Search Results (224)

Tobramycin is a highly hydrophilic aminoglycoside antibiotic with limited cellular permeability and negligible oral bioavailability, necessitating parenteral administration. This study aimed to develop drug delivery systems based on nano-sized colloidal assemblies (NCAs) incorporating tobramycin ion pairs to enhance its lipophilicity, potential for transition to the oral route, and antimicrobial activities. Tobramycin was ionically paired with oleic acid, lauric acid, and fluorescein and formulated into NCA preconcentrates (F1–F5) using combinations of Tween 80, DMSO, and propylene glycol. The resulting formulations formed stable nanodroplets upon dilution (9.50–16.30 nm) with narrow size distributions (polydispersity index; PDI < 0.3) and moderate negative zeta potentials (−4.99 to −11.13 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained drug release for ion-paired systems compared to the rapid release of free tobramycin. Cytotoxicity evaluation in Caco-2 cells demonstrated high biocompatibility at 1:10,000 and 2:10,000 dilutions, while concentration-dependent toxicity at higher doses suggested enhanced intracellular delivery. Cellular uptake studies revealed significantly higher tobramycin internalization (p < 0.001) from formulations F1–F3, with uptake values in the range of 81.76–96.14% compared to free drug, which showed zero or negligible uptake. Fluorescein-labeled formulations (F4 and F5) further confirmed enhanced uptake, demonstrating strong intracellular fluorescence. This was supported by visual observation, UV–Vis absorbance (70.5–84.8% relative to positive control), and confocal microscopy imaging. Antimicrobial activities against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were comparable between formulations F1–F5 and free tobramycin (inhibition zones of 16–18 mm), utilizing the same tobramycin concentration in the diluting medium. These findings validate the effectiveness of the formulated NCAs in facilitating intracellular delivery of tobramycin while preserving biocompatibility and similar antimicrobial activities. Moreover, the uptake of fluorescein provides indirect evidence supporting the enhanced internalization of tobramycin in analogous ion-paired formulations. This strategy holds promise for overcoming intestinal barriers and improving oral bioavailability, potentially enabling the transition of tobramycin from parenteral to oral administration. Full article

To address the issue of CO₂ leakage induced by microcracks in cement sheaths during geological CO₂ storage, this study developed a multi-crosslinked CO₂-responsive preformed particle gel (MCCR-PPG) system. Using vinyl silica nanoparticles (VSNPs) as nano-crosslinkers and reinforcing agents, combined with CO₂-responsive monomers, sodium alginate, organic crosslinkers, and ionic crosslinkers, an intelligent plugging material with a quadruple crosslinking network was constructed. The optimal formulation was determined through single-factor experiments: the molar ratio of DMAA, VIM, and NVP was 2:2:1; the dosages of crosslinker MBA and initiator APS were each 0.5% of the total monomer molar amount; the concentration of CaCl₂ solution was 0.1 mol/L; and the VSNP content was 1 wt%. The results showed that the equilibrium swelling ratio of MCCR-PPGs in CO₂ acidic solution reached 3200%, which was 4.27 times that in deionized water, demonstrating excellent CO₂ responsiveness. Fracture plugging experiments further confirmed that the swollen gel formed a stable barrier within fractures, effectively preventing CO₂ channeling with a breakthrough pressure differential of 2.008 MPa, indicating excellent plugging performance. This study provides a critical material solution for wellbore integrity in CCUS applications and holds significant engineering value for preventing CO₂ leakage and ensuring storage safety. Full article

The safe immobilization of high-level waste (as actinide) remains a critical bottleneck in the disposal of high-level radioactive waste worldwide. Moreover, the higher specific surface area and surface energy of nano-scale powders enable the production of ceramic materials featuring denser crystal structures and superior strength, hardness, and toughness. Therefore, in this study, Gd³⁺ was used as a surrogate for actinides, and Nb⁵⁺ was introduced as a high-valence charge-compensating cation. Nano-scale powders of CaCO₃, ZrO₂, Gd₂O₃, TiO₂, and Nb₂O₅ were employed to prepare a series of defect-fluorite-derived ceramics, CaZr_1-xGd_xTi_2-xNb_xO₇ (x = 0.1–1.0), via a high-temperature solid-state reaction method, aiming to investigate the atomic substitution mechanisms, phase evolution, and chemical stability under high-valence charge compensation. Laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), and backscattered scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (BSEM-EDX) confirmed a phase evolution sequence from zirconolite-2M to zirconolite-4M and finally to pyrochlore. This behavior is consistent with that reported for other Ln³⁺-Nb⁵⁺ co-doped zirconolite systems. Rietveld refinement of the SXRD data further revealed, for the first time, the site-occupancy mechanism of Gd and Nb in zirconolite-4M. In both zirconolite-2M and zirconolite-4M, Gd preferentially occupies the Ca sites, whereas Nb substitutes at the Ti sites. In the pyrochlore structure, Ca, Zr, and Gd occupy the 16d sites, while Ti and Nb occupy the 16c sites. Static leaching tests following the MCC-1 protocol showed that pyrochlore exhibits the highest leaching resistance, whereas zirconolite-2M shows the lowest. After 28 days, the highest Gd leaching rate was 1.92(1) × 10⁻⁵ g m⁻² d⁻¹. These results provide new insights into actinide immobilization behavior and compositional design in zirconolite-based waste forms. Full article

