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Keywords = Sulfonated polyaniline

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14 pages, 4216 KiB  
Article
Redox-Active Anthraquinone-1-Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt-Loaded Polyaniline for Dual-Functional Electrochromic Supercapacitors
by Yi Wang, Enkai Lin, Ze Wang, Tong Feng and An Xie
Gels 2025, 11(8), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080568 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) devices are gaining increasing attention for next-generation smart windows and low-power displays due to their reversible color modulation, low operating voltage, and flexible form factors. Recently, electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional systems, enabling [...] Read more.
Electrochromic (EC) devices are gaining increasing attention for next-generation smart windows and low-power displays due to their reversible color modulation, low operating voltage, and flexible form factors. Recently, electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional systems, enabling simultaneous energy storage and real-time visual monitoring. In this study, we report a flexible dual-functional EESD constructed using polyaniline (PANI) films doped with anthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQS), coupled with a redox-active PVA-based gel electrolyte also incorporating AQS. The incorporation of AQS into both the polymer matrix and the gel electrolyte introduces synergistic redox activity, facilitating bidirectional Faradaic reactions at the film–electrolyte interface and within the bulk gel phase. The resulting vertically aligned PANI-AQS nanoneedle films provide high surface area and efficient ion pathways, while the AQS-doped gel electrolyte contributes to enhanced ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. The device exhibits rapid and reversible color switching from light green to deep black (within 2 s), along with a high areal capacitance of 194.2 mF·cm−2 at 1 mA·cm−2 and 72.1% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles—representing a 31.5% improvement over undoped systems. These results highlight the critical role of redox-functionalized gel electrolytes in enhancing both the energy storage and optical performance of EESDs, offering a scalable strategy for multifunctional, gel-based electrochemical systems in wearable and smart electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Gels for Sensing Devices and Flexible Electronics)
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14 pages, 3055 KiB  
Article
High-Performance Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration (NF) Membrane Constructed on Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Substrate
by Junliang Dong, Qianzhi Sun, Xiaolin Feng and Ruijun Zhang
Membranes 2025, 15(7), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15070216 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
The inherent hydrophobic nature of PVDF material renders it challenging to establish a stable aqueous hydration layer, thereby limiting its suitability as a substrate for the preparation of nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, we developed a novel modification approach that effectively enhances [...] Read more.
The inherent hydrophobic nature of PVDF material renders it challenging to establish a stable aqueous hydration layer, thereby limiting its suitability as a substrate for the preparation of nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, we developed a novel modification approach that effectively enhances the hydrophilicity of PVDF substrates through the incorporation of sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (SPANI) and hyperbranched polyester (HPE) into the PVDF casting solution, followed by cross-linking with trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The introduction of SPANI and HPE, which contain reactive polar amino and hydroxyl groups, improved the hydrophilicity of the substrate, while the subsequent cross-linking with TMC effectively anchored these components within the substrate through the covalent linking between TMC and the reactive sites. Additionally, the hydrolysis of TMC yielded non-reactive carboxyl groups, which further enhanced the hydrophilicity of the substrate. As a result, the modified PVDF substrate exhibited improved hydrophilicity, facilitating the construction of an intact polyamide layer. In addition, the fabricated TFC NF membrane demonstrated excellent performance in the advanced treatment of tap water, achieving a total dissolved solid removal rate of 57.9% and a total organic carbon removal rate of 85.3%. This work provides a facile and effective route to modify PVDF substrates for NF membrane fabrication. Full article
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19 pages, 4994 KiB  
Article
Optical Ammonia Sensors Based on Spray-Coated Polyaniline Complexes with Polysulfonic Acids
by O. L. Gribkova, V. A. Kabanova, E. I. Rodina, M. A. Teplonogova, L. I. Demina and A. A. Nekrasov
Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3348; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113348 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
The optical ammonia-sensing properties of water-dispersible polyaniline (PANI) complexes chemically synthesized in the presence of polysulfonic acids of different structure and chain flexibility were compared for the first time. Flexible-chain poly(styrene-4-sulfonic acid) and poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), as well as semi-rigid-chain poly-4,4′-(2,2′-disulfonic acid)diphenylene-iso-phthalamide and rigid-chain [...] Read more.
