Search Results (12,413)

This study investigated the effects of repeated flux-cored arc welding deposition on the dilution, microstructure, bending integrity, and electrochemical corrosion behavior of Inconel 625 weld overlays on AH36 steel by comparing single-layer and three-layer multipass conditions. Both overlays exhibited dendritic solidification structures; however, qualitative SEM observations indicated differences in the morphology and spatial distribution of the interdendritic constituents, with a relatively continuous or semi-continuous network observed in the single-layer overlay and a more discontinuous and dispersed distribution in the topmost multipass layer. These qualitative morphological differences coincided with substantial compositional recovery; the Fe content decreased from 36.29 wt.% in the single-layer overlay to 4.77 wt.% in the third multipass layer, whereas the Ni, Cr, and Mo contents increased toward nominal Inconel 625 filler-metal values. Local Nb and Mo enrichment persisted within interdendritic regions under both conditions, with no consistent reduction in local Nb enrichment following multipass deposition. The spatial distribution of the interdendritic constituents also differed between the two conditions, while Mo exhibited a more uniform overall distribution at the mapping scale in the multipass third layer. One of the three single-layer specimens developed a large open crack after 180° side bending, whereas none of the three multipass specimens exhibited visible open cracking or fracture. The multipass overlay further exhibited a lower anodic current density, and higher film and charge-transfer resistance, consistent with a more stable passive electrochemical response. Full article

γ-TiAl-based alloys are promising lightweight materials for high-temperature applications, but their insufficient oxidation resistance near 800 °C remains a major limitation. This study aims to clarify the short-term oxidation behavior and associated scale/interface evolution of an as-cast Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.1B (at.%) alloy. This composition was selected because the Nb, Cr, and Mo containing TiAl system enables alloying-element redistribution to be examined together with oxide-scale evolution. Isothermal oxidation was conducted in static air at 800 °C for 1–48 h, followed by oxidation-kinetics measurements and multiscale characterization. The mass gain increased continuously with a kinetic exponent of n = 1.77, indicating deviation from ideal parabolic behavior. After 48 h, a porous and chemically heterogeneous multilayered scale formed, comprising a TiO₂-dominated outer region, locally distributed Al-rich oxides, and nitride-containing interfacial regions. TiN and Ti₂AlN were identified together with pronounced interfacial N enrichment and localized Nb/Cr enrichment. The results indicate that a continuous compact Al-rich protective layer was not established during short-term oxidation, highlighting the importance of scale continuity and compactness in limiting oxidation of TiAl alloys near 800 °C. Full article

Surface soil moisture forecasting is important for drought monitoring, irrigation management, and land–atmosphere process analysis but remains challenging because near-surface soil moisture is jointly influenced by antecedent precipitation, atmospheric drying, soil properties, vegetation conditions, and irregular multi-source observations. This study proposes an Antecedent-Precipitation-Informed Surface Soil Water Balance and Time-Aware Mamba–Mixture-of-Experts (API-SWB-Mamba-MoE) framework for forecasting in situ volumetric soil moisture at approximately 5 cm depth using only information available before the target time. The framework combines a process-guided API-SWB physical prior, a time-aware Mamba temporal encoder, a context-conditioned MoE residual decoder, and gated residual fusion. The U.S. source-domain stations were evaluated using five independently repeated station-level random holdout splits, with approximately 70%, 15%, and 15% of the stations assigned to training, validation, and testing in each repetition, respectively. The five resulting U.S.-trained models were further applied without target-domain retraining or fine-tuning to six German and French stations for zero-shot transfer evaluation. Across the U.S. test prediction–observation pairs pooled from the five repetitions, the proposed model achieved a Pearson correlation coefficient (R) of 0.934, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.035 cm³ cm⁻³, a Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.922, and a mean bias error (MBE) of −0.001 cm³ cm⁻³. Pooled zero-shot predictions yielded RMSE values of 0.036 and 0.038 cm³ cm⁻³ and KGE values of 0.885 and 0.917 for Germany and France, respectively. The pooled U.S. test RMSE was 7.9–22.2% lower than that of the ablation variants and 20.5–32.7% lower than that of the benchmark models. These results suggest that combining a process-guided prior with time-aware sequence modeling and context-conditioned expert routing offers a promising approach for station-scale soil moisture forecasting under irregular multi-source observations. The external results provide preliminary evidence of zero-shot transferability at the six selected sites, although broader regional validation remains necessary. Full article