Eggshell waste generated by the poultry processing industry represents a significant yet underutilized biogenic resource with substantial potential for sustainable agricultural and environmental applications. Globally, several million metric tons of eggshell residues are produced annually, consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the form of calcite, along with minor quantities of organic matrices and trace minerals. These physicochemical characteristics make eggshells a promising renewable alternative to conventional mineral sources for use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and biomaterials. Recent studies have shown that finely ground eggshell powder (ESP) is an effective liming material that can regulate soil chemical conditions and improve agronomic performance under acidic soil conditions. Furthermore, eggshell-derived materials have been incorporated into composting systems, biochar composites, and nanostructured fertilizers to enhance nutrient dynamics, immobilization of contaminants, and microbial activity. Advances in nanotechnology have facilitated the synthesis of nano-calcium carbonate (NCC) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) fertilizers with improved nutrient supply and controlled-release properties. However, challenges associated with nanosafety evaluation, large-scale processing technologies, regulatory harmonization, and long-term field validation remain. Therefore, this review critically synthesizes the structural, biochemical, and physicochemical properties of eggshells and eggshell membranes, examines their applications in sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation, and identifies the key research priorities required to advance eggshell valorization within circular bioeconomy strategies. Full article

This study investigates the valorization of dredged sludge as a sustainable subgrade fill material through stabilization with a nano-calcium carbonate–cement composite. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were systematically conducted to determine the optimal dosage of nano-CaCO₃ as a supplementary additive at a fixed cement content of 8% by dry soil mass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and quantitative pore structure analysis were employed to elucidate the underlying solidification mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the addition of 2% nano-CaCO₃ yields the highest 28-day UCS of 721 kPa, representing a statistically significant 21% improvement over the cement-only reference (596 kPa) and a more than threefold increase relative to untreated sludge (213 kPa). Conversely, increasing the nano-CaCO₃ dosage to 2.5% leads to a significant strength reduction, attributed to nanoparticle agglomeration and hindered cement hydration. Microstructural characterization reveals that the optimal nano-CaCO₃ dosage accelerates early-age hydration through a nucleation effect, promotes the consumption of portlandite, and enhances the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel. Semi-quantitative XRD analysis further confirms the conversion of less stable monosulfate (AFm-SO₄) into stable monocarboaluminate (AFm-CO₃) phases. These synergistic mechanisms—nucleation, physical pore filling, and chemical reaction—result in a densified matrix with a refined pore structure, reduced total porosity, and a more homogeneous pore-size distribution. The findings provide a robust theoretical basis for the resource-oriented utilization of dredged sludge and the design of low-carbon composite stabilizers for soft soil treatment. Full article

Background: Effective anti-aging requires dual strategies to stimulate regeneration and counteract damage. While the combination of hydroxypinacolone retinoate (HPR) and carnosine (CA) holds great promise, their effectiveness is hampered by instability and poor skin penetration. Methods: To overcome these challenges, this study developed HPR and CA co-encapsulated nanoliposomes (HC-NLPs) via high-pressure homogenization as an advanced epidermal/dermal delivery system. Results: HC-NLPs markedly improved skin retention of HPR (58.97%) and CA (111.36%) compared to the free combination (Free-HC). In cellular studies, HC-NLPs displayed excellent biocompatibility and demonstrated a 4.7-fold higher cellular uptake. This led to enhanced proliferative (EdU positive rate increased by 78.32%) and migratory (wound closure improved by 31.5%) capacities. Moreover, HC-NLPs effectively reinforced multiple skin-protective processes associated with aging, including enhanced resistance to oxidative and glycation-induced damage, suppressed inflammatory responses, and strengthened cellular barrier integrity. In 3D skin models, HC-NLPs promoted collagen deposition and improved tissue morphology compared to Free-HC. Their superior in vivo antioxidant and anti-aging effects were further validated in Zebrafish assays. HC-NLPs effectively co-deliver HPR and CA, markedly improving their stability, skin penetration, and cellular internalization. Conclusions: The formulation demonstrates comprehensive pro-regenerative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-glycation effects, representing a promising nano-delivery strategy for advanced anti-aging skincare. Full article

Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is frequently associated with persistent cognitive and psychosocial symptoms, yet biological correlates of recovery remain poorly understood, particularly among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) populations. Pre-injury psychosocial adversity may further shape post-injury recovery trajectories. This pilot study examined associations between participation in a 2-week, home-based, dual-task cognitive–walking intervention (Daily Brain Exercise; DBE) and changes in cognitive, psychological, and salivary microRNA (miRNAs) measures among APIs with and without a self-reported history of mTBI. Methods: API participants completed remote cognitive testing (CNS Vital Signs), psychosocial assessments (Neuro-QoL), and saliva collection before and after DBE participation. Salivary RNA was purified, and miRNA expression was profiled using nCounter^® Human v3 miRNA Expression Panels (NanoString). Differential expression analyses were conducted using ROSALIND^® platform (OnRamp Bioinformatics, San Diego, CA, USA), a cloud-based bioinformatics analysis system, to calculate fold changes and p-values. Pre-injury psychosocial adversity was assessed via the Trauma History Screen and examined descriptively as a contextual modifier of functional outcomes. Results: Twenty-one APIs (mean age 22.9 years; 76.7% female) were enrolled, including 14 individuals with a self-reported history of mTBI (mean 4.64 years post-injury; 50% with multiple injuries). Following DBE participation, increases in cognitive flexibility and executive function scores were observed in both mTBI and control groups. Additional increases in psychomotor speed, processing speed, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms were observed descriptively within the mTBI group. Subgroup analyses suggested variability in pre–post patterns across combinations of mTBI history and pre-injury psychosocial adversity. Exploratory miRNA analyses identified seven miRNAs that were differentially expressed in the mTBI group following DBE (unadjusted p < 0.005), including hsa-miR-7-5p, previously reported in association with neurodevelopmental and neurological pathways. Conclusions: In this pilot, feasibility-focused study, participation in a brief, home-based, dual-task intervention was associated with descriptive changes in selected cognitive and psychosocial measures among APIs, particularly those with a history of mTBI and pre-injury adversity. The observed subgroup patterns warrant confirmation in adequately powered, controlled studies. Exploratory changes in salivary miRNAs co-occurred with functional improvements, thus generating a hypothesis for a future investigation. Full article

This study aimed to enhance the slurry performance and durability of coal gangue-based geopolymers (CGGP) by incorporating four types of nanomaterials: nano-SiO₂ (NS), graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, nano-CaCo₃ (NC), and nano-Al₂O₃ (NA). The microstructure and underlying mechanisms were thoroughly investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that the type and dosage of nanomaterials significantly influence the rheological properties, strength development, setting time, porosity, and water absorption of CGGP. Specifically, the addition of GO nanosheets drastically reduced fluidity, with a 73.33% decrease in flowability compared to the control group at a 2.0 wt.% dosage. Nano-SiO₂ exhibited the most pronounced effect in improving compressive strength and shortening the setting time, with the optimal accelerating effect observed at a 1.5 wt.% dosage. Nano-CaCO₃ primarily acts as a filler. Though its reactivity is relatively low, at an appropriate dosage (1.5 wt.%), it can effectively reduce porosity and water absorption. Moreover, at a dosage of 1 wt.%, it exhibits the optimal 28-day compressive strength, which is 54.18% higher than that of the blank group. Nano-Al₂O₃ demonstrated a relatively stable accelerating effect on setting and yielded the best pore structure and strength at a 1.5 wt.% dosage. SEM analysis revealed that the incorporation of an appropriate amount of NC particles significantly improved the microstructural densification of the polymer. Concurrently, EDS results confirmed the positive influence of the nano-Al₂O₃ material on the distribution of hydration products and the interfacial structure. This research provides an important theoretical basis and technical support for the high-performance design and widespread engineering application of coal gangue-based geopolymers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Collagen hydrolysates are widely used as nutritional ingredients for skin and joint health; however, growing evidence indicates that collagen may also exert beneficial effects on cardiometabolic pathways. Short peptides have been shown to modulate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), key regulators of blood pressure and glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to assess the dual ACE- and DPP-IV inhibitory and GLP-1 stimulation activities, respectively of a tripeptide-enriched formulation (CH). The study was performed using a benchmark collagen hydrolysate (BCH) as reference. Methods: ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activities were evaluated using in vitro enzymatic assays. Cellular compatibility and in situ DPP-IV inhibition were assessed in Caco-2 intestinal cells, while glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion was measured in STC-1 enteroendocrine cells. The degree of hydrolysis was determined by OPA assay, and nanoLC–HRMS was used to characterize and compare the proteomic profiles of the samples. Results: Both hydrolysates exhibited dose-dependent ACE and DPP-IV inhibition; however, CH showed significantly higher inhibitory activity at comparable concentrations. CH also reduced cellular DPP-IV activity in Caco-2 cells and stimulated GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells, whereas BCH showed limited or non-significant cellular effects. Peptidomic analysis revealed an enrichment of short- and medium-length peptides in CH, while BCH contained a higher proportion of long peptides (>2000 Da). Consistently, CH exhibited a 1.7-fold higher degree of hydrolysis than BCH. Conclusions: The tripeptide-enriched collagen hydrolysate demonstrated superior enzymatic and cellular bioactivity compared with the benchmark formulation, supporting its potential as a multifunctional bioactive ingredient for health applications. Full article

