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Keywords = Tilia tomentosa Moench

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17 pages, 2587 KiB  
Article
Silver Lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench) in Forest Vegetation at the Western Edge of the Natural Distribution
by Irena Šapić, Joso Vukelić, Antun Alegro, Stjepan Mikac, Damir Ugarković, Igor Poljak and Dario Baričević
Forests 2025, 16(3), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030438 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Silver lime is a thermophilic, calciphile species that thrives in xero-mesophilic forest communities. The westernmost edge of its natural distribution is Zrinska Gora Mountain in central Croatia, where it is found in almost all types of forest vegetation, albeit with varying frequencies. Its [...] Read more.
Silver lime is a thermophilic, calciphile species that thrives in xero-mesophilic forest communities. The westernmost edge of its natural distribution is Zrinska Gora Mountain in central Croatia, where it is found in almost all types of forest vegetation, albeit with varying frequencies. Its ecological optimum is in specific ravines and grooves, where it forms the mesophilic, relict broad-leaved ravine forest community Polysticho setiferi-Tilietum tomentosae. This research was conducted on two levels. Firstly, the communities of Zrinska Gora were analyzed as the westernmost edge of the natural distribution. Secondly, the ecology of the Tilia tomentosa communities in the western part of its distribution (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, and Serbia) was observed. Analysis of Ellenberg-type indicator values for 74 communities from the western Balkans revealed a slight trend of decreasing thermophilicity and increasing acidophilicity toward the western edge of the distribution area. Silver lime peripheral populations on Zrinska Gora develop under unique ecological conditions. The soil reaction of all communities falls below the lower limit of the optimal range for its development, and the relict association experiences lower temperature values compared to the other communities. All in all, the results of this study provide insights into the adaptability of silver lime to climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution of Tree Species in a Changing Environment)
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11 pages, 5619 KiB  
Article
Distribution, Ecology, Chorology and Phytocenology of Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Oltenia Region, Romania
by Daniel Răduțoiu and Sina Cosmulescu
Diversity 2024, 16(8), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080433 - 23 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1161
Abstract
This article provides useful information on the distribution of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and presents additional data on the ecology, chorology and phytocenology of the species in the Oltenia region, Romania, based on literary sources, herbaria and field observations. By providing [...] Read more.
This article provides useful information on the distribution of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and presents additional data on the ecology, chorology and phytocenology of the species in the Oltenia region, Romania, based on literary sources, herbaria and field observations. By providing accurate and detailed data, this study contributes significantly to the existing knowledge, as well as mapping efforts of the species at the European level. In the subspontaneous flora of the Oltenia region, the C. sativa species is found in sheltered resorts in the counties of Gorj (Glogova, Valea Perilor, Tismana, Pocruia, Polovragi, etc.) and Mehedinți (Comăneşti, Baia de Aramă, etc.), on mesobasic soils, balanced from a hydraulic point of view. The phytocenoses where this species grows are rich in southern elements (e.g., Cornus mas L., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, Quercus dalechampii Ten., Tilia tomentosa Moench). They are included in the Castaneo-Quercetum Horvat 1938 association. In Romania, habitats that include areas occupied by sweet chestnut are classified within habitat R4141—Daco-Balkan forests of oak (Quercus petraea) and chestnut (C. sativa) with Genista tinctoria. This habitat has a very high biodiversity conservation value and ecological importance. According to the Natura 2000 directive, sweet chestnut forests are included in the habitat category 9260, which underlines the importance at the European level for biodiversity conservation. Full article
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14 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
The Added Value of Urban Trees (Tilia tomentosa Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) in Terms of Air Pollutant Removal
by Slaveya Petrova
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061034 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1210
Abstract
The serious densification of human settlements necessitates an increase in the role and importance of green infrastructures in the overall functioning of urban ecosystems. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to (1) assess the efficiency of air pollutant removal (potentially toxic [...] Read more.
