Search Results (2,252)

Saudi Arabia’s expanding construction sector and increasing generation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste create a need to explore higher-value architectural applications for recovered materials while supporting culturally responsive and climate-adapted design. In this context, this study maps evidence on recycled C&D materials and screens selected material pathways for suitability, architectural applicability, and implementation readiness, using environmental and technical indicators to inform the future development of a circular Mashrabiya as a contemporary reinterpretation of the Saudi Rowshan. The study does not propose a detailed fabrication route or component design. It combines a PRISMA 2020 systematic literature review with an exploratory comparative assessment of primary and recycled material pathways. The review identified 1254 records, screened 1107 unique records, and included 51 studies in the final qualitative synthesis. No high-confidence study directly validates a recycled-content Mashrabiya; therefore, we interpret the material recommendations as research-readiness priorities rather than demonstrated optimal solutions. Based predominantly on moderate/transferable evidence, recycled aluminum emerges as the highest-priority pathway for future prototype testing in lightweight and geometrically complex applications. Recycled steel remains a viable alternative where greater structural contribution is required, although weight and corrosion protection remain constraints. Recycled aggregates remain relevant for C&D waste diversion and hybrid or more massive façade applications, despite more limited advantages for intricate screens. Comparable Saudi component-level fabrication and procurement cost data were insufficient to derive a defensible percentage cost saving; therefore, no cost-effectiveness advantage is claimed, and component-level life-cycle costing is identified as a priority for the subsequent prototype phase. The findings support a heritage-informed decision framework integrating environmental performance, fabrication feasibility, climatic resilience, material circularity, and Saudi implementation readiness. Full article

Bangladesh’s commitment to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) and its aspiration to attain high-income status by 2041 depends heavily on securing a reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy supply. Despite sustained economic growth, the country’s power sector continues to face challenges associated with fuel import dependency, supply insecurity, policy inconsistencies, and limited technological innovation. Although renewable energy is increasingly recognised as a key component of the global energy transition, non-hydroelectric renewable sources contribute only a small share of Bangladesh’s electricity production, with wind energy remaining largely untapped despite its considerable potential. This study examines the prospects and challenges of wind energy development in Bangladesh, with particular emphasis on the policy, regulatory, economic, and institutional conditions influencing its deployment. A desk-based research methodology was employed, drawing upon government policies, regulatory frameworks, industry reports, international agency publications, and peer-reviewed literature. Through a systematic review and comparative analysis of international experiences, the study evaluates barriers to wind energy, mainly offshore wind expansion. The findings reveal that progress has been constrained by inadequate resource assessment, fragmented governance, limited investment incentives, fossil fuel subsidies, insufficient technical capacity, and underdeveloped financing mechanisms. Furthermore, institutional inexperience with competitive procurement schemes and the absence of a comprehensive offshore wind regulatory framework continue to hinder large-scale deployment. The study highlights the importance of integrated policy reforms, enhanced investment support, capacity-building initiatives, and long-term strategic planning. Strengthening these enabling conditions can accelerate renewable energy adoption, improve energy security, and position wind power as a critical pillar of Bangladesh’s sustainable energy transition. Full article

During the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE), the disintegration of the ritual order and the decline of Zhou royal authority gave rise to successive regional hegemons; as the material correlate of the ritual system, bronze ritual vessels correspondingly shifted from the typological standardisation of the Western Zhou period toward regional diversification. The raw materials and production of bronze ritual vessels constitute a key line of evidence for tracing the evolution of political structure during the Chinese Bronze Age. This study, based on samples of 17 bronze vessels from the Qi State dating to the Spring and Autumn period, applies lead isotope analysis to trace the provenance of lead used in Spring and Autumn period bronze ritual vessels from the Haidai region, characterising the spatiotemporal patterning of lead resource procurement in this area and elucidating a bronze-casting industry in the Haidai region during the era of Confucius, characterised by pluralistic production and shared resource access. The results indicate that in the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, the exploited lead sources of the Haidai region are generally consistent with those of the Central Plains and Jianghan areas, with major ore deposits distributed in western Henan, eastern Hubei, southern Hunan, and other regions. Although both bronze technology and stylistic features indicate the existence of multiple production centres in the Haidai region, states such as Qi and Lu did not develop large-scale independent copper and lead mining and smelting operations; rather, they continued to share metal resources with states such as Jin and Chu. The identification of a small number of bronze vessels with high lead isotope ratios provides an important reference for further investigating their provenance and use, reflecting Qi’s exploitation of lead deposits in the eastern Haidai region. The long-distance circulation of bronze resources epitomised the “plurality and unity” configuration of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods and also constituted an important economic foundation for the unified empires of the Qin and Han dynasties. Full article

