Search Results (5,135)

Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, emerged as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Impaired glucose and iron metabolism, and increased oxidative stress, predispose cells—particularly pancreatic β-cells and vascular tissues—to ferroptotic cell death, contributing to β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and the progression of diabetic complications. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), an important gasotransmitter, plays a pivotal role in regulating various pathophysiological processes by interfering with key cellular signaling pathways, including those related to cell death. In the context of ferroptosis, H₂S exerts protective effects by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/glutathione peroxidase 4/glutathione (Nrf2/GPX4/GSH) axis, enhancing cellular antioxidative defenses and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, H₂S modulates key regulators of iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism, including hepcidin, ferritin, and the cystine/glutamate antiporter system (xCT) antiporter, further attenuating ferroptosis. Exogenous administration of H₂S can reverse ferroptosis-induced cellular injury in several pathological settings and improve metabolic outcomes in diabetic models. These findings suggest that targeting H₂S signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy to inhibit ferroptosis and mitigate diabetes-related organ dysfunction. This review summarizes current insights into the molecular interplay between H₂S and diabetes-related signaling pathways, primarily ferroptosis, emphasizing the antiferroptotic therapeutic potential of H₂S-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. Full article

Preeclampsia is a double-hit vascular disorder centred on the VEGF-HO-1-CSE axis. First, excess placental soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1) neutralises vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), producing an angiogenic deficit that drives endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, proteinuria and end organ injury. Second, the failure of endogenous vascular brakes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1/CO) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removes physiological restraint on anti-angiogenic factor release (sFlt-1; soluble endoglin) and amplifies oxidative–inflammatory stress, lowering the threshold at which VEGF loss precipitates severe disease. We synthesise human, animal and translational data that (i) establish placental sFlt-1 source and release, (ii) demonstrate human mechanistic causality via sFlt-1 removal, (iii) show prospective clinical validation that sFlt-1 rises and free PlGF falls before disease onset, and (iv) identify HO-1 and CSE/H₂S as protective pathways that restrain anti-angiogenic drive. Finally, we summarise preclinical evidence that the orally administered H₂S-donor prodrug MZe786 restores the HO-1/CSE axis, lowers sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng), and improves maternal haemodynamics and foetal outcomes across complementary pregnancy models, and we outline the role of sFlt-1/PlGF and M-PREG-based triage in clinical decision making. While valuable for short-term triage, current sFlt-1/PlGF-based approaches cannot sub-stratify among positive cases. Framing severe preeclampsia as a double-hit vascular disorder provides a biologically grounded framework that can inform risk stratification strategies like M-PREG^®, a clinical decision support system informed by the double hit framework, and prevention strategies, pairing early risk stratification with mechanism-informed interventions. Full article

Nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in fabricating high-temperature gas turbine components, owing to their superior high-temperature strength, excellent structural stability, and remarkable hot corrosion resistance. The influence of impurity sulfur content on their hot corrosion performance is a core scientific issue in hot-end component compositional design and smelting. This study investigated chromium (Cr)-rich nickel-based superalloys with sulfur (S) contents of 3 ppm, 16 ppm, and 42 ppm via XRD, SEM, and an EPMA, focusing on their hot corrosion behavior under a 100% Na₂SO₄ deposit at 900 °C. The results indicated that their hot corrosion products were basically identical, forming a Cr-dominated outer oxide layer rich in Ti, Co, and Ni, an Al₂O₃-based inner corrosion zone, and a CrS_x-dominated sulfide layer. With increasing sulfur content, the outer layer thickness decreased from approximately 30 μm to less than 20 μm, pores in the outer oxide layer increased in quantity and size, and internal sulfides and nitrides accumulated. The average depth of spallation increased from 55 μm for the S3 alloy to 80 μm for the S16 alloy, with the S42 alloy showing even more extensive spallation. The alloy’s hot corrosion performance deteriorated notably with increasing S content. The mechanism of sulfur’s effect on hot corrosion behavior is that sulfur in the alloy segregates at oxide film defects, enhancing defect stability and increasing their quantity and size. These defects serve as rapid diffusion channels for corrosive media, thereby accelerating the alloy’s hot corrosion rate. Full article