The serious densification of human settlements necessitates an increase in the role and importance of green infrastructures in the overall functioning of urban ecosystems. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to (1) assess the efficiency of air pollutant removal (potentially toxic elements) of three common ornamental trees (Tilia tomentosa Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) and (2) model the air quality regulatory services (removal of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2). Three different approaches were applied—enrichment factor (EF) and metal accumulation factor (MAI) per tree species, as well as simulation modeling for the whole urban forest. The MAI values of the three studied species were found to be very similar, in the range of 22.35 to 23.08, which suggests that these species could be a good choice for planting in urban areas with worsened air quality. The highest EF values were observed for U (3–18), followed by As (1.6–2.56) and Sr (0.87–2.46). The potential of urban forests in countering air pollution was highlighted by three simulated scenarios for PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 removal. The highest removal efficiency was calculated for evergreen species, followed by the mixed composition of deciduous (90%) and evergreen trees (10%), and the scenario with wholly deciduous trees had the lowest one. The contribution of nature-based solutions in meeting air quality standards and enhancing resilience in urban areas was clearly demonstrated. The functional complementarity of the different functional tree groups (coniferous, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved species) was proven to be crucial for the support of both functional stabilities of the phytocenosis under diverse climatic conditions and during the change of seasonal cycles in the vegetation. Full article
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14 pages, 2666 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Dust Deposition in Vegetation Period as an Ecological Service on Urban Trees in Budapest—A Case Study
by Veronika Szabó, Haimei Chen, Károly Hrotkó and Ildikó Kohut
Pollutants 2023, 3(4), 507-520; https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3040035 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
In this article, we investigated the dust deposit on leaves in the vegetation period of urban trees using a simple washing method. The data presented in this paper are preliminary results. Air pollution and the area and population of cities are increasing. The [...] Read more.
In this article, we investigated the dust deposit on leaves in the vegetation period of urban trees using a simple washing method. The data presented in this paper are preliminary results. Air pollution and the area and population of cities are increasing. The EU directives require the reduction and maintenance of air pollution. Trees have many ecological services, including the dust removal capacity. We investigated four urban tree species (Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia tomentosa Moench., and Prunus cerasifera L. ‘Woodii’) in many locations in Budapest. After collection, the leaves were washed with distillated water, which was eliminated in a drying chamber, and then the dust was measured back into the beakers. Microscopical photos were taken of each leaf’s surface. We found differences among species and seasons, which confirmed previous studies. Examining the data by location, we found no difference in dust deposition, unlike previous results. The dust deposition for Tilia tomentosa Moench. is between 48 and 295 mg/m2; for Fraxinus excelsior L., between 47 and 205 mg/m2; and for Acer platanoides L., between 110 and 500 mg/m2. No relevant data were found for Prunus cerasifera ‘Woodii’ (between 426 and 492 mg/m2) due to its exposed location. New data were obtained in Budapest for the dust deposition of the ‘Woodii’ variety. We partially confirmed or provided new results by examining the dust deposition capacities of urban trees. The leaf surface structure of the examined trees is supposedly a typical cause of dust deposit differences. Full article
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18 pages, 6322 KiB  
Article
Bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tilia tomentosa Moench Trees from Urban Parks and Potential Health Risks from Using Leaves and Flowers for Medicinal Purposes
by Miroslava Mitrović, Olga Kostić, Zorana Miletić, Milica Marković, Natalija Radulović, Dimitrije Sekulić, Snežana Jarić and Pavle Pavlović
Forests 2023, 14(11), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112204 - 6 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in medicinal plants, particularly those growing in urban environments, can cause human health issues. Therefore, this study evaluated trace element accumulation and translocation patterns (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in the aboveground tissue of common [...] Read more.
Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in medicinal plants, particularly those growing in urban environments, can cause human health issues. Therefore, this study evaluated trace element accumulation and translocation patterns (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in the aboveground tissue of common Tilia tomentosa Moench, often used as a medicinal plant, sampled in Belgrade’s urban parks (Zemunski Park, Park Blok 63, and Park Topčider). Our results indicated that this species exhibits the ability to accumulate and translocate PTEs, particularly Cu, in its aboveground parts. It was found that the levels of Cu and Sr in flowers were within the toxic range for plants, indicating a potential risk in using T. tomentosa flowers from Park Topčider for medicinal purposes. The maximum Estimated Daily Intake of Ni from the consumption of leaves and flowers of plants growing in two parks (Zemunski Park and Park Topčider) exceeded the corresponding Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake. Additionally, the Carcinogenic Risk calculated for Cr present in flowers was above the USEPA limit (3.021 × 10−3), indicating possible adverse effects on human health and a carcinogenic risk from ingesting tea prepared from T. tomentosa flowers from Park Topčider. Our research underlines how crucial it is to cautiously use medicinal tree species growing in urban parks in residential areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Response of Trees to Air Pollution in Urban Forests)
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16 pages, 8505 KiB  
Article
Plant Traits of Tilia tomentosa Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L., and Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold as a Proxy of Urbanization
by Slaveya Petrova and Mariana Petkova
Forests 2023, 14(4), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14040800 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2267
Abstract
Linden, ash, and pine are ubiquitous ornamental trees due to their ability to adapt to the urban environment. They have been key species in urban green infrastructure from more than hundreds of years and play an active role in maintaining ecosystem services. The [...] Read more.
Linden, ash, and pine are ubiquitous ornamental trees due to their ability to adapt to the urban environment. They have been key species in urban green infrastructure from more than hundreds of years and play an active role in maintaining ecosystem services. The urbanization rate in recent decades, combined with global climate change, has led to dynamic changes in the environmental factors which pose new challenges to urban vegetation. Hence, the aims of this study were as follows: (i) to track changes in the content of some elements in plant leaves after transplanting them into an urban environment; (ii) to investigate the relationship between urbanization intensity with plant traits (leaf injuries, photosynthetic activity, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and molecular changes); and (iii) to provide recommendations for improving the management and ecological functions of urban trees. To address these aims, data on urbanization intensity (according to the percentage of built-up area and traffic volume), plant performance, and intraspecific variations of silver linden (Tilia tomentosa), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), and European black pine (Pinus nigra) were collected at four experimental plots in the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria) during 2015–2020. The initial concentrations of some potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, V, and Zn) in the tree leaves at the beginning (prior to planting into the urban environment) and at the end of the experiment were also measured. We illustrate that the growth of urbanization intensity increased the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in tree leaves, caused leaf injuries, and enhanced the maximum photosynthetic rate but decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. At the molecular level, the percentage of polymorphic bands was also found to depend on urbanization intensity. High similarity was observed between the trees in the first three experimental plots (subjected to urbanization load), with the lowest similarity in the control plot. These findings are of high practical value for urban planners regarding how to build a new green infrastructure and how to preserve plant diversity in urban areas across urbanization gradients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Response of Trees to Air Pollution in Urban Forests)
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16 pages, 2110 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms of Tilia tomentosa Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold towards Urban Air Pollution
by Slaveya Petrova, Iliana Velcheva, Bogdan Nikolov, Tonka Vasileva and Veselin Bivolarski
Forests 2022, 13(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101689 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2109
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant response towards urban air pollution of three widespread ornamental species—Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus excelsior and Pinus nigra. Saplings were planted in four urban plots with different anthropogenic impacts, and periodic observations [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant response towards urban air pollution of three widespread ornamental species—Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus excelsior and Pinus nigra. Saplings were planted in four urban plots with different anthropogenic impacts, and periodic observations were performed on their development. Three types of biochemical markers, representing plant responses by three different mechanisms, were analyzed: photosynthetic pigments, free proline and guaiacol peroxidase activity. Our study confirmed that plant responses and adaptation to the environment are complex biological processes including physiological and biochemical changes. As a whole, these experiments revealed that the studied trees react by specific mechanisms towards urban air pollution, and antioxidant responses are significantly correlated with the enhancement of traffic (p < 0.05). Fraxinus excelsior was assessed as being very suitable for urban landscaping due to the significant tolerance to environmentally stressful conditions. Tilia tomentosa was also evaluated as a suitable ornamental species as it demonstrated good development in the urban environment. Pinus nigra was proven as more sensitive to the urban air pollution versus the other two studied trees. These findings could be very useful as a scientific basis for the landscaping practice in terms of the sustainable development and management of urban forestry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forestry Measurements)
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14 pages, 1949 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Changes on Floral Aroma Composition of the Three Species from Tilia at Different Flowering Stages
by Wenqin Bao and Yongbao Shen
Horticulturae 2022, 8(8), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080719 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2497 | Correction
Abstract
The floral aroma, sometimes known as an incorporeal gift of flowers, is one of the primary ornamental features of plants. Flowers of genus Tilia are fragrant and have great value for development and utilization. In this study, for the first time, headspace solid-phase [...] Read more.