The optical ammonia-sensing properties of water-dispersible polyaniline (PANI) complexes chemically synthesized in the presence of polysulfonic acids of different structure and chain flexibility were compared for the first time. Flexible-chain poly(styrene-4-sulfonic acid) and poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), as well as semi-rigid-chain poly-4,4′-(2,2′-disulfonic acid)diphenylene-iso-phthalamide and rigid-chain poly-4,4′-(2,2′-disulfonic acid)diphenylene-tere-phthalamide (t-PASA) were used. The sensor films were prepared by a convenient and scalable method—spray coating of aqueous solutions on glass substrates. The optical response time and amplitude of the sensor films in the range of ammonia concentrations from 5 to 200 ppm were investigated. To overcome the influence of humidity and presence of over-stoichiometric protons of the polyacid on the accuracy of ammonia determination treatments of the films in aqueous solutions of NaCl, CaCl2 and BaCl2 were tested. The treatment in 1 M CaCl2 solution for all of the PANI complexes results in a significant improvement in the response time, amplitude and reproducibility. The films of PANI complexes with the flexible-chain polyacids have the highest response amplitude in the range of ammonia concentrations 5–25 ppm. PANI-t-PASA film demonstrated the best sensory properties at ammonia concentrations more than 50 ppm. FTIR spectroscopy showed that CaCl2 treatment results in cross-linking of sulfoacid groups from adjacent polyacid chains by Ca2+ ions. Thus, such a treatment results both in the neutralization of excessive protons and a significant reduction in the films’ swelling at high humidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sensors for Chemical Detection Applications)
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15 pages, 4744 KiB  
Article
Interface Engineering of Styrenic Polymer Grafted Porous Micro-Silicon/Polyaniline Composite for Enhanced Lithium Storage Anode Materials
by Yechan Lee, Mahesh Naikwade and Sang-Wha Lee
Polymers 2024, 16(24), 3544; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243544 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1043
Abstract
Si anode materials are promising candidates for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high capacities. However, expansion and low conductivity result in rapid performance degradation. Herein, we present a facile one-pot method for pyrolyzing polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) polymers at low temperatures (≤400 [...] Read more.
Si anode materials are promising candidates for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high capacities. However, expansion and low conductivity result in rapid performance degradation. Herein, we present a facile one-pot method for pyrolyzing polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) polymers at low temperatures (≤400 °C) to form a thin carbonaceous layer on the silicon surface. Specifically, micron silicon (mSi) was transformed into porous mSi (por-mSi) by a metal-assisted chemical etching method, and a phenyl-based thin film derived from the thermolysis of PSS formed a strong Si–C/Si–O–C covalent bonding with the Si surface, which helped maintain stable cycle performance by improving the interfacial properties of mSi. Additionally, PSS-grafted por-mSi (por-mSi@PSS) anode was coated with polyaniline (PANI) for endowing additional electrical conductivity. The por-mSi@PSS/PANI anode demonstrated a high reversible capacity of ~1500 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles, outperforming or matching the performance reported in recent studies. A thin double layer composed of phenyl moieties and a conductive PANI coating improved the stability of Si-based anodes and provided an effective pathway for Li+ ion transport to the Si interface, suggesting that polymer-modified Si anodes hold significant promise for advanced LIB applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Polymer-Based Electrode Materials)
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21 pages, 20880 KiB  
Article
Ceramic Nanotubes—Conducting Polymer Assemblies with Potential Application as Chemosensors for Breath Ammonia Detection in Chronic Kidney Disease
by Alexandru Florentin Trandabat, Romeo Cristian Ciobanu, Oliver Daniel Schreiner, Thomas Gabriel Schreiner and Sebastian Aradoaei
Chemosensors 2024, 12(9), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090198 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
This paper describes the process of producing chemosensors based on hybrid nanostructures obtained from Al2O3, as well as ZnO ceramic nanotubes and the following conducting polymers: poly(3-hexylthiophene), polyaniline emeraldine-base (PANI-EB), and poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate. The process for creating ceramic [...] Read more.