In this study, FeCoNiMoCu high-entropy alloy thin films were sulfided at different temperatures ranged from 250 °C to 450 °C by chemical vapor deposition, and the resultant sulfided Fe-Co-Ni-Mo-Cu-S alloys were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, XPS and EDS. HER performance tests were carried out in four electrolyte systems, namely 0.5 M H₂SO₄, 1 M KOH, 1 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M KOH + 1 M Na₂S. The results indicated that the as-prepared electrodes exhibited low HER overpotentials in all four electrolytes, with the optimal catalytic performance consistently achieved at a sulfidation temperature of 350 °C. Among the tested systems, the electrode delivered the best HER activity in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, showing an overpotential of merely 53 mV and a Tafel slope of 86.72 mV dec⁻¹ at a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻². In 1.0 M KOH, the overpotential required to reach the same current density was 98 mV with a Tafel slope of 72.43 mV dec⁻¹. For the mixed electrolyte of 1 M KOH and 0.5 M NaCl, the overpotential at 10 mA·cm⁻² was 142 mV accompanied by a Tafel slope of 49.51 mV dec⁻¹. In contrast, the 1 M KOH + 1 M Na₂S electrolyte yielded an overpotential of 77 mV and a Tafel slope of 84.01 mV dec⁻¹ at the identical current density. HER tests revealed that the sulfidation temperature exerts a significant influence on the formation and distribution of active phases of multi-metal sulfides (e.g., FeS_x, CoS_x, NiS_x, MoS₂) on the electrode surface. The electrodes prepared at an appropriate sulfidation temperature exhibit a larger specific surface area and enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction performance for water electrolysis. These findings may provide useful references for other researchers in the design and fabrication of high-entropy alloy-based HER catalysts. Full article

Acidic mine drainage (AMD) poses a severe global environmental threat due to its high acidity and elevated levels of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), for which biogenic iron sulfide (FeS) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising remediation agent; however, their practical application is hindered by aggregation and oxidative deactivation. This research synthesized biogenic FeS nanoparticles via sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and employed humic acid (HA) as a stabilizing agent to enhance Cr(VI) removal performance in simulated AMD conditions. Single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology identified the optimal biosynthetic conditions for FeS: yeast extract powder dosage of 2.2 g/L, Fe/S molar ratio of 0.8, and NH₄Cl dosage of 3.1 g/L. Under these conditions, the material achieved 84.25% Cr(VI) removal, with the Fe/S molar ratio identified as the most influential parameter governing synthesis and performance. Introducing HA at an optimal dosage of 2 mg/L drove marked improvements in both nanoparticle yield and reactivity: FeS yield increased to 1096.26 mg/L, Cr(VI) removal efficiency reached 99.62%, and residual Cr(VI) dropped from 15.75 mg/L to just 0.38 mg/L. Kinetic and isotherm analyses, paired with SEM/TEM imaging and zeta potential measurements, revealed that HA stabilization improved particle dispersion and reduced lamellar stacking, resulting in a surface-controlled Cr(VI) removal process. FTIR and 2D-COS analyses demonstrated that HA-derived oxygen-containing functional groups, including O–H/N–H, C=O, and C–O moieties, played a central role in interfacial interactions during Cr(VI) sequestration. XRD results confirmed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and primarily immobilized as low-solubility CrOOH and Cr₂S₃, while the formation of Fe–Cr spinel-like phases remains tentative without X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) validation. Further investigation via surface-sensitive spectroscopy and dynamic leaching tests is needed to fully assess the long-term stability of the reaction products. Full article