Aquatic antibiotic pollution represented by ofloxacin (OFX) causes serious ecological hazards and endangers public health due to the high persistence and bioaccumulation of antibiotic residues. Conventional water treatment techniques are insufficient for OFX elimination, limited by low removal efficiency, high energy consumption, and poor operational stability. Herein, a novel MoS₂/CuS heterojunction composite was fabricated via a hydrothermal method and applied to an ultrasound-driven piezocatalysis-coupled peroxymonosulfate (PMS) advanced oxidation system for OFX wastewater remediation. The introduction of CuS effectively remedies the inherent shortcomings of pristine MoS₂, including insufficient active sites and rapid photogenerated carrier recombination. The constructed heterojunction induces a strong interfacial built-in electric field, which significantly accelerates the migration of piezoelectric charges. The synergistic photo-piezoelectric effect further promotes continuous PMS activation and facilitates the massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The influences of key operating parameters and common water inorganic anions on OFX degradation performance were systematically investigated. Radical trapping experiments confirmed the synergistic mechanism between piezocatalysis and PMS activation during the catalytic reaction. The optimized MoS₂/CuS heterojunction exhibits remarkable OFX degradation efficiency and excellent cyclic stability. This work provides a feasible strategy for the rational design and fabrication of high-efficiency piezocatalysts and offers a promising technical route for the remediation of refractory antibiotic wastewater via piezocatalysis-coupled PMS advanced oxidation. Full article

W-Mo70 alloys feature high hardness, a high melting point and poor machinability, resulting in large cutting loads and complex subsurface plastic deformation during ultra-precision machining. To reveal the atomic-scale mechanism by which ultrasonic elliptical vibration regulates material removal and defect evolution, three-dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) models of conventional cutting (CC) and ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) were established with previously published ultra-precision turning experiments as the macroscopic benchmark. The material removal behavior, cutting force response, interfacial loading characteristics and dislocation evolution law were systematically analyzed. The results show that UEVC exhibits a reduction trend in the cycle-averaged main cutting force compared with CC, which is qualitatively consistent with the experimental trend. However, the reduction magnitude should not be directly compared with experimental results because of the significant differences in machining scale, cutting velocity, strain rate, and tool geometry between MD simulations and experiments. The average normal force remains nearly unchanged but exhibits a significant vibration-induced transient loading–unloading response. Under UEVC, dislocation evolution transforms from continuous accumulation under CC to transient activation at the high-load stage and defect reorganization during the unloading stage. This study reveals the atomic-scale mechanism of UEVC characterized by a vibration-induced transient loading–unloading response, interfacial unloading, defect reorganization and phase-dependent localized material removal, providing atomic-level theoretical support for subsurface defect regulation in ultra-precision cutting of difficult-to-machine W-Mo alloys. Full article

Accurate cross-dataset state-of-health prediction for lithium-ion batteries remains challenging due to distribution shifts arising from diverse cathode chemistries, operating temperatures, and charge–discharge protocols across heterogeneous battery fleets. Drawing upon established machine learning paradigms, this study tailors a Domain-Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts (DA-MoE) framework to the battery prognostic context, automatically selecting the optimal domain adaptation strategy for each target domain through a physics-aware, lightweight linear gating network comprising merely 32 learnable parameters. The framework integrates a shared Transformer-based backbone with four adaptation strategies spanning the full spectrum of target-domain information utilization, namely zero-shot transfer, Test-Time Adaptation, Fine-Tuning, and Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning. A comprehensive evaluation on 564 battery cells from seven publicly available datasets under Leave-One-Domain-Out Cross-Validation protocol demonstrates that the proposed framework achieves an average coefficient of determination of 0.864 with perfect oracle strategy alignment under full domain training and maintains competitive generalization at an average R² of 0.795 when each target domain is held out during gating network training. Hard argmax selection consistently outperforms weighted fusion across all seven domains with an average margin of +0.027 in R², confirming that the four adaptation strategies compete rather than cooperate in this application context. A feature ablation analysis identifies sample count as the dominant determinant of strategy selection with performance degradation of ΔR² = −0.182 upon removal, followed by the early-cycle degradation slope and early-cycle nonlinearity index as secondary signals, all of which are computable at deployment time without future ground-truth SOH information. The proposed framework provides a practically deployable solution for battery management systems operating across heterogeneous fleets with minimal computational overhead and strong cross-dataset generalization capability. Full article