Background: Large-scale one-to-one computing initiatives in K-12 education generate supply chain and environmental impacts that are rarely quantified before procurement decisions are made. Methods: This study applies a scenario-based environmental estimation approach, informed by supply chain management principles, to model manufacturing inputs, operational energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, and end-of-life electronic waste for a representative U.S. school district deploying approximately 32,492 laptops across a standard 3-year replacement cycle, using publicly available lifecycle and energy data rather than proprietary manufacturer figures. Results: Manufacturing the device fleet is estimated to require approximately 48.7 million kg of water and 7.8 million kg of fossil fuels. In-service operation generates approximately 711,575 kWh of annual electricity demand and approximately 264 metric tons of CO₂ emissions from device charging. One replacement cycle is estimated to generate approximately 55.3 metric tons of mixed-material e-waste, accumulating to approximately 165.8 metric tons across three cycles (9 years). Conclusions: Large-scale device procurement carries predictable environmental costs across the device lifecycle. The study contributes a replicable estimation framework that institutional decision-makers can use to incorporate these costs into procurement planning for similarly scaled K-12 public sector districts; further validation is needed before extending the findings to nonprofit or private-sector contexts. Full article

The current fragmentation of the global order, accompanied by the collapse of multilateral trade mechanisms and protectionist export restrictions, has exposed decentralized states with complex constitutional structures to extreme material vulnerabilities. Directly building upon previous research on the operational framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), this paper provides a structural governance and macroeconomic upgrade to the model of the Inter-Entity Legal Institute for Coordination and Joint Public Procurement (IELIC). The central focus of this research is the normative shaping and modus operandi of its internal body—the Specialized Unit for Ensuring the Continuity of Critical Supply Chains (SUCSSFC). Under conditions where global institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) are losing executive efficiency, the SUCSSFC acts as a depoliticized, technocratic tool based on the horizontal consensus of entity authorities, operating directly through the network of diplomatic and consular missions (DCMs). The financial and economic architecture of this solution rests on the institutional integration of special economic envoys within embassies, graduated risk-insulated bank guarantees, a “Golden Share” public–private partnership (PPP) model, and a self-executing mechanism of reciprocal cross-compensation to prevent internal political vetoes. Operational and public management agility is achieved through the introduction of distributed blockchain protocols, smart contracts, Internet of Things (IoT) telemetric validation, and a graduated 48-h mitigation window that optimally balances commercial feasibility with crisis urgency. System funding is secured without external borrowing, through a Multilateral Sovereign Trust Fund managed by a neutral international financial institution, with ring-fenced escrow accounts for crisis payments. This paper demonstrates that horizontal cooperative federalism, initially designed for the constitutional framework of BiH, offers a universal and internationally applicable model that can support food, energy, and pharmaceutical security through the diplomatic and consular network, without infringing upon the sovereign division of competencies. Full article