This paper describes the process of producing chemosensors based on hybrid nanostructures obtained from Al2O3, as well as ZnO ceramic nanotubes and the following conducting polymers: poly(3-hexylthiophene), polyaniline emeraldine-base (PANI-EB), and poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate. The process for creating ceramic nanotubes involves three steps: creating polymer fiber nets using poly(methyl methacrylate), depositing ceramic films onto the nanofiber nets using magnetron deposition, and heating the nanotubes to 600 °C to burn off the polymer support completely. The technology for obtaining hybrid nanostructures from ceramic nanotubes and conducting polymers is drop-casting. AFM analysis emphasized a higher roughness, mainly in the case of PANI-EB, for both nanotube types, with a much larger grain size dimension of over 5 μm. The values of the parameter Rku were close or slightly above 3, indicating, in all cases, the formation of layers predominantly characterized by peaks and not by depressions, with a Gaussian distribution. An ink-jet printer was used to generate chemiresistors from ceramic nanotubes and PANI-EB structures, and the metallization was made with commercial copper ink for printed electronics. Calibration curves were experimentally generated for both sensing structures across a wider range of NH3 concentrations in air, reaching up to 5 ppm. A 0.5 ppm detection limit was established. The curve for the ZnO:PANI-EB structure presented high linearity and lower resistance values. The sensor could be used in medical diagnosis for the analysis of breath ammonia and biomarkers for predicting CKD in stages higher than 1. The threshold value of 1 ppm represents a feasible value for the presented sensor, which can be defined as a simple, low-value and robust device for individual use, beneficial at the patient level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Chemical Sensing)
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18 pages, 4220 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt (PANI-ES) Colloids Using Potato Starch as a Stabilizer to Enhance the Physicochemical Properties and Processability
by Soufiane Boudjelida, Xue Li, Souad Djellali, Giampiero Chiappetta, Francesca Russo, Alberto Figoli and Mauro Carraro
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122941 - 15 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2516
Abstract
Conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), have interesting applications, ranging from flexible electronics, energy storage devices, sensors, antistatic or anticorrosion coatings, etc. However, the full exploitation of conductive polymers still poses a challenge due to their low processability. The use of compatible stabilizers [...] Read more.
Conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), have interesting applications, ranging from flexible electronics, energy storage devices, sensors, antistatic or anticorrosion coatings, etc. However, the full exploitation of conductive polymers still poses a challenge due to their low processability. The use of compatible stabilizers to obtain dispersible and stable colloids is among the possible solutions to overcome such drawbacks. In this work, potato starch was used as a steric stabilizer for the preparation of colloidal polyaniline (emeraldine salt, ES)/starch composites by exploiting the oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions with various starch-to-aniline ratios. The polyaniline/starch bio-composites were subjected to structural, spectroscopic, thermal, morphological, and electrochemical analyses. The samples were then tested for their dispersibility/solubility in a range of organic solvents. The results demonstrated the formation of PANI/starch biocomposites with a smaller average size than starch particles, showing improved aqueous dispersion and enhanced solubility in organic solvents. With respect to previously reported PANI-EB (emeraldine base)/starch composites, the novel colloids displayed a lower overall crystallinity, but the conductive nature of PANI-ES enhanced its electrochemical properties, resulting in richer redox chemistry, particularly evident in its oxidation behavior, as observed through cyclic voltammetry. Finally, as proof of the improved processability, the colloids were successfully integrated into a thin polyether sulfone (PES) membrane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Industry Wastes and By-Products in Polymer Technology)
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12 pages, 4542 KiB  
Article
PVA/PANI-DBSA Nanomesh Tactile Sensor for Force Feedback
by Boyi Wang, Rong Du, Yi Liu and Han Song
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111449 - 21 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Touch serves as an important medium for human–environment interaction. The piezoresistive tactile sensor has attracted much attention due to its convenient technology, simple principle, and convenient signal acquisition and analysis. In this paper, conductive beads-on-string polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic [...] Read more.
