Search Results (648)

Gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM) composites, particularly those based on eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) and related alloys, have emerged as a promising materials platform for soft and deformable energy storage owing to their unique combination of metallic conductivity, fluidic deformability, and adaptive interfaces. Despite rapid advances in LM-enabled devices, binders remain insufficiently understood and are still commonly regarded as passive structural components. Here, we present a comprehensive binder-centered perspective for LM composites, establishing the binder as a key regulator of electro-chemo-mechanical coupling, interfacial stability, transport behavior, and processability in soft energy systems. We show that tailored binder chemistries in Ga-based LM systems—including stretchable batteries, printable conductors, and soft electrochemical devices—govern LM droplet dispersion, suppress coalescence and leakage, and preserve conductive percolation under large deformation, while enabling room-temperature fabrication and printability through rheological regulation and interfacial wetting. Beyond mechanical confinement, emerging binder functionalities—including dynamic bonding, supramolecular interactions, ionically conductive networks, and reversible polymer architectures—enable self-healing interfaces, adaptive transport pathways, and robust adhesion in deformable devices. By integrating recent advances in stretchable batteries, flexible supercapacitors, printable electronics, and multifunctional soft energy systems, we establish a unified multiscale framework linking binder molecular design to device-level electrochemical and mechanical performance. We further discuss sustainability and manufacturing considerations, including recyclable polymer networks, low-temperature fabrication, and scalable processing strategies. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities toward programmable binder systems with tunable viscoelasticity, interfacial reactivity, and adaptive functionality. This Review establishes binder-centered engineering as a key pathway for transforming LM composites from proof-of-concept materials into resilient, manufacturable, and multifunctional soft energy technologies for wearable, stretchable, and biointegrated electronics. Full article

The nucleophilic properties of the isolated dicyanoaurate(I) anion in σ-hole interactions were investigated using theoretical calculations of models from 19 crystalline literature structures. The study focuses on the ability of [Au(CN)₂]⁻ to participate in various noncovalent interactions, including halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, and tetrel bonds. The research reveals that both nitrogen atoms of the cyanide ligands and the gold(I) center exhibit nucleophilic behavior. The nature of all interactions and philicities of interacting atoms were confirmed using a set of theoretical methods, including QTAIM topological analysis, noncovalent interaction plots (NCIplot), electrostatic potential (ESP) surfaces, electron localization function (ELF), analysis of electron density (ED), and electrostatic potential (ESP) minima in their 1D profiles along the bond paths, BSSE corrected dimerization energies, and NBO charge-transfer analysis. The study demonstrates that the dicyanoaurate(I) anion can act as a versatile building block in supramolecular chemistry, participating in multiple types of noncovalent interactions through different sites, including first confirmed examples of gold(I)-involving intermolecular chalcogen bonds. Full article

Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) are attractive bioactives yet constrained by low water solubility and chemical instability. Herein, we introduce a Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvent (SupraDES) as a “Janus” green platform, combining extraction and stabilization with a subsequent solvent-to-material strategy. Eight NaDES/SupraDES formulations based on choline chloride (ChCl) or betaine with glycerol (Gly) or citric acid (CitA), with/without β-cyclodextrin (βCD), were assessed. The extinction coefficients of the most promising solvents were extrapolated at 425 nm for the UV–vis quantification of curcuminoids, to determine extraction performance. The SupraDES ChCl:Gly:βCD gave the best performance during the first solvent screening, improving at the same time the bioactive stability (after 30-day, 47.5% loss vs. 62.8% of ChCl:Gly alone). Subsequent microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) optimization identified 80 °C as the optimal process temperature, with near-equilibrium reached within 15 min (3139.4 µgCurc/gEXT). Peleg modelling (R² = 0.997) indicated a fast extraction rate and limited benefit from longer residence times. Finally, the curcuminoid-loaded SupraDES was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) networks crosslinked with CitA and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF); thermal analysis confirmed the formation of a stable crosslinked structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a βCD-based SupraDES acting as a Janus platform that couples supramolecular extraction of lipophilic bioactives with their direct incorporation into bio-based polymeric materials, exemplifying an integrated green chemistry approach aligned with circular bioeconomy principles. Full article