Macadamia husks are an underutilized by-product of nut processing and a rich source of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity. However, their instability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal digestion limits their application in food systems. This study aimed to encapsulate macadamia husk phenolic-rich extract (MHPE) in liposomes to improve stability, enable controlled release, and assess cytotoxicity for functional food applications. MHPE was encapsulated in soy lecithin liposomes using high-shear mixing followed by high-pressure homogenisation. Liposomes were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Caco-2 cells, and phenolic release was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. MHPE-loaded liposomes exhibited nano-sized particles (77–78 nm), low PDI (0.21), and high negative ζ-potential (−43.11 to −47.01 mV) during two months of storage at 4 °C. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed predominantly spherical vesicles with sizes consistent with dynamic light scattering measurements. Encapsulation efficiency remained high (81.50% initially; 73.60% after 28 days). Both free and extract-loaded liposomes were non-cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells. Encapsulated MHPE showed slower phenolic release compared with the free extract. Overall, liposomal encapsulation effectively enhanced the stability and controlled release of macadamia husk phenolics, supporting their potential use as functional food and nutraceutical ingredients. Full article

Background/Objectives: Poor oral bioavailability and limited intestinal permeation restrict the clinical translation of phytochemicals for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. The present preliminary study explored the development of a nanoparticle-based combinatorial formulation of resveratrol (Resv), acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), and quercetin (Quer), to improve intestinal permeation and anti-cancer efficacy. Methods: A triple phytochemical nano formulation (designated as 3X) was developed and evaluated for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro pharmaceutical characteristics. Safety was evaluated using in vitro cytotoxicity assays, while anticancer efficacy and apoptotic potential were preliminarily evaluated in Caco-2 CRC cell lines. Gene expression analysis was performed to examine the modulation of inflammation and cancer-related markers. Results: The 3X formulation exhibited a particle size of 198.5 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.492 and a zeta potential of −32.7, indicating good nanoscale stability. The encapsulation efficiencies were 90% for AKBA, 80% for Resv, and 75% for Quer. In vitro permeation studies demonstrated a controlled release mechanism. The formulation showed minimal hemolysis (3%) and had acceptable in vitro safety. The IC50 of the formulation was found to be 365 µg in the cytotoxicity assay. Treatment with the 3X nanoformulation significantly modulated anti-inflammatory and cancer-related gene expression in Caco2 cells, evidenced by downregulation of TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), and upregulation of TNFα (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) and reduced IL-1β (Interleukins-1 beta) expression compared with control cells. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the developed 3X nano formulation exhibits favorable permeation characteristics and exerts anticancer activity against CRC. Based on preliminary findings, the formulation represents a promising phytochemical-based combination strategy for CRC, warranting further in vivo studies to validate its efficacy and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Full article

The distribution of water-soluble organic matter (or dissolved organic matter DOM) in narrow (nano-and micrometer) fractions of chernozem was studied by sequential filtration on track-etched membranes. Multimodal (IR and fluorescence) two-dimensional correlation (2D-COS) spectroscopy was used. Protocols for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR of DOM were proposed. ATR-FTIR 2D-COS provides a larger volume of information on characteristic bands compared to traditional FTIR, especially in C–H ranges (3000–2800 and 1450–1300 cm⁻¹). The fluorescence excitation–emission matrix 2D-COS showed that the indexes and ratios of humic- to protein-like compounds are reproducible, and exhibit significant variation among size fractions, with maximum amounts of saturated humic-like compounds in the largest (2–10 μm) and finest fractions (0.01–0.03 μm), while medium fractions (0.05–1 μm) are dominated by fulvic acids and fresh organic matter. Heterospectral fluorescence–IR 2D-COS enhanced the accuracy of identification and assessment of DOM group composition and showed that C–H IR band intensities correlate with tyrosine-like EEM bands and biogenic fluorescence indexes, while carboxylic components have humate-like bands and humification fluorescence indexes. Element profiles in DOM fractions correlate with fluorescence indexes; humification indexes with P, S, Cr, Mg, Ca, Cu, and Zn; biogenic with Mg, P, Cr, Cd, K, S, and Ca. Full article