The floral aroma, sometimes known as an incorporeal gift of flowers, is one of the primary ornamental features of plants. Flowers of genus Tilia are fragrant and have great value for development and utilization. In this study, for the first time, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics were used to analyze the dynamic variations of scent components of the three species from Tilia at different flowering stages. A total of 70 volatile components were detected, 43 aroma compounds were identified. The UpSet diagram displayed great variations in the amount of aroma components at various flowering stages for each species. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated the proximity of aroma composition characteristics and the significant components that can distinguish the three species from one another. Variable importance projection values (VIP) along with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis were performed to identify 14 crucial aroma components, such as α-Farnesene, D-Limonene, Germacrene D, Linalool, etc. In the end, we discovered that, in sharp contrast to Tilia miqueliana Maxim., Tilia cordata Mill. may have a closely related phylogenetic relationship with Tilia tomentosa Moench. by evaluating the aroma similarity rates. Full article
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13 pages, 3521 KiB  
Article
Flowers Characteristics of Selected Species of Lime-Tree (Tilia spp.) in Terms of miRNA-Based Markers Activity, Mannose Expression and Biological Compounds Content
by Katarína Ražná, Jana Žiarovská, Eva Ivanišová, Lucia Urbanová, Ľubomír Harenčár, Adam Kováčik, Matúš Kučka and Pavel Hrubík
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121748 - 11 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3796
Abstract
The significant healing effect of Tilia platyphyllos Scop. and Tilia cordata Mill. flowers are well known. However, the flowers of Tilia tomentosa Moench. are not suitable for harvest due to their toxic effects. To investigate the diverse background of [...] Read more.
The significant healing effect of Tilia platyphyllos Scop. and Tilia cordata Mill. flowers are well known. However, the flowers of Tilia tomentosa Moench. are not suitable for harvest due to their toxic effects. To investigate the diverse background of this effect, we applied a functional miRNA-based marker, mannose expression analysis and determined the content of bioactive compounds. Out of nine tested markers, three (miR160, miR167 and miR408) provided reproducible miRNA-based loci and two of them (miR160 and miR398) enabled the acquisition of fingerprinting specific to flower and leaf samples of T. platyphyllos and T. tomentosa. The most pronounced profiling was specific for miR408 marker, the function of which is connected to plant defense and adaptation mechanisms. We confirmed the suitability of microRNA-based markers for polymorphism determination of flowers of selected species of lime-tree. The highest values of antioxidant activity, flavonoids, total polyphenols and phenolic acids content have been reached in silver linden flowers. When comparing the transcription activity of mannose in flowers, more than 30 times higher levels of mannose transcripts for the silver linden flowers was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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14 pages, 3554 KiB  
Article
Influence of Tilia tomentosa Moench Extract on Mouse Small Intestine Neuromuscular Contractility
by Silvia Cerantola, Sofia Faggin, Gabriela Annaloro, Federica Mainente, Raffaella Filippini, Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino, Anna Piovan, Gianni Zoccatelli and Maria Cecilia Giron
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103505 - 4 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3633