Supply disruption management requires not only operational risk mitigation but also sustained incentives for upstream reliability investment. This study examines whether backward partial vertical ownership can improve delivery reliability when a dominant retailer procures from a manufacturer whose reliability-enhancing effort is costly. We develop a retailer-led Stackelberg model and compare a linear-procurement no-ownership benchmark with a backward-ownership structure in which the retailer obtains a proportional residual claim without direct operational control. The results show that ownership allows part of the upstream return generated by procurement support to flow back to the retailer, thereby reducing its effective support cost, increasing the procurement price, and inducing greater manufacturer reliability-enhancing effort. Within the proposed model, any positive ownership share improves reliability-enhancing effort and gross operational supply chain profit relative to linear procurement, although the retailer consistently prefers a higher share while the manufacturer prefers a unique interior share. We therefore introduce a lump-sum net transfer and Nash bargaining to implement Pareto-improving ownership arrangements. The ownership share determines reliability incentives and cooperative surplus, whereas the transfer payment satisfies participation constraints and allocates the gains; bargaining power affects surplus distribution but not delivery reliability or operational efficiency. In the frictionless model, the bargaining objective approaches its supremum as the ownership share approaches the unattained theoretical upper boundary, and manufacturer reliability-enhancing effort and total supply chain profit converge to their centralized levels. When capital frictions are introduced, positive gross operational value need not imply positive net cooperative surplus after implementation costs, and the optimal ownership share becomes interior and decreases with capital frictions. These findings identify backward partial ownership as a complementary governance mechanism for improving supply reliability relative to linear procurement and explain why minority ownership may be optimal in practice. Full article

The adoption of smart waste management systems (SWMSs) is increasingly important for textile organizations seeking to improve sustainability while addressing interconnected technological, managerial, organizational, and environmental constraints. A persistent gap is that prior SWMS studies often examine digital technologies or individual barriers in isolation, offering limited support for jointly structuring socio-technical constraints and selecting implementation strategies under uncertainty in expert judgment. This study develops an integrated socio-technical fuzzy multi-criteria decision-support framework in which technical infrastructure and data capabilities are evaluated alongside managerial decisions, organizational capabilities, workforce factors, and the broader environmental and policy context. Barriers and implementation alternatives were identified from the literature and refined through purposive consultation with three experienced textile-industry professionals in Pakistan, with 7–14 years of experience across environment, health and safety, technical, and procurement functions. Spherical fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) converts linguistic pairwise judgements into criteria and sub-criteria weights while accounting for varying degrees of agreement, disagreement, and uncertainty in expert assessments. These weights are then transferred to triangular fuzzy VIKOR (TF-VIKOR) to evaluate four implementation strategies against the identified barriers. Organizational constraints receive the highest weight (0.284), followed by managerial (0.254), environmental (0.233), and technological (0.230) constraints. Employee empowerment and training (A₃) emerges as the preferred strategy (Q = 0.0000), followed by investment in R&D and innovation (A₁; Q = 0.7702), policy advocacy and government support (A₄; Q = 0.8996), and cross-sector collaboration and partnerships (A₂; Q = 0.9795). The first-place ranking of A3 remains unchanged when the VIKOR decision parameter varies from 0.1 to 0.9, although the ordering of A₂ and A₄ changes at higher values of the parameter. The findings are specific to this expert-based case in Pakistan’s textile industry and should not be interpreted as statistically representative of the national industry. The framework supports managers and policymakers in prioritizing capability building, collaboration, technology investment, and policy support while considering environmental, economic, and social sustainability outcomes. In practical terms, the ranking can guide the sequencing of SWMS investments by emphasizing workforce readiness before sequencing technology investment, policy support, and cross-sector collaboration for capabilities such as waste tracking, automation, recycling technologies, and data analytics. Full article

Background: Aviation spare parts management faces unpredictable demand, long lead times, strict airworthiness requirements, and high inventory costs, which drive aircraft-on-ground events and operational disruption. Digital spare parts, enabled by digital warehousing and local on-demand manufacturing, offer a potential response, but no standardized framework exists for selecting items for digital warehousing in aviation. Methods: This study develops a modified Spare Parts Interchangeability Record framework incorporating digital readiness, manufacturability, and production-based lead times, coupled to a stochastic discrete-event simulation. Twenty candidate Airbus A320 components are screened, and three supply configurations are compared over a one-year horizon: physical warehousing with OEM procurement, fully digital warehousing with local production, and a hybrid strategy. Results: The hybrid configuration performs best. Relative to the baseline, total waiting time falls by 67.7%, demand-weighted aircraft-on-ground duration from 1089 to 316 h, operational cost by 19.7%, and transport-related emissions by 50%, while service level rises from 86.5% to 95.8%. A fully stockless configuration proves contingent on production capacity, leaving 32.3% of demand unserved at the capacity assumed; twenty simultaneous production slots are identified as the viability threshold. Conclusions: Technical suitability alone does not establish strategic viability. Results derive from simulation rather than field implementation. Full article

