sensitivities in the 0.5–0.8 Hz range. When tuned to 50–55 mm pendulum length and under assumed undamping, the pendulum-mounted mechanism improves detectability at best by 10–100× relative to a bare sensor for moderate magnitude ($M_s$ = 3–6) in a 12 h observation window, with signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of 3, and amplitude spectrum density (ASD) of 10⁻⁸ m/s²/√Hz. Furthermore, we extrapolate that the predicted minimum detectable event rates follow $N_m^{min}\propto {\left(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{R}\right)}^{1.2}{\left(\mathrm{A}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\right)}^{1.2}{f}_s^{0.6}$, where $f_s$ is the quake wave frequency. The damping ratio, considering both structural damping and viscous drag, is estimated to be in the order of 10⁻³ to 10⁻². A probabilistic sensitivity analysis is performed to account for the inherent uncertainty in the spectral mismatch between the narrowband sub-Hz resonance of the designed mechanical filter and the peak frequencies of seismic events; the derived probability model suggests strategies for improving the detection probability in the 0.01–1 Hz range. Full article

In the field of cultural architecture design, the deep impact mechanisms of wooden material design perception on users’ psychological experiences have not yet been fully elucidated. The interior environmental design of concert halls, as venues for immersive artistic experiences, especially the use of natural materials such as wood, is considered a key factor shaping audience perception and experience. However, existing research has largely focused on the acoustic performance of or visual preferences for wooden materials, while there remains a lack of mechanistic explanations for how wooden design perception systematically enhances users’ overall satisfaction through a series of internal psychological processes. Based on the “stimulus–organism–response” theoretical framework, this study proposes a chain mediation model aimed at exploring how perception of wooden design in concert halls enhances user satisfaction by promoting users’ flow experience and subsequently strengthening their place attachment. Through a cross-sectional survey of 1017 audiences with actual experience in wooden concert halls and analysis of the data using covariance-based structural equation modeling, the findings reveal that: (1) perception of wooden design has a significant direct positive effect on user satisfaction; (2) both flow experience and place attachment independently mediate the influence of wooden design perception on user satisfaction; (3) there exists a significant chain mediation path: “perception of wooden design → flow experience → place attachment → user satisfaction”. This study validates, from an architectural psychology perspective, the role of flow and place attachment as consecutive psychological mechanisms. The research provides empirical evidence for architects to use wood as a psychological intervention tool in cultural spaces, transforming material selection from an aesthetic consideration into a systematic design strategy with measurable psychological outcomes. Full article

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are pivotal technologies for the effective degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. This bibliometric analysis evaluates 481 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to November 2025, to explore research trends and developments in the field. The findings reveal a substantial increase in research output, with an average annual growth rate of 22.7%. China leads in publication count with 192 documents, followed closely by the United States with 64 publications, demonstrating their substantial contributions to AOP research. Prominent institutions include Tongji University and Università Degli Studi Di Salerno, emphasizing the global collaboration among 2335 authors from 158 institutions across 74 countries. Key themes emerging from the analysis include high oxidative efficiency of AOPs, their hybrid applications with biological and adsorption methods, and their adaptability in treating persistent pollutants and emerging contaminants. However, challenges such as high operational costs, hazardous byproduct formation, and reliance on specific water matrix conditions remain significant obstacles. Funding sources, notably the National Natural Science Foundation of China, play a crucial role, supporting numerous studies, while journals like “Water Research,” “Chemical Engineering Journal,” and “Science of the Total Environment” are identified as primary venues for disseminating impactful research. Overall, this study underscores the need for innovative strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the efficacy and application of AOP technologies in addressing the growing challenges in water treatment and environmental sustainability. Full article

Conventional wisdom posits that smog suppresses outdoor activity while shifting peoples’ activities indoors. Using anonymized Mobile Phone Data Provider Records fused with Point-of-Interest (POI) data sourced from the Gaode (Amap) open database for Beijing (2–22 February 2015), we test this substitution hypothesis at an hourly resolution across 12 POI-defined activity categories. We estimate the adjusted population density (APD) from mobile phone data via usage-bias calibration, interpolate city-wide AQI (Air Quality Index) and PM2.5 fields, and identify associations with a two-way fixed-effects design (Voronoi polygon (VP), day × hour model. We also handle time-invariant POI activities, while factoring in weather and day types. We find a dual suppression of both outdoor and indoor physical activities: worsening air quality is associated with lower participation in most outdoor and indoor activities. Effects are heterogeneous across categories and hours; shopping shows all-day negative marginal effects, whereas a few categories (e.g., sightseeing) display positive correlations in select afternoon hours consistent with congestion-avoidance rather than health-driven indoor substitution. Quantitatively, a 100-point AQI increase is associated with an order of 1–5 persons/km2 decline at peak hours for most activities. A Comprehensive Impact Index (CII) summarizes the spatial heterogeneity across the city. POI venue operators should anticipate city-wide activity reduction both indoors and outdoors under heavy pollution, rather than plan solely for outdoor-to-indoor activity shifts. Full article

In the context of China’s “dual-carbon” strategy, the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics provides a critical case for examining whether carbon-neutral commitments can be translated into measurable and lasting environmental outcomes through a closed-loop governance mechanism. This study develops an integrated analytical framework linking institutional design, policy tools, monitoring–reporting–verification (MRV), and environmental legacy, and evaluates full life-cycle carbon-neutral governance and post-event environmental performance using officially verified carbon accounting materials, governmental disclosures, and publicly available statistical data from 2016–2022. We synthesize the emission structure across preparation and Games-time phases, examine key mitigation and offset portfolios, and assess multi-dimensional environmental indicators in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, including atmospheric quality, energy structure transition, ecological restoration, and low-carbon transport systems. The results suggest that an MRV-centered governance chain strengthened accounting transparency and compliance-oriented implementation, while environmental indicators in the competition zones exhibited sustained improvement over the study period. To reduce over-attribution under concurrent national clean-air policies and macro-level environmental governance trends, we benchmarked host-zone indicators against external reference statistics and interpret the observed improvements as an “acceleration effect” under bounded inference rather than a strict net causal contribution. The findings highlight the importance of hotspot-oriented asset-chain governance (transport infrastructure and venue construction), robust MRV disclosure, and quality-controlled offsets in shaping credible environmental legacies, and provide policy implications for future mega-events seeking to balance carbon neutrality with long-term regional sustainability. Full article