Touch serves as an important medium for human–environment interaction. The piezoresistive tactile sensor has attracted much attention due to its convenient technology, simple principle, and convenient signal acquisition and analysis. In this paper, conductive beads-on-string polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) nanofibers were fabricated via the electrospinning technique. Due to the special nanostructure of PVA-coated PANI-DBSA, the tactile sensor presented a wide measuring range of 12 Pa–121 kPa and appreciable sensitivity of 8.576 kPa−1 at 12 Pa~484 Pa. In addition, the response time and recovery time of the sensor were approximately 500 ms, demonstrating promising prospects in the field of tactile sensing for active upper limb prostheses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Studies on Polymer-Based Sensors)
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11 pages, 5970 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Two-Dimensional Polyaniline Sheets with High Crystallinity via Surfactant Interface Self-Assembly and Their Encryption Application
by Zhiwei Li
Polymers 2024, 16(9), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091285 - 3 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
In recent years in the field of traditional materials, traditional polyaniline has faced a number of scientific problems such as an irregular morphology, high difficulty in crystallization, and difficulty in forming an ordered structure compared to the corresponding inorganic materials. In response to [...] Read more.
In recent years in the field of traditional materials, traditional polyaniline has faced a number of scientific problems such as an irregular morphology, high difficulty in crystallization, and difficulty in forming an ordered structure compared to the corresponding inorganic materials. In response to these urgent issues, this study determines how to prepare a highly ordered structure in polyaniline formed at the gas-liquid interface. By dynamically arranging aniline monomers into a highly ordered structure with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant, aniline polymerization is initiated at the gas-liquid interface, resulting in two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets with a highly ordered structure. By elucidating the microstructure, crystallization process, and molecular structure of the two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets, the practical application of polyaniline as an encryption label in the field of electrochromism has been further expanded, thus making polyaniline widely used in the field of information encryption. Therefore, the synthesis of flaky polyaniline crystal sheets has a role in scientific research and practical application, which will arouse the interest and exploration of researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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19 pages, 2583 KiB  
Article
Enhancement in Capacitance of Ionic Type of EAP-Based Strain Sensors
by Nitin Kumar Singh, Kazuto Takashima and Shyam S. Pandey
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9400; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239400 - 25 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
This paper aims to enhance the capacitance of electroactive polymer (EAP)-based strain sensors. The enhancement in capacitance was achieved by using a free-standing stretchable polymer film while introducing conducting polymer to fabricate a hybrid dielectric film with controlled conductivity. In this work, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene [...] Read more.
This paper aims to enhance the capacitance of electroactive polymer (EAP)-based strain sensors. The enhancement in capacitance was achieved by using a free-standing stretchable polymer film while introducing conducting polymer to fabricate a hybrid dielectric film with controlled conductivity. In this work, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) rubber was used as the base material, and dodecyl benzene sulfonate anion (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) was used as filler to fabricate a hybrid composite conducting film. The maleic anhydride group of the SEBS Rubber and DBSA, the anion of the polyaniline dopant, make a very stable dispersion in Toluene and form a free-standing stretchable film by solution casting. DBSA-doped polyaniline increased the conductivity and dielectric constant of the dielectric film, resulting in a significant enhancement in the capacitance of the EAP-based strain sensor. The sensor presented in this article exhibits capacitance values ranging from 24.7 to 100 µF for strain levels ranging from 0 to 100%, and sensitivity was measured 3 at 100% strain level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems Based on Sensor Processing)
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23 pages, 3557 KiB  
Article
Polymeric Membranes Doped with Halloysite Nanotubes Imaged using Proton Microbeam Microscopy
by Giovanna Vasco, Valentina Arima, Soufiane Boudjelida, Mauro Carraro, Monica Bianco, Alessandra Zizzari, Elisabetta Perrone, Francesco Galiano, Alberto Figoli and Maura Cesaria
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(22), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13222970 - 18 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Polymeric membranes are useful tools for water filtration processes, with their performance strongly dependent on the presence of hydrophilic dopants. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)-capped aluminosilicate (halloysite) nanotubes (HNTs) are dispersed into polyether sulfone (PES), with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 wt%, [...] Read more.