Skin aging is a central focus of skin health. Supramolecular chemistry has emerged as a powerful strategy for enhancing the performance of cosmetic active ingredients. Adenosine is a promising anti-aging ingredient in skincare products, but its cosmetic application is limited by poor water solubility and low skin penetration. This study developed a supramolecular complex combining adenosine with ectoine through cocrystallization. The supramolecular assembly was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed extensive hydrogen-bonding networks between the components. The optimal supramolecular composition (1:1.5 molar ratio) achieved a 5.5-fold increase in water solubility. The supramolecular organization enhanced skin permeability by 3.1-fold in ex vivo porcine skin models. In fibroblast cell models, the supramolecular system exhibited superior antioxidant activity with 30.3% greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction and restored cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels by 2.1-fold under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress compared to individual components. These findings demonstrate that the adenosine–ectoine supramolecular complex represents an innovative multifunctional ingredient for basic anti-aging cosmetics, offering enhanced delivery, improved safety, and superior biological efficacy through supramolecular engineering. Full article

The development of supramolecular materials has opened up unprecedented opportunities for smart, responsive systems. Yet, their practical application in extreme environments—deep space, deep sea, polar regions, high-temperature and high-pressure reservoirs—is fundamentally challenged by the inherent trade-off between structural stability and dynamic adaptability. This review addresses this core issue by presenting a comprehensive framework for understanding and overcoming the stability–dynamism mismatch under harsh condition. We systematically analyze the molecular mechanisms by which severe factors disrupt non-covalent networks. Based on these insights, we outline four universal molecular design strategies that re-establish the balance, and summarize engineering applications across aerospace, marine, energy, and polar exploration. Beyond offering a comprehensive roadmap for rational material design, this review highlights persistent challenges—including multi-field coupling failure mechanisms, industrialization barriers, and the limitations of current systems—and outlines future directions. By bridging fundamental chemistry with extreme environment engineering, this work aims to guide the next generation of supramolecular materials that can reliably serve in the most demanding operational scenarios. Full article

Synthesis of bifunctional cytisine–squaramide derivatives bearing a single amino acid moiety has revealed an unexpected and intriguing chemical challenge. During modification of cytisine squaramates with α-amino acids, base-sensitive amido esters readily underwent hydrolysis, forming poorly soluble amido-acid side products that resisted standard purification and initially obscured their identity. Persistent observation of these elusive precipitates prompted a deliberate co-crystallization approach, which unambiguously revealed their supramolecular nature using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. With this insight, optimized purification strategies allowed isolation of analytically pure Cyt-SQ-OH and its derivatives, which were characterized by complementary spectroscopic techniques, X-ray crystallography and computational studies. Furthermore, the DFT-optimized parameters of all compounds were determined, providing additional insight into their structural and electronic properties. This work highlights the interplay between reactivity, solubility, and supramolecular assembly in cytisine–squaramide-amino acid hybrids, providing a robust platform for future exploration of multifunctional conjugates with potential applications in medicinal chemistry, molecular recognition, and materials science. Full article

Self-healing materials have attracted increasing attention as a strategy to enhance durability, extend service life, and reduce maintenance in advanced material systems. Among these, cellulose-based self-healing materials represent a sophisticated intersection between sustainable macromolecular chemistry and adaptive materials science. This review provides a synthesis of recent advancements in the field, systematically categorizing materials derived from cellulose raw materials. We evaluate the fundamental chemical strategies employed to achieve autonomous repair, distinguishing between extrinsic mechanisms—utilizing cellulose-based micro/nano-capsules to sequester healing agents—and intrinsic mechanisms governed by dynamic covalent chemistry (Schiff-base, boronic ester, Diels–Alder) and supramolecular interactions (hydrogen bonding, metal–ligand coordination, and host–guest assemblies). The analysis highlights how cellulose’s hierarchical structure and abundant surface functionality are leveraged to overcome the traditional trade-off between mechanical toughness and healing efficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on the transition from simple structural hydrogels to sophisticated multifunctional systems. These include ultra-stretchable strain and pressure sensors for e-skin applications, biocompatible and injectable matrices for chronic wound management and stem cell delivery, and advanced anti-freezing eutectogels for performance in extreme environments. Furthermore, we explore the integration of cellulose into traditional sectors, such as self-healing concrete utilizing microbe-induced calcification and smart, eco-friendly coatings for corrosion protection. Finally, we discuss critical challenges, including environmental stability, scalability, and the development of standardized evaluation protocols, providing a roadmap for the next generation of bio-derived, sustainable and intelligent materials. Full article