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and bowel disturbances. FGID therapy is primarily symptomatic, including treatment with herbal remedies. Flower extract of Tilia tomentosa Moench (TtM) is occasionally used as an anti-spasmodic in popular medicine. Since its [...] Read more.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and bowel disturbances. FGID therapy is primarily symptomatic, including treatment with herbal remedies. Flower extract of Tilia tomentosa Moench (TtM) is occasionally used as an anti-spasmodic in popular medicine. Since its effect on intestinal response is unknown, we evaluated the influence of TtM extract on small intestine contractility. Ileal preparations from C57BL/6J mice were mounted in organ baths to assess changes in muscle tension, following addition of TtM extract (0.5–36 μg/mL) or a vehicle (ethanol). Changes in contractile response to receptor- and non-receptor-mediated stimuli were assessed in ileal preparations pretreated with 12 μg/mL TtM. Alterations in the enteric nervous system neuroglial network were analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence. Increasing addition of TtM induced a marked relaxation in ileal specimens compared to the vehicle. Pretreatment with TtM affected cholinergic and tachykininergic neuromuscular contractions as well as K+-induced smooth muscle depolarization. Following incubation with TtM, a significant reduction in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic-mediated relaxation sensitive to Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (pan-nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) was found. In vitro incubation of intestinal specimens with TtM did not affect the myenteric plexus neuroglial network. Our findings show that TtM-induced intestinal relaxation is mediated by nitric oxide pathways, providing a pharmacological basis for the use of TtM in FGIDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements for Metabolic and Gastrointestinal Disorders)
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23 pages, 2292 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Tilia tomentosa Moench on Plant Species Diversity and Composition in Mesophilic Forests of Western Romania–A Potential Tree Species for Warming Forests in Central Europe?
by Steffi Heinrichs, Veronika Öder, Adrian Indreica, Erwin Bergmeier, Christoph Leuschner and Helge Walentowski
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7996; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147996 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3137
Abstract
Climate change challenges important native timber species in Central Europe. The introduction of non-native tree species originating from warmer climates is one option to make Central European forests compatible to global warming. This, however, requires an assessment of the species’ growth requirements, and [...] Read more.
Climate change challenges important native timber species in Central Europe. The introduction of non-native tree species originating from warmer climates is one option to make Central European forests compatible to global warming. This, however, requires an assessment of the species’ growth requirements, and of its impact on biodiversity in its native ranges. Silver lime (Tilia tomentosa), a moderately drought-tolerant, thermophilous tree species of South-eastern Europe is considered suitable for the future. Along three elevational transects in western Romania, we assessed the impact of changing climate and local site conditions on the abundance of this tree species and contrasted plant species diversity and composition of lime-dominated forests with mesophytic oak and beech forests. Local site conditions and disturbance histories shaped the distribution pattern of silver lime. When dominant, it reduced plant species diversity within stands due to its dense canopy. For shade-tolerant, mesophytic species, though, lime forests provided an additional habitat and extended their range into warmer environments. Thus, silver lime may have the potential as an admixed tree species forming a transitory meso-thermophilous habitat in the future. At the same time, silver lime may be limited under increasing drought frequency. Full article
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22 pages, 2251 KiB  
Article
Use of an Animal Model to Evaluate Anxiolytic Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tilia tomentosa Moench Bud Extracts
by Federica Turrini, Giulia Vallarino, Francesca Cisani, Dario Donno, Gabriele Loris Beccaro, Paola Zunin, Raffaella Boggia, Anna Pittaluga and Massimo Grilli
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113328 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4047
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common and complex psychiatric syndromes affecting a broad spectrum of patients. On top of that, we know that aging produces an increase in anxiety vulnerability and sedative consumption. Moreover, stress disorders frequently show a clear gender susceptibility. Currently, the approved [...] Read more.