Hydrothermal cobalt (Co) deposits are a significant source of Co; however, the sources of Co and hydrothermal fluids for such deposits remain poorly understood. This study addresses this issue through an investigation of the geology, mineralogy, and in situ sulfur isotopes of the Qibaoshan Co-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, a typical hydrothermal Co deposit in South China, to constrain the occurrence of Co and the sources of Co and hydrothermal fluids. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), and electron microprobe (EPMA) mapping analyses reveal that Co in the Qibaoshan deposit occurs predominantly as Co-bearing minerals in veinlet mineralization, mainly including cobaltite, skutterudite, and smaltite. EPMA elemental mappings reveal that cobaltite grains commonly show a compositional evolution from Ni-S-rich and As-Fe-poor cores to As-Fe-rich and Ni-S-poor rims. This evolution indicates a decrease in fluid temperature and Ni content, coupled with an increase in the As/S ratio during ore-forming processes. In situ S isotope analyses of various sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and arsenopyrite) yield a wide range of δ³⁴S_V-CDT values from 0.24‰ to 19.08‰, with two dominant clusters at 2–5‰ and 15–17‰. This suggests two end-member sources for sulfur and hydrothermal fluids in the Qibaoshan deposit: magmatic and sedimentary sources. Arsenopyrite, which is closely associated with Co minerals, yields δ³⁴S_V-CDT values ranging from 2.17‰ to 5.99‰, pointing to a magmatic origin for Co in the Qibaoshan deposit. The Pb-Zn and Cu mineralization of the deposit was also likely mainly derived from magmatic sources, with the incorporation of sedimentary sulfur and fluids during the ore-forming processes. This study demonstrates that magmatic–hydrothermal fluids derived from depth can serve as sources of Co, even in hydrothermal deposits where no magmatic rock is exposed, which provides crucial implications for the metallogenic models and mineral exploration of hydrothermal Co deposits. Full article

This study investigates the feasibility of treating acidic gases produced in oilfields using a novel method that combines cavitation-jet reactor (CJR) technology with electric arc discharge (EAD). The integration of these two approaches enhances the ionization process by converting neutral gas molecules into chemically reactive ion-radical and radical fragments. These highly reactive species eventually recombine, creating new chemical compounds and simpler molecules from incoming acid gas and water vapor. Theoretical validation and experimental demonstration have revealed possible mechanisms and pathways of low-temperature plasma-chemical processes resulting from the synergistic effects of cavitating-jet flow and arc discharge on the molecular degradation of neutral gaseous molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in water vapor, which lead to the generation of new compounds. Research indicates that the most effective method for processing associated petroleum gas (APG) involves minimizing the sequential nature of chemical reactions in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma environments, thus eliminating the need for costly and complex catalysts. Additionally, studies have shown that the cavitation-jet flow of a gas–vapor–liquid mixture, when combined with an electric arc discharge in the truncated region of the low-temperature plasma of CJR, results in the synthesis of hydrogen, two forms of S₈ (S₈^I and S₈^II), crystalline carbon, and its organic derivatives containing oxygen and nitrogen, specifically methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile. The data obtained suggest that the generation of low-temperature plasma in the cavitation-jet chamber, induced by an electric discharge, is essential for the production of reaction products, such as hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen- and nitrogen-containing derivatives of organic carbon, when water vapor and acid gas molecules traverse the reactor. Full article

Potassium-ion batteries hold great promise for large-scale energy storage, but their commercialization is hindered by the large ionic radius of potassium, which causes sluggish kinetics and severe volume expansion in anode materials. To address this, we present a scalable spray-drying strategy coupled with NaCl salt-templating to synthesize hierarchical porous carbon/vanadium sulfide microspheres (p-V₃S₄/C MS). In this structure, V₃S₄ nanoparticles are uniformly encapsulated within a dextrin-derived amorphous carbon matrix, and pores are formed via selective NaCl etching. This unique architecture accommodates volume fluctuations while providing rapid ion diffusion pathways. As a result, the p-V₃S₄/C MS anode exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, maintaining a reversible capacity of 107 mA h g⁻¹ after 2000 cycles at 2.0 A g⁻¹, and achieves a high pseudocapacitive contribution of 93% at 2.0 mV s⁻¹. Furthermore, a full cell paired with a Prussian blue (PB) cathode demonstrates practical viability and robust reversibility. Our findings demonstrate that this structural engineering effectively mitigates internal resistance and structural degradation, offering a cost-effective route for mass-producing high-performance anodes for next-generation energy storage. Full article