Polymeric membranes are useful tools for water filtration processes, with their performance strongly dependent on the presence of hydrophilic dopants. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)-capped aluminosilicate (halloysite) nanotubes (HNTs) are dispersed into polyether sulfone (PES), with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 wt%, to modify the properties of the PES membrane. Both undoped and HNT-doped PES membranes are investigated in terms of wettability (static and time-dependent contact angle), permeance, mechanical resistance, and morphology (using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). The higher water permeance observed for the PES membranes incorporating PANI-capped HNTs is, finally, assessed and discussed vis-à-vis the real distribution of HNTs. Indeed, the imaging and characterization in terms of composition, spatial arrangement, and counting of HNTs embedded within the polymeric matrix are demonstrated using non-destructive Micro Particle Induced X-ray Emission (µ-PIXE) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) techniques. This approach not only exhibits the unique ability to detect/highlight the distribution of HNTs incorporated throughout the whole thickness of polymer membranes and provide volumetric morphological information consistent with SEM imaging, but also overcomes the limits of the most common analytical techniques exploiting electron probes. These aspects are comprehensively discussed in terms of practical analysis advantages. Full article
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17 pages, 7284 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of High Impact-Resistant Polyimide Nanocomposites with Outstanding Thermomechanical Properties
by Jimmy Longun and Jude O. Iroh
Polymers 2023, 15(22), 4427; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15224427 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1899
Abstract
Neat polyimide films are known to be dense and rigid. They are therefore not suitable for use in membranes, sensors and sustainable energy storage applications. In this study, a novel technique has been used to simultaneously improve the porosity, rigidity, damping ability and [...] Read more.
Neat polyimide films are known to be dense and rigid. They are therefore not suitable for use in membranes, sensors and sustainable energy storage applications. In this study, a novel technique has been used to simultaneously improve the porosity, rigidity, damping ability and impact resistance of polyimide membranes. It is demonstrated that dispersion of a small amount of polyaniline copolymer-modified clay of about 0.25–0.5 wt.% into the polyimide matrix resulted in an enhanced storage modulus while maintaining high damping ability and glass transition temperature, Tg. Novel polyimide/substituted polyaniline-copolymer-clay nanocomposite membranes containing poly(N-ethyl-aniline-co-aniline-2-sulfonic-acid)-modified-clay (SPNEAC) was successfully prepared and incorporated into the polyimide matrix to form modified clay/polyimide nanocomposites. UV-Vis analysis of the nanocomposite films shows that the optical transparency of the SPNEAC-PI nanocomposite membranes decreased with increasing SPNEAC concentration due to the high UV-Vis absorption of SPNEAC. Transmittance of about 3% was observed in the nanocomposite membrane containing 5 wt.% modified clay at 500 nm wavelength, which is significantly lower than that for the neat PI membrane of about 36%. The dispersion of SPNEAC containing a high concentration of clay (≥40 wt.% clay), in polyimide matrix, resulted in the attainment of a higher degree of imidization than was possible for the organoclay/polyimide nanocomposite. This behavior is believed to be due to the synergistic interaction between PI and SPNEAC. A correlation of the morphology and elastic modulus of the SPNEAC2/PI nanocomposites shows that at low loading of SPNEAC 2 ≤ 0.5 wt.%, the cross-sectional morphology of the composite is an open, spiky, weblike structure with a storage modulus of about 1 GPa, but it progressively evolves into densely packed microspheroids with storage moduli of ≥2 GPa at 10 wt.% SPNEAC2. The impact energy of SPNEAC/PI composites, calculated from the α-transition peak area, increased with increasing SPNEAC loading and were about 4 times that of neat PI at 10 wt.% SPNEAC. Full article
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17 pages, 16693 KiB  
Article
Self-Standing 3D-Printed PEGDA–PANIs Electroconductive Hydrogel Composites for pH Monitoring
by Rocco Carcione, Francesca Pescosolido, Luca Montaina, Francesco Toschi, Silvia Orlanducci, Emanuela Tamburri and Silvia Battistoni