Background: Indirect procurement in precision manufacturing remains under-digitised, generating high transaction volumes, limited spend visibility, and weak compliance enforcement. This study examines the selection and implementation of an e-Procurement platform for the indirect purchasing function of a high-precision optical components manufacturer. Methods: A qualitative action-research methodology, combining a narrative literature review, a weighted multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) across 16 candidate platforms, and participatory implementation across four data preparation workstreams. Results: The selected platform outperformed the competing finalist with a raw evaluation score of 82 vs. 81 (out of 90 scored criteria; 120 if the zero-weighted Sourcing criterion is included) and a weighted score of 23.3 vs. 22.9, with System Quality the decisive differentiator. Implementation outcomes include an 85.7% reduction in payment term codes (133 to 19), a 68.75% reduction in unit of measure codes (48 to 15), restructuring a 22-category taxonomy into 10-group and 56-subcategory, and a projected 75% reduction in purchase order lead time (a process-mapping estimate, pending post-go-live validation). 105 users were trained across six role categories before go-live. Conclusions: Data governance is a strategic prerequisite. The framework offers a replicable approach for precision manufacturing, with ERP integration, multi-level approval workflow design, and role-differentiated training as success factors. Full article

The linkage between construction output prices and international commodity markets has become increasingly pronounced, yet evidence on how commodity price shocks relate to final construction output prices remains limited. Existing studies typically rely on material input cost indices, creating a tautological overlap between commodity prices and the dependent variable, while assuming symmetric linear relationships that overlook directional heterogeneity. This study employs the U.S. Producer Price Index (PPI) for new nonresidential building construction, which reflects contractors’ bid prices, as the dependent variable. Using World Bank commodity price data and quarterly observations for 2010–2025, a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model examines the asymmetric pass-through of international iron ore, crude oil, and non-ferrous metal prices to U.S. construction output prices. The results reveal a stable long-run cointegration relationship and ratchet-type asymmetry in non-ferrous metal price adjustment: a 1% increase in non-ferrous metal prices is associated with an approximately 0.36% increase in construction output prices in the long run, whereas the association of price declines is statistically insignificant. No cointegration is identified under the conventional symmetric specification. However, this asymmetry is sensitive to the inclusion of macroeconomic controls. Scenario projections indicate that a 10% rise in non-ferrous metal prices corresponds to an approximately 3.7% increase in construction output prices within three years, providing illustrative benchmarks for contingency planning, procurement, and hedging. Full article

Reliable emergency supply systems are particularly vulnerable when a supply interruption coincides with a surge in demand. This study examines a single-period procurement problem involving a lower-cost primary supplier that may be completely disrupted and a more reliable but higher-priced backup supplier. A joint emergency event simultaneously disrupts the primary supplier and generates additional emergency demand. Routine demand is represented by a random variable, whereas additional emergency demand is modeled as a nonnegative uncertain variable. Chance theory combines these two types of demand information and provides a unified basis for evaluating expected profit. The retailer chooses among primary supplier single sourcing, backup supplier single sourcing, and dual sourcing. The analysis derives the expected profit functions, optimal order quantities, and conditional switching thresholds for the three sourcing modes. Under the analytical conditions of the benchmark model—complete primary-supplier disruption, unconstrained backup capacity, and an interior dual-sourcing solution—dual sourcing reallocates a fixed optimal total order between the two suppliers rather than changing the total quantity. Subject to the derived threshold conditions, an increase in the probability of the joint emergency event may shift the preferred mode from primary supplier single sourcing to dual sourcing and eventually to backup supplier single sourcing. Numerical comparisons using zero-truncated normal and zigzag uncertainty distributions preserve this qualitative sourcing sequence under the tested parameter settings, although the resulting profits, order allocations, and switching thresholds remain distribution-dependent. The extensions show that partial primary-supplier fulfillment may change the optimal total order, whereas a binding backup-capacity constraint limits the feasible allocation to the backup supplier. These findings provide conditional implications for sourcing-mode selection and backup-capacity planning during the initial emergency response period. Full article