Articular cartilage defects affect millions of patients annually and pose one of the most persistent challenges in orthopedic surgery, owing to the tissue’s inherent avascular and alymphatic nature. Current surgical approaches, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI/MACI), and osteochondral grafting, share a common failure mode: inadequate adhesion between repair constructs and surrounding native cartilage, contributing to deterioration rates of 15–75% at five-year follow-up across all techniques. This review repositions adhesion not as a supplementary material property but as the central determinant of clinical success in cartilage repair. We systematically evaluate the biomechanical demands imposed by the joint environment and define clinically relevant adhesion thresholds. Adhesive hydrogel strategies are categorized by surgical context: microfracture augmentation, ACI/MACI enhancement, osteochondral graft integration, and standalone repair platforms. Material platforms are analyzed across catechol/dopamine systems, NHS ester chemistry, photocrosslinkable hydrogels, supramolecular approaches, and multi-mechanism hybrids. Injectable formulations for arthroscopic delivery are critically examined alongside key translational barriers, including fatigue durability, biocompatibility–adhesion trade-offs, sterilization compatibility, batch variability, and regulatory classification ambiguity. Future directions encompass 4D bioprinting, AI-guided formulation optimization, and stimuli-responsive reversible adhesion systems. Adhesive hydrogels represent the missing link that current cartilage repair paradigms require. Full article

In sensing technologies, a hydrogel sensor with a specific response to stimuli allows for real-time monitoring of mechanical, thermal, and biochemical signals in wearable and implantable devices. This review discusses the latest advances in hydrogel-based sensors published between 2023 and spring 2026 and the design strategies prevalent in these articles, including the use of polymers, nanomaterial reinforcement, incorporation of ionic solvents, and physical or chemical crosslinking. The influence of supramolecular hydrogels on the quality of sensor parameters, including the impact on mechanical resistance, ionic conductivity, adaptation, and self-healing, is examined. In biomedical engineering, hydrogels, thanks to their biomimetic and programmable properties, enable control of wound repair and soft tissue interfaces. The review concludes by outlining the challenges, opportunities, and advances in the chemistry and mechanics of hydrogels, which may ultimately facilitate the development of multifunctional monitoring systems in healthcare. The abundance of information requires systematic, frequent reviews to accelerate the application of innovative solutions in practice. Carbon nanostructures are a key component that ensures the sensor’s electrical conductivity. 3D printing technology has enabled the creation of individually customizable health monitoring devices. The work also highlights the use of nanodots in sensor production. Full article

While aluminum (Al) continues to be a cornerstone for microelectronic interconnect technologies, its chronic tendency toward hillock growth and thermal instability necessitates a transition toward high-performance nanostructured material architectures. This research tackles these reliability bottlenecks by achieving a molecular-level integration of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within Al matrices, a strategy designed to fortify structural resilience. Adopting a green chemistry approach, we synthesized Al-GNP (0.25 vol.%) composite thin films through Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) using precursors derived from recycled aluminum. A major obstacle—the formation of the deleterious Al₄C₃ intermetallic phase—was effectively suppressed by ensuring a homogeneous supramolecular dispersion via a specialized dual protocol (ultrasonication and magnetic stirring) during the powder metallurgy stage. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization, utilizing HR-TEM and XRD, verified the structural integrity of the multilayer GNPs (d-spacing = 4.6 Å). Furthermore, surface metrology analysis uncovered a radical shift in growth kinetics: whereas pure Al grew via a “spiky” Volmer-Weber mechanism (Sku = 31.17), the carbon-based inclusion stabilized the film evolution, tempering the kurtosis to Sku = 7.74. Analytical cross-sectional EDS confirmed both stoichiometric fidelity and the achievement of void-free Si/Pt/Al-GNP interfaces. These outcomes prove that a precise nanoscale tailoring of surface morphology via carbonaceous reinforcements significantly bolsters microstructural stamina. Consequently, these PLD-deposited composites emerge as sustainable, cutting-edge candidates for the next generation of microelectronic packaging and interfacial chemistry applications. Full article