The crystal structures of the cobalt(II) metal–organic frameworks or coordination networks of [Co(pdb)(DMF)] and [Co₂(pdi)(DMF)₃]·2(DMF)·H₂O (H₂pdb = 3,3′-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)dibenzoic acid; H₄pdi = 5,5′-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)diisophthalic acid; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized solvothermally from cobalt(II) nitrate and the free acid of the linker in DMF. Systematic solvothermal screening demonstrated strong metal- and counterion-dependent framework formation, as crystalline coordination polymers were obtained exclusively from cobalt(II) nitrate, whereas other metal salts and cobalt(II) chloride or sulfate produced no crystalline materials. In catena-[(N,N-dimethylformamide)-μ₄-3,3′-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)dibenzoate-cobalt(II)], [Co(pdb)(DMF)], the Co₂ units, acting as secondary building units, are coordinated by four carboxylate groups from four linkers in a paddle-wheel arrangement, giving a three-dimensional (3D) network with cds (or CdSO₄) topology, in which the wide openings are filled by two symmetry-related nets to form a threefold interpenetrated structure. In catena-[tris(N,N-dimethylformamide)-μ₈-5,5′-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)diisophthalate-dicobalt(II)] bis(N,N-dimethylformamide) hydrate, [Co₂(pdi)(DMF)₃]·2(DMF)·H₂O, there are two different Co atoms, of which only Co₂ is connected to each of the four carboxylate groups of the tetracarboxylate linker and, thus, is responsible for 3D network formation. The network topology in [Co₂(pdi)(DMF)₃] is pts (or platinum(II) sulfide) when taking the Co₂ atom as a tetrahedral node and the linker as a square-planar fourfold node; however, this arrangement is inverse to the common square-planar metal and tetrahedral linker nodes found in PtS and most pts topologies. Full article

Magnetite is extensively developed within various alteration zones of the mining district. Some magnetite is closely associated with copper mineralization, possessing significant research value. The Duobuza Cu (Au) deposit is a typical porphyry-type deposit within the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt and was the first porphyry Cu-Au deposit discovered in the Duolong copper–gold ore district. Currently, this deposit contains copper resources exceeding 3 million tons @0.46%, with associated gold resources exceeding 80 tons @0.19 g/t. This study focuses on magnetite from the Duobuza deposit. Through field geological logging and microscopic identification combined with electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and in situ LA-ICP-MS testing, mineralogical and mineral chemical research on magnetite is conducted. This research aims to elucidate the genesis of magnetite in the Duobuza deposit and its implications for mineral exploration. Five magnetite types with different occurrences can be distinguished in the Duobuza deposit: Mt₁ is magmatic magnetite; Mt₂, Mt₃, Mt₄, and Mt₅ are hydrothermal magnetite, with Mt₅ being closely associated with copper mineralization. Mt₁ is relatively enriched in Ti, V, Al, and Cr but depleted in Mn and Si; Mt₂ is relatively enriched in Ti and Al but depleted in Si and Cr; Mt₃ is relatively enriched in Al but depleted in Mg; Mt₄ is relatively enriched in Ti, Al, V, Zn, and Mn; and Mt₅ is relatively enriched in Mg, Si, Ti, Al, Mn, and Zn but depleted in Cr. Based on the Al + Mn vs. Ti + V discrimination diagram, magnetite formed in a medium- to high-temperature environment, with hydrothermal magnetite Mt₄ forming at the lowest temperature. Vanadium (V) content can be used to estimate the oxygen fugacity (fO₂) during mineralization. Mt₁ exhibits the highest V content, indicating relatively low oxygen fugacity, whereas Mt₄ shows the lowest V content, suggesting relatively high oxygen fugacity. Mt₅ has a higher V content compared to other early-stage hydrothermal magnetites, suggesting that a lower fO₂ formation environment favors the precipitation of metal sulfides in the mining district. Trace element analysis of magnetite from the Duobuza, Bolong, and Naruo mining districts reveals that magnetite from all three deposits is enriched in Si and Al and depleted in Ca and Ni. Magmatic magnetite from the Naruo and Duobuza deposits exhibits similar elemental distribution patterns. Hydrothermal magnetite from the Duobuza deposit shows significantly higher Ti and V contents compared to magnetite from the Bolong and Naruo deposits. Full article