Gels 2023, 9(10), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9100784 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing processes, is introducing new possibilities in electronic, biomedical, sensor-designing, and wearable technologies. In this context, the present work focuses on the development of flexible 3D-printed polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)- sulfonated polyaniline (PANIs) electrically conductive hydrogels (ECHs) for [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing processes, is introducing new possibilities in electronic, biomedical, sensor-designing, and wearable technologies. In this context, the present work focuses on the development of flexible 3D-printed polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)- sulfonated polyaniline (PANIs) electrically conductive hydrogels (ECHs) for pH-monitoring applications. PEGDA platforms are 3D printed by a stereolithography (SLA) approach. Here, we report the successful realization of PEGDA–PANIs electroconductive hydrogel (ECH) composites produced by an in situ chemical oxidative co-polymerization of aniline (ANI) and aniline 2-sulfonic acid (ANIs) monomers at a 1:1 equimolar ratio in acidic medium. The morphological and functional properties of PEGDA–PANIs are compared to those of PEGDA–PANI composites by coupling SEM, swelling degree, I–V, and electro–chemo–mechanical analyses. The differences are discussed as a function of morphological, structural, and charge transfer/transport properties of the respective PANIs and PANI filler. Our investigation showed that the electrochemical activity of PANIs allows for the exploitation of the PEGDA–PANIs composite as an electrode material for pH monitoring in a linear range compatible with that of most biofluids. This feature, combined with the superior electromechanical behavior, swelling capacity, and water retention properties, makes PEGDA–PANIs hydrogel a promising active material for developing advanced biomedical, soft tissue, and biocompatible electronic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Gel Materials and Applications)
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20 pages, 13951 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Conductive Polyaniline on the Anti-Fouling and Electromagnetic Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings
by Yarui Guo, Yuhong Qi, Chen Zhang, Shukun Zhang and Zhanping Zhang
Polymers 2023, 15(13), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132944 - 4 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
In this paper, four conductive polyaniline powders doped in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonic acid were selected and blended with polydimethylsiloxane to prepare coatings with an electromagnetic absorption effect and fouling desorption effect, respectively. A UV spectrophotometer was used to [...] Read more.
In this paper, four conductive polyaniline powders doped in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonic acid were selected and blended with polydimethylsiloxane to prepare coatings with an electromagnetic absorption effect and fouling desorption effect, respectively. A UV spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the settling rate of the powders. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, laser confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology and structure of the powder and the coating. The interface properties of the coatings were characterized using a contact angle measurement, the mechanical properties of the coatings using a tensile test, and the electromagnetic properties of the powders and microwave absorption properties of the coatings using vector network analyzers. Meanwhile, the antifouling performance of the coatings was evaluated via the marine bacteria adhesion test and benthic diatom adhesion test, and the effect of conductive polyaniline on the antifouling performance of the coating was analyzed. The results show that adding polyaniline reduced the surface energy of the coating and increased the roughness, mechanical properties and anti-fouling properties of the coating. Moreover, adding appropriate polyaniline powder can enhance the electromagnetic wave loss of the coating. The followings values were recorded for a hydrochloric-acid-doped polyaniline coating: lowest surface energy of 17.17 mJ/m2, maximum fracture strength of 0.95 MPa, maximum elongation of 155%, maximum bandwidth of 3.81 GHz, and peak of reflection loss of −23.15 dB. The bacterial detachment rate of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples was only 30.37%. The bacterial adhesion rates of the composite coating containing hydrochloric-acid-doped polyaniline were 4.95% and 2.72% after rinsing and washing, respectively, and the desorption rate was 45.35%. The chlorophyll concentration values were 0.0057 mg/L and 0.0028 mg/L, respectively, and the desorption rate was 54.62%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Polymers and Polymer Composites: Structure-Property Relationship)
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16 pages, 8684 KiB  
Article
Silver Anchored Polyaniline@Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposite (Ag/Pani@MoS2) for Highly Efficient Ammonia and Methanol Sensing under Ambient Conditions: A Mechanistic Approach
by Bandar A. Al-Mur and Mohammad Omaish Ansari
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050828 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
We report the synthesis of silver anchored and para toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) doped polyaniline/molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite (pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2) for highly reproducible room temperature detection of ammonia and methanol. Pani@MoS2 was synthesized by in situ polymerization of [...] Read more.