The rubber cylinder is the core sealing element of a compression packer, and its structural stability directly determines downhole sealing reliability. The rubber cylinder is made of HNBR, while the central tube, support rings, and casing are made of 35 CrMo steel. During axial compression, the rubber cylinder may undergo localized creasing instability characterized by sharp self-contacting folds, inducing severe stress concentration and degrading sealing performance. This paper presents a systematic finite element investigation of creasing behavior in rubber cylinders, focusing on meshing strategy, interfacial friction, and geometric parameters. A refined meshing strategy is proposed that captures creasing and self-contact, demonstrating that a mesh size less than 0.5 mm is required. A zone-specific friction model distinguishes the tribological roles of different interfaces: increasing friction at the support ring suppresses shoulder protrusion, while increasing friction at the central tube reduces contact stress. For the packer geometries and operating conditions investigated, the critical expansion ratio at which the crease initiates is approximately 1.13. Increasing rubber cylinder length and reducing radial clearance are identified as effective measures to suppress creasing. The logarithmic strain at crease nucleation is approximately −0.66, which is more negative than the Biot linear bifurcation threshold (−0.61). This deeper strain is mechanically attributed to bulging-induced curvature and superimposed bending compression, confirming the crease as a nonlinear instability. This work provides numerical references for the anti-creasing design of packer rubber cylinders under quasi-static setting. Full article

The paper shows the effect of organic fining agents on the formation of the elemental composition of young white wine of the Chardonnay variety. Substances of plant and animal origin and their mixtures were used as fining agents in the clarification of wines. The results were compared with clarification with activated calcium bentonite. In the untreated young wines from different areas of grape cultivation the concentrations of macroelements were 707–837 mg/L; minor elements—5.05–9.67 mg/L; microelements—0.033–0.058 mg/L; and rare earth elements (REEs)—0.001–1.350 µg/L. It was noted that organic agents have a smaller effect on the mineral composition of wine. The content of macroelements in wine decreased, regardless of the fining agent used (p < 0.01). After treatment with organic agents, the concentrations of Ti, Sr, Na and Ca increased, while the concentrations of Cu, Zr, Mo, Cs, Ba, W, Fe, Rb and K decreased. No increase in the REE content was observed. A moderate correlation (Pearson r = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.44–0.85, n = 30, p < 0.0001) was established between the applied concentration of Na in wine and its concentration in the fining agent. Despite changes, the elemental “image” of wine allows us to correctly determine the geographical origin of the drink. The most reliable markers were Li and Mn. Full article

This paper presents a novel end-to-end (E2E) empirical Bayes framework for learning the posterior distribution in linear inverse problems. The proposed framework models the log-posterior as the sum of a log-likelihood derived from the known forward model and a neural network-parameterized log-prior learned from training data. The approach enables both (a) computation of a point estimate i.e., stationary point of the learned log-posterior using a majorization minimization algorithm and (b) posterior sampling for computing the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimate. Provided that the required surrogate function conditions are satisfied, the point estimation algorithm converges to a stationary point of the learned negative log-posterior without imposing contraction constraints. Unlike diffusion models that pre-learn the entire prior, learning the posterior directly leads to about $150\times$ reduced training data requirements and $2\times$ fewer parameters. Across three MRI acquisition settings, the framework improves point-estimation PSNR over PnP-ISTA by $3.07$–$4.37$ dB while remaining competitive with existing E2E methods. Across two posterior sampling settings, it improves PSNR over DPS by $0.11$–$2.22$ dB and over DAPS by $1.17$–$4.16$ dB, while providing inference speedups of $2\times$ and $5\times$, respectively. Furthermore, by avoiding algorithm unrolling, the proposed framework also reduces memory requirements by approximately $4\times$ and $16\times$ relative to E2E-MoL and E2E-EBM methods, respectively. Full article