The Kocayayla Pb–Zn ± Cu vein-type mineralization is located in the Biga Peninsula, northwestern Türkiye. This study aims to constrain the geological, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics of the mineralization and to clarify its genetic classification. The deposit is hosted mainly by andesitic and basaltic andesitic rocks as well as schists and is structurally controlled by E–W-trending strike-slip faults. Mineralogical and petrographic identifications, XRD analyses, whole-rock geochemistry, and sulfur isotope data were integrated to evaluate ore-forming processes. Mineralization is temporally and spatially associated with propylitic and phyllic to argillic alteration and is concentrated within zones of intense silicification and chloritization, accompanied by quartz, sericite, kaolinite/nacrite, chlorite, and carbonate assemblages. The ore assemblage is dominated by galena, sphalerite, and subordinate chalcopyrite, with minor fahlore-group minerals. Rare earth element patterns of ore samples (whole rock) overlap with those of the wall rocks, whereas Pb–Zn enrichment reflects selective hydrothermal metal transport. Sulfur isotope compositions show limited internal variation and indicate sulfur derived predominantly from H₂S-dominated magmatic–hydrothermal fluids. Regional comparison of δ³⁴S datasets and reported Au contents across the Biga Peninsula indicates that Au-rich intermediate-sulfidation epithermal systems exhibit broader and more variable sulfur isotope ranges, whereas Au-poor intermediate-sulfidation epithermal systems show relatively restricted and near-zero δ³⁴S values. These features collectively support the classification of the Kocayayla mineralization as an Au-poor intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Pb–Zn system. Full article

Estimating grades in small-volume, high-grade volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits can be difficult due to sharp changes in mineralization and limited data coverage around high-grade zones. This study compares ensemble machine learning models with interpolation and geostatistical methods to compare gold estimation and grade-tonnage results. Random Forest and Gradient Boosting were trained using drillhole composites and evaluated against Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Simple Kriging (SK), and Ordinary Kriging (OK). The trained models were applied across the block model to generate continuous grade predictions and support grade-tonnage calculations at multiple cutoff grades. The ensemble models showed lower RMSE and higher R² values and captured grade patterns more efficiently than traditional methods. Grade-tonnage comparison indicated that IDW generated the highest contained gold equivalent at low cutoff grades, while OK and Gradient Boosting produced more consistent and geologically reasonable estimates. Overall, the results show that machine learning methods can complement traditional estimation techniques when combined with geological domain control and appropriate model tuning. Full article

Persimmon polyphenols (PP) are natural polyphenols with high reactivity and strong deodorization potential; however, their practical application in odor control is limited by their poor solubility. In this study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were employed for the green extraction of PP, and the capabilities of extracts on the removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) were investigated. In addition, the underlying mechanisms were explored by integrating spectroscopic analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that chloride-citric acid (CC-CA) was the optimal system in both PP extraction and sustained NH₃ removal, while the betaine-urea (B-U) system was more effective for H₂S removal. NH₃ removal was governed by acid-base neutralization, with the resulting ammonium species being further stabilized within the PP-regulated NADES hydrogen-bond network. In contrast, H₂S interacted with the solvent network not only through acid-base neutralization but also via Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic contacts. Our data supported that NADESs enhanced the deodorization performance of PP through cooperative microenvironment regulation rather than irreversible chemical conversion. This work highlighted that NADESs could not only function as highly efficient extraction media for polyphenols, but also active platforms for enhancing selective gas-capture capability for polyphenols. Furthermore, it provided a new strategy for the rational design of green, persimmon-derived deodorants. Full article