Background/Objectives: Timely access to protein substitutes and special low-protein foods (SLPFs) is fundamental to maintaining dietary adherence and metabolic control in phenylketonuria (PKU). Disruptions within the prescription pathway may compromise the continuity of medical nutrition supply, with potential consequences for patient outcomes and health service efficiency. This study aimed to identify the most frequently reported prescription-related challenges from the perspective of UK industry stakeholders and to outline their implications for the care and dietetic practice of individuals with PKU. Methods: A structured questionnaire was distributed by the National Society for Phenylketonuria to industry representatives involved in supplying Advisory Committee on Borderline Substances (ACBS) approved protein substitutes and special low-protein foods (SPLFs). Anonymised responses were analysed descriptively to identify the types, frequency, and impact of prescription-related issues. Results: Forty-four prescribing and supply incidents were reported by specialist nutrition manufacturers and suppliers. Reported incidents affected both paediatric (54%) and adult (46%) patients, with protein substitutes accounting for the largest proportion of prescribing and supply issues (48%), followed by SLPFs (27%) and combined product issues (25%). Most reported barriers originated within primary care, particularly general practitioner (GP) practices (61%), followed by community pharmacies (21%). Thematic analysis identified five key areas of difficulty: GP prescribing barriers, prescribing errors, pharmacy and wholesaler procurement problems, supply chain and distribution challenges, and communication and care coordination failures. These challenges affected continuity of dietary treatment, increased the burden on patients, carers and healthcare professionals, generated additional financial costs, and highlighted wider inefficiencies within the prescribing and supply pathway. Fewer than half of the reported incidents were resolved (41%). Conclusions: Addressing these system-level barriers through improved prescribing processes, clearer communication pathways, and better coordination between stakeholders may enhance continuity of dietary treatment, reduce burden on patients and healthcare professionals, and support more efficient delivery of specialist nutritional care for individuals with PKU. Full article

The history of Western Christianity is indispensable to explaining the advent of the Anthropocene because of the outsized historical role of Western commercial, industrial, and consumerist capitalism in precipitating our current global environmental realities. The late anthropologist Marshall Sahlins contrasted hunter-gatherers’ paradoxical affluence of “desiring little” with the modern Western consumerist affluence of “producing much.” Sahlins called the former a “Zen way of affluence,” but Christianity, and specifically post-Reformation Western Christianity, is the historically important religious tradition for explaining the emergence of the Anthropocene because of the extent to which the vast majority of Western Protestants and Catholics, since the seventeenth and especially the nineteenth century, have repudiated the anti-acquisitive admonitions of Jesus of Nazareth. Instead of relinquishing their possessions and eschewing wealth, they have sought ever more of both, with corresponding environmental consequences related to the technologies constructed to foster their procurement. Ways of mitigating Jesus’ radicalism of self-dispossession began very early; by late antiquity, they were taken to be voluntary, not obligatory, to be followed by those who took monastic vows and not by the laity. But only after the Reformation era was avarice rebranded as self-interest and acquisitiveness encouraged as natural, normal, and desirable. Full article