We report the synthesis of silver anchored and para toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) doped polyaniline/molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite (pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2) for highly reproducible room temperature detection of ammonia and methanol. Pani@MoS2 was synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of MoS2 nanosheets. The chemical reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of Pani@MoS2 led to the anchoring of Ag to Pani@MoS2 and finally doping with pTSA produced highly conductive pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2. Morphological analysis showed Pani-coated MoS2 along with the observation of Ag spheres and tubes well anchored to the surface. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photon spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to Pani, MoS2, and Ag. The DC electrical conductivity of annealed Pani was 11.2 and it increased to 14.4 in Pani@MoS2 and finally to 16.1 S/cm with the loading of Ag. The high conductivity of ternary pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 is due to Pani and MoS2 π–π* interactions, conductive Ag, as well as the anionic dopant. The pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 also showed better cyclic and isothermal electrical conductivity retention than Pani and Pani@MoS2, owing to the higher conductivity and stability of its constituents. The ammonia and methanol sensing response of pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 showed better sensitivity and reproducibility than Pani@MoS2 owing to the higher conductivity and surface area of the former. Finally, a sensing mechanism involving chemisorption/desorption and electrical compensation is proposed. Full article
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15 pages, 2593 KiB  
Article
Multi-Parameter Detection of Urine Based on Electropolymerized PANI: PSS/AuNPs/SPCE
by Dong Wang, Xiyu Mao, Yitao Liang, Yu Cai, Tingting Tu, Shanshan Zhang, Tianyu Li, Lu Fang, Yue Zhou, Zhaoyang Wang, Yu Jiang, Xuesong Ye and Bo Liang
Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020272 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3563
Abstract
Urine analysis is widely used in clinical practice to indicate human heathy status and is important for diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ammonium ions (NH4+), urea, and creatinine metabolites are main clinical indicators in urine analysis of CKD patients. In [...] Read more.
Urine analysis is widely used in clinical practice to indicate human heathy status and is important for diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ammonium ions (NH4+), urea, and creatinine metabolites are main clinical indicators in urine analysis of CKD patients. In this paper, NH4+ selective electrodes were prepared using electropolymerized polyaniline-polystyrene sulfonate (PANI: PSS), and urea- and creatinine-sensing electrodes were prepared by modifying urease and creatinine deiminase, respectively. First, PANI: PSS was modified on the surface of an AuNPs-modified screen-printed electrode, as a NH4+-sensitive film. The experimental results showed that the detection range of the NH4+ selective electrode was 0.5~40 mM, and the sensitivity reached 192.6 mA M−1 cm−2 with good selectivity, consistency, and stability. Based on the NH4+-sensitive film, urease and creatinine deaminase were modified by enzyme immobilization technology to achieve urea and creatinine detection, respectively. Finally, we further integrated NH4+, urea, and creatinine electrodes into a paper-based device and tested real human urine samples. In summary, this multi-parameter urine testing device offers the potential for point-of-care testing of urine and benefits the efficient chronic kidney disease management. Full article
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