The carved lacquer horse-hoof-shaped box excavated from Yulin, Shaanxi Province, represents a typical example of lacquerware preservation in the arid environment of northern China, exhibiting multiple deterioration phenomena, including substrate deformation, lacquer film peeling, and pigment fading. To systematically analyze its structural composition and craftsmanship features, this study employed multiple analytical techniques, including ultra-depth microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), confocal laser micro-Raman spectroscopy (Raman), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Based on these analyses, a targeted conservation protocol was developed. Results revealed that the carved lacquer horse-hoof-shaped box has a wooden substrate structure, with the lacquer ash layer composed of mixed materials, including calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), quartz (SiO₂), and hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). The lacquer film layer contains Chinese lacquer and plant oils, with cinnabar applied as surface decoration. Based on these findings, a stratified reinforcement conservation strategy was proposed: under dynamic monitoring with optical fiber sensors and three-dimensional scanning, the wooden substrate was reinforced with moisture-curable polyurethane (MCPU), the lacquer ash layer was strengthened with acrylic emulsion (Primal AC33), aged areas were restored with nano calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) aqueous dispersion, and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) poultice application was implemented to restore the flexibility of the lacquer film. This research significantly enhanced the integrity and stability of the carved lacquer horse-hoof-shaped box, providing practical evidence and technical references for the scientific conservation of lacquerware excavated from arid regions of northern China. Full article

Wellbore instability in shale formations represents a worldwide challenge in drilling engineering. The development of high-performance shale stabilizers is crucial for enhancing wellbore stability. A core–shell structured shale stabilizer, designated AAD-CaCO₃, was synthesized via inverse emulsion polymerization using acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as monomers. Nano-CaCO₃ was generated in situ by reacting calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Sodium bisulfite and ammonium persulfate were used as initiators. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Its effects on the rheological properties and filtration performance of a bentonite-based mud were evaluated. The stabilizer’s efficacy in inhibiting shale hydration swelling and dispersion was evaluated through linear swelling tests and shale rolling dispersion experiments, while its plugging performance was examined via a filtration loss test with a nanoporous membrane and spontaneous imbibition tests. The results indicated that AAD-CaCO₃ possesses a core–shell structure with the nano-CaCO₃ encapsulated by the polymer. It moderately improved the rheology of the bentonite-based mud and significantly reduced both the low-temperature and low-pressure (LTLP) filtration loss and the high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) filtration loss. AAD-CaCO₃ could be adsorbed onto shale surfaces through electrostatic attraction, resulting in substantially reduced clay hydration swelling and an increased shale cutting recovery rate. Effective plugging of micro-nanopores in shale was achieved, demonstrating a dual mechanism of chemical inhibition and physical plugging. Full article

Colorectal tumors consist of diverse cell populations, including cancer cells and immune cells. Sorafenib (Nexavar), an oral multikinase inhibitor, targets tumor growth and angiogenesis while inducing apoptosis. However, its clinical use is hindered by poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and low bioavailability. This study explores a nanotechnology-based approach to enhance Sorafenib’s efficacy against colon cancer. Nexavar was encapsulated into nanoparticles using an oil phase and Span 80 as a stabilizer to produce sub-100 nm droplets. The resulting Nano-Nexavar was evaluated for cytotoxicity on Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells and compared with free Nexavar on both Caco-2 and normal NCM-460 colon cells. Nano-Nexavar significantly reduced cancer cell viability at lower concentrations, with no observed toxicity to normal cells. Both formulations induced lactate dehydrogenase release and cell reduction at 2.5 µM, but Nano-Nexavar triggered nearly 60% apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. It inhibited Raf-1, NFκB, and ERK signaling, and reduced epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels over time. Notably, unlike Nexavar, the Nano-Nexavar suppressed aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) and enhanced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by increasing Bax expression, mitochondrial accumulation, and mtDNA levels indicated by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR. These data demonstrate that Nano-Nexavar potentiates Sorafenib’s anticancer activity by targeting ASPH, thereby amplifying mitochondrial signaling–induced cell death. Full article