The opioid epidemic continues to be a major public health crisis in the United States, and nalmefene has recently emerged as an alternative opioid overdose reversal agent. However, little is known about pharmacists’ awareness and beliefs regarding nalmefene use and distribution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess Alabama pharmacists’ knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intentions related to nalmefene. This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Practicing pharmacists in the state of Alabama were eligible to participate, and were recruited through the Alabama Board of Pharmacy email listserv. An anonymous online survey was distributed via email, and respondents were eligible to enter a lottery for one of five $100 electronic gift cards. The survey instrument was developed by the investigators, adapted from prior overdose reversal literature and informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior. Primary outcome measures included: knowledge of nalmefene (12 items); perceived barriers regarding nalmefene stocking and recommendations (19 items); and Theory of Planned Behavior concepts including attitudes (15 items), subjective norms (perceived social support) (six items), perceived behavioral control (confidence in ability to stock or recommend nalmefene) (11 items), and behavioral intentions surrounding nalmefene stocking and recommendations (13 items). Outcomes were measured via multiple-choice (objective knowledge) and Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) questions. Differences in mean scale scores across pharmacy setting (pharmacists employed in inpatient versus outpatient settings), community pharmacy type (chain vs. independent), and geographic location (rural vs. urban) were analyzed using two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests for non-parametric data or t-tests for parametric data, as appropriate. Multiple linear regression analyses examined associations between TPB constructs and pharmacists’ intentions to stock or recommend nalmefene over the next six months. All data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 29 with an alpha of 0.05. There were 119 pharmacist respondents (n = 25 inpatient, n = 94 outpatient). The majority were female (68.1%), White (94.1%), and worked in community settings (35.3% independent, 10.9% corporate, 10.1% big-box, 5.0% grocery). Median age was 42 years (IQR: 36–51). Awareness of nalmefene was low: only 39.5% had heard of it and 5.9% had seen it in practice. Inpatient versus outpatient pharmacists reported higher subjective norms external to the workplace (median [IQR]: 3.00 [2.33, 3.58] vs. 2.33 [1.67, 3.00]; p = 0.004) as well as subjective knowledge (mean [SD]: 2.96 [0.94] vs. 2.55 [0.74]; p = 0.023), while outpatient versus inpatient pharmacists reported higher perceived barriers related to fiscal/logistical concerns (mean [SD]: 3.45 [0.59] vs. 3.07 [0.66]; p = 0.009). Among community pharmacists, stocking and procurement confidence was higher among independent versus chain pharmacists (3.75 [3.00–4.17] vs. 3.17 [2.67–3.92]; p = 0.026). Furthermore, external workplace norms among urban pharmacists were higher than among rural pharmacists (2.50 [2.00–3.00] vs. 2.33 [1.67, 2.67]; p = 0.027), while stocking and procurement confidence was higher among rural than urban pharmacists (3.83 [2.83–4.50] vs. 3.17 [2.67–4.00]; p = 0.034). In adjusted reduced regression models, perceived behavioral control regarding nalmefene stocking and procurement (B = 0.189, 95% CI: 0.049, 0.329; p = 0.009), subjective norms external to the workplace (B = 0.232, 95% CI: 0.047, 0.418; p = 0.015), and interprofessional recommendation attitudes (B = 0.237, 95% CI: 0.037, 0.437; p = 0.021) positively predicted nalmefene implementation intentions. These findings suggest practice-setting differences that could be further explored for optimal implementation of nalmefene distribution and access, and highlight the need for targeted education, interprofessional collaboration, procurement guidance, and workflow tools to improve pharmacist preparedness for nalmefene services. Full article

While the automobile industry has moved rapidly toward automation, the U.S. public transit industry began investigating automation in bus operations comparatively recently, and adoption pathways differ sharply by community size. This study establishes a national baseline of transit agency perspectives on bus transit automation technologies—ranging from advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to fully automated shuttles—captured immediately before the wave of demonstration deployments and the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped the industry. A national survey of U.S. transit agencies conducted through the Small Urban and Rural Transit Center yielded 258 responses (157 rural, 67 small-urban, and 34 urban agencies). The results show a pronounced awareness gradient by community size: 65% of rural agencies were unfamiliar with SAE automation levels, compared with 23% of urban agencies. Agencies across all community sizes believed automation at all SAE levels (1–5) can promote safety, and safety was simultaneously the leading motivation for adoption and the leading identified research need. However, agencies expressed that SAE Level 4–5 vehicles would still require an onboard operator or agent for customer support and environment monitoring—particularly for ADA paratransit and demand-response services. Collision avoidance, curb avoidance, and lane-keep assist emerged as the technologies most favored for near-term adoption, while interest in fully automated shuttles concentrated in circulator, campus, and first-mile/last-mile applications. Rural agencies identified distinct barriers, including state-mediated procurement, missing digital and physical infrastructure, and clientele requiring personalized assistance. The findings provide a benchmark against which post-pandemic shifts in transit automation readiness can be measured and offer guidance for technology developers, planners, and policymakers targeting communities of different sizes. We recommend that outreach and technical assistance be differentiated by community size, that vehicle developers design for attended rather than driverless operation in paratransit and demand-response contexts, and that state departments of transportation be engaged directly as a leverage point for rural adoption, given that rural vehicle procurement is state-mediated. Full article