The widespread use of herbicides in agriculture results in their accumulation in the environment, which has a negative impact on non-target biota. One way to reduce environmental risks while maintaining the effectiveness of plant protection products is to apply supramolecular chemistry principles to agricultural practices. Although pillar[n]arenes are used in the production of sensors and antidotes for pesticides, their influence on the herbicidal properties and ecotoxicity of herbicides toward aquatic organisms and higher plants has hardly been studied. The effect of pillar[5]arenes on the herbicidal activity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and glyphosate (Glyp), as well as the ecotoxicity of the resulting binary systems toward Ceriodaphnia affinis and Paramecium caudatum, was assessed for the first time. The association constants of pillar[5]arenes with Glyp (logK_a = 3.92–4.06) were an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding values for 2,4-D (logK_a = 2.66–3.06) with the stoichiometry of 1:1. The formation of stable associates (143–177 nm) with negative zeta potential values (from −20.9 to −7.8 mV) was demonstrated for the pillar[5]arene/herbicide systems. Low phytotoxicity of pillar[5]arenes against Chlorella vulgaris was shown. The addition of pillar[5]arenes to 2,4-D reduced the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination index by 4.5-fold compared to the pure herbicide. Forming associates between decamethoxypillar[5]arene and Glyp increased the LC₁₀ by more than twofold compared to the individual herbicide against Paramecium caudatum and Ceriodaphnia affinis. It was demonstrated that combining pillar[5]arenes with Glyp can reduce ecotoxicity while partially preserving or selectively modifying phytotoxicity. The results obtained in this study are encouraging for the development of materials and supramolecular systems that could boost agricultural efficiency while reducing its environmental impact. Full article

Nanoplatforms combining multiple imaging contrast modalities are gaining interest across life sciences and beyond. Here, we disclose a proof-of-concept series of harmonic nanoparticles (HNPs) conjugated with a variety of lanthanide (Ln) complexes, enabling tunable imaging properties. Building on our previous approach for the conjugation of Gd(III) complexes at the surface of HNPs through copper-catalyzed click chemistry, we first establish a copper-free alternative by benchmarking the signals of the resulting conjugates in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms. We then extend this system to Eu, Tb and Yb conjugates and investigate their photophysical properties, successfully detecting long-lived Ln emissions spanning the visible and near-infrared spectrum. Interestingly, the Ln ion can be efficiently removed and exchanged, allowing reuse of the same HNP with a new optical signature. Most notably, we demonstrate that the Eu luminescence can be indirectly activated via second-harmonic generation from the HNP core upon femtosecond-pulsed irradiation in parallel to direct two-photon excitation. This nonlinear activation scheme paves the way for the preparation of mixtures with multidimensional optical signatures using a single excitation source. Altogether this work provides a versatile framework to further explore HNP-Ln conjugates as multimodal imaging probes. Full article

This study presents the synthesis of novel heterocyclic derivatives from oxazol-5(4H)-ones and 1,2,4-triazin-6(5H)-ones classes containing the 4-chlorophenylsulfonylphenyl and arylidene motifs as potential bioactive molecules. The synthesis of new oxazol-5(4H)-ones was conducted by cyclocondensation of 2-(4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzamido)acetic acid with several aromatic aldehydes. The reaction of oxazol-5(4H)-ones with phenylhydrazine afforded the new 1,2,4-triazin-6(5H)-ones. Spectroscopic techniques (IR, ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR, and MS) and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structures of all new compounds. The compounds were tested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cells lacking the BLH1 gene were more susceptible to compound toxicity. Moreover, the compounds increased bleomycin toxicity against yeast cells. Structural similarity analysis against the ChEMBL database and approved drugs from DrugBank was performed to evaluate the structural novelty of the synthesized compounds and to obtain preliminary information regarding their potential pharmacological profiles. Full article

Skin wound healing involves a delicate balance between proliferation and remodelling processes, with significant therapeutic challenges. The present work aimed to investigate the capacity of hybrid lipid nanocarriers carrying a complex phytochemical profile (HA-NLC-ArnicaM and/or RuscusA extracts) to counteract the destructive action of oxidative free radicals and to accelerate wound closure induced on BJ fibroblast cells. The lipid and hybrid nanocarriers have main diameters ranging from 145 nm to 180 nm, electrokinetic potential between −45 mV and −62 mV, and entrapment efficiency of plant extracts exceeding 96%. HA-NLC-plant extracts exhibit an appropriate level of biocompatibility at concentrations < 50 µg/mL. ArnicaM wins the antioxidant contest while RuscusA proved excellent for accelerating the wound closure process. NLCs and HA-NLCs entrapping ArnicaM manifested the highest capacity to neutralise DPPH free radicals, reaching 79.4% inhibition. BJ fibroblast cells treated with HA-NLCs closed the wound more rapidly than NLCs, with cells reaching maximum wound closure efficiency when treated with 12.5 and 100 µg/mL HA-NLC-RuscusA, followed by HA-NLC-ArnicaM-RuscusA. These results facilitate the design of remarkable hybrid lipid nanocarriers, which exploit the emergence of a pharmacological phytochemical’s synergy, and which could contribute to stimulating signalling pathways and promoting appropriate cellular regeneration, needed for wound healing. Full article