Anxiety disorders are common and complex psychiatric syndromes affecting a broad spectrum of patients. On top of that, we know that aging produces an increase in anxiety vulnerability and sedative consumption. Moreover, stress disorders frequently show a clear gender susceptibility. Currently, the approved pharmacological strategies have severe side effects such as hallucinations, addiction, suicide, insomnia, and loss of motor coordination. Dietary integration with supplements represents an intriguing strategy for improving the efficacy and the safety of synthetic anxiolytics. Accordingly, a recent article demonstrated that glyceric bud extracts from Tilia tomentosa Moench (TTBEs) exert effects that are consistent with anxiolytic activity. However, the effects of these compounds in vivo are unknown. To examine this question, we conducted behavioral analysis in mice. A total of 21 days of oral supplements (vehicle and TTBEs) were assessed by Light Dark and Hole Board tests in male and female mice (young, 3 months; old, 24 months). Interestingly, the principal component analysis revealed gender and age-specific behavioral modulations. Moreover, the diet integration with the botanicals did not modify the body weight gain and the daily intake of water. Our results support the use of TTBEs as dietary supplements for anxiolytic purposes and unveil age and gender-dependent responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenol-Rich Foods for Human Health)
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22 pages, 3649 KiB  
Article
Bud-Derivatives, a Novel Source of Polyphenols and How Different Extraction Processes Affect Their Composition
by Federica Turrini, Dario Donno, Gabriele Loris Beccaro, Anna Pittaluga, Massimo Grilli, Paola Zunin and Raffaella Boggia
Foods 2020, 9(10), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101343 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3605
Abstract
The use of herbal food supplements, as a concentrate form of vegetable extracts, increased so much over the past years to count them among the relevant sources of dietetic polyphenols. Bud-derivatives are a category of botanicals perceived as a “new entry” in this [...] Read more.
The use of herbal food supplements, as a concentrate form of vegetable extracts, increased so much over the past years to count them among the relevant sources of dietetic polyphenols. Bud-derivatives are a category of botanicals perceived as a “new entry” in this sector since they are still poorly studied. Due to the lack of a manufacturing process specification, very different products can be found on the market in terms of their polyphenolic profile depending on the experimental conditions of manufacturing. In this research two different manufacturing processes, using two different protocols, and eight species (Carpinus betulus L., Cornus mas L., Ficus carica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Larix decidua Mill., Pinus montana Mill., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Tilia tomentosa Moench), commonly used to produce bud-derivatives, have been considered as a case study. An untargeted spectroscopic fingerprint of the extracts, coupled to chemometrics, provide to be a useful tool to identify these botanicals. The targeted phytochemical fingerprint by HPLC provided a screening of the main bud-derivatives polyphenolic classes highlighting a high variability depending on both method and protocol used. Nevertheless, ultrasonic extraction proved to be less sensitive to the different extraction protocols than conventional maceration regarding the extract polyphenolic profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Benefits of Plant Extracts for Human Health)
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14 pages, 2999 KiB  
Article
Development of Fine Root Biomass of Two Contrasting Urban Tree Cultivars in Response to Drought Stress
by Chi Zhang, Laura Myrtiá Faní Stratópoulos, Chao Xu, Hans Pretzsch and Thomas Rötzer
Forests 2020, 11(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010108 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4329
Abstract
Global climate change associated with rapid urbanization is projected to cause a worsening of environmental problems such as extreme heat and drought in cities. Urban trees play an essential role in improving air quality, fixing carbon, mitigating environmental degradation, and providing other ecosystem [...] Read more.
Global climate change associated with rapid urbanization is projected to cause a worsening of environmental problems such as extreme heat and drought in cities. Urban trees play an essential role in improving air quality, fixing carbon, mitigating environmental degradation, and providing other ecosystem services. However, limited research has been conducted on belowground processes, which hampers a comprehensive understanding of the effect of climate change and urbanization on urban tree growth. Fine roots (<2-mm diameter) are the primary pathway for water and nutrient uptake by plants, and they considerably contribute to the survival of urban trees under drought stress. In this study, we conducted a controlled experiment on the development of fine roots of Tilia cordata Mill ‘Greenspire’ and Tilia tomentosa Moench ‘Brabant’ in response to drought stress via soil coring. Our results indicate that the two cultivars have different strategies for coping with drought. Tilia tomentosa ‘Brabant’, originating from drier regions, gave allocation to deeper soil parts priority probably to obtain more water. On the other hand, Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’, which is native in Central Europe, showed a negative response to water shortage and preferred a more horizontal development of fine roots rather than a vertical development. Long-term studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the belowground processes of urban trees to select tree species and cultivars which are appropriate for planting in major cities, particularly with regard to future climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Responses to Drought)
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