To explore the mechanism of action of CBS-derived H₂S in inducing cerebral vasodilation and activating BK_Ca channels. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were isolated from rat brains, and a pressure myography system was used to measure the effects of different concentrations of L-cysteine (L-Cys, 1 × 10^−5.5 to 1 × 10^−3.5 mol/L), a substrate for cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)—a hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-producing enzyme. Additionally, the effects of pretreatment with the CBS inhibitor amino-oxoacetate (AOAA, 1 mmol/L), the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor semaxanib (SU5416, 10 μmol/L), and the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK_Ca) channel blocker iberiotoxin (IBTX, 100 nmol/L) were investigated to determine their impacts on CBS-derived H₂S-induced vasodilation. Acute digestion of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was performed, and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to measure current changes in neurons or astrocytes (ASTs), as well as acutely digested VSMCs, in the presence of L-Cys, AOAA (1 mmol/L), SU5416 (10 μmol/L), and IBTX (100 nmol/L). Additionally, neurons or ASTs were co-cultured with VSMCs to determine CBS-derived H₂S levels. Neurons or ASTs co-incubated with blood vessels and then treated with L-Cys produced H₂S, which exhibited a concentration-dependent dilatory effect on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA) pre-contracted with 100 nmol/L U46619 (p < 0.01). However, the addition of AOAA significantly attenuated this dilatory effect (p < 0.01). SU5416 and IBTX significantly inhibited cerebral vascular dilation (p < 0.01). H₂S produced by adding L-Cys after co-incubation of neurons or ASTs with VSMCs significantly increased BK_Ca channel current (p < 0.01). However, this effect was significantly attenuated after adding AOAA (p < 0.01). SU5416 and IBTX significantly inhibited the activation of BK_Ca channels (p < 0.01). Wild-type rat neurons or astrocytes (ASTs) were co-cultured with CSE(Cystathionine γ-lyase)-knockout vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs-CSE KO); the addition of L-Cys significantly increased hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) levels in the co-culture system (p < 0.01), while the addition of AOAA reduced H₂S production (p < 0.01). However, the addition of SU5416 had no statistical significance. Neurogenic H₂S, the H₂S produced by neurons and ASTs, could induce cerebral vasodilation in rats via VEGFR₂(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2)-mediated activation of BK_Ca channels in the smooth muscle cells. Full article

Inserting a sulfur atom into the 1,2-dithiolane ring of lipoic acid (LA racemate) is a promising approach for improving the diversity of lipoic acid (LA racemate). For this purpose, we prepared 1,2,3-trisulfur–lipoic acid derivatives (trisulfur lipoic acid (R-enantiomer, TR-LA, trisulfur lipoamide, racemate TLPA)) by the reaction of R-LA (lipoic acid R-enantiomer) or lipoamide (LPA) and H₂S and performed precise stereochemical studies. As a result, the 6-membered-1,2,3-trisulfur ring (TR-LA and TLPA) showed a completely different profile from that of the five-membered dithiolane compounds (R-LA and LPA) in ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy of TR-LA and TLPA showed a different profile to that of LA and LPA, which also indicates the uniqueness of the 6-membered 1,2,3-trisulfur ring chromophore. The regeneration of lipoic acid from 1,2,3-trisulfur lipoic acid (TR-LA) was achieved using a phosphine derivative and sodium cyanide while maintaining the stereochemistry of the chirality center, with an almost quantitative yield. Full article