The frequent occurrence of extreme high-temperature events has significantly affected the operating characteristics and distributed photovoltaic (PV) hosting capacity of distribution networks. However, existing hosting capacity assessment methods rarely consider the accumulated heat effect caused by sustained high temperatures. To address this issue, this paper proposes a coordinated planning method for enhancing distributed PV hosting capacity under extreme high-temperature scenarios. First, an accumulated heat load model is developed to characterize the temporal cumulative influence of sustained high temperatures on temperature-sensitive loads. Meanwhile, the uncertainties associated with PV output fluctuations and load demand variations are considered to represent the stochastic characteristics of source-side generation and load-side consumption. Subsequently, a multi-objective source–network–load coordinated planning model is established to maximize distributed PV hosting capacity while minimizing the hosting capacity enhancement cost. A multi-objective artificial bee colony (MO-ABC) algorithm incorporating Sobol sequence-based quasi-Monte Carlo sampling (Sobol-MC) and a constraint domination-based constraint handling strategy are further developed to solve the proposed model efficiently. Simulation results on the modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system show that the proposed method increases distributed PV hosting capacity by 69.52% under extreme high-temperature scenarios through coordinated optimization of PV inverter reactive power control, VAR compensation, and Incentive-based Demand Response (IDR). Full article

Municipal solid waste-to-energy (MSW-WTE) boilers are increasingly operated at higher steam temperatures and pressures to improve efficiency. Under these conditions, heat-transfer surfaces are exposed to high-temperature oxidation, chlorine-induced corrosion, molten-salt corrosion and thermomechanically coupled damage, which compromise long-term operational safety. Thermal spraying offers flexibility in tailoring coating composition and microstructure and is therefore widely used to improve the service reliability of these surfaces. This review examines the corrosive environments, principal damage mechanisms and development of thermal spray protection systems for MSW-WTE boiler heat-transfer surfaces. It first considers how variations in temperature, flue-gas composition and deposit evolution among boiler regions influence corrosion behavior, with particular emphasis on chlorine-induced active oxidation, sulfate/chloride-assisted hot corrosion and molten-salt corrosion. It then relates spraying processes and coating microstructures to the corrosion-protection mechanisms, advantages and limitations of MCrAlY, NiCr/NiCrMo and carbide-reinforced coatings under different service conditions. Finally, future developments in multifunctional coatings, structural optimization and condition-based maintenance are discussed. By linking corrosive environments, damage mechanisms, coating structures and service reliability, this review provides a framework for the design and engineering application of protective coatings for MSW-WTE boiler heat-transfer surfaces. Full article

Alumina (Al₂O₃) ceramic sealing rings have attracted considerable attention in power battery packaging applications due to their excellent chemical stability, electrical insulation, and mechanical properties. In this study, 95% Al₂O₃ ceramics were fabricated using a CaO–SiO₂–TiO₂–ZrO₂ quaternary sintering aid system, and the effects of the TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio on densification behavior, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and Mo–Mn metallization bonding performance were systematically investigated. As the TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio decreases, the grain size first increases and then decreases, which is attributed to the pinning effect of the Al₂TiO₅ phase formed by excessive TiO₂ at grain boundaries that inhibits grain growth, whereas an appropriate TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio promotes grain growth. After sintering at 1600 °C and 1625 °C, the density first increases and then decreases with decreasing TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio; at 1650 °C, accelerated grain boundary migration engulfs residual pores into grain interiors, reversing the density trend. The flexural strength exhibits a rise–and–fall pattern with decreasing TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio at all sintering temperatures, governed by the synergistic interplay among densification, grain size, and grain boundary characteristics. The metallization tensile strength first decreases and then increases with decreasing TiO₂/ZrO₂ ratio for ceramics sintered at 1600 °C and 1625 °C, but shows the opposite trend for those sintered at 1650 °C, governed by the glass–phase diffusion capability and surface roughness, respectively. The Al–2–2 sample (TiO₂/ZrO₂ = 1/1) sintered at 1650 °C exhibits the optimal overall performance, achieving a flexural strength of 351 ± 46 MPa and a metallization tensile strength of 153 ± 2 MPa. Full article

When a thermal power unit operates under deep peak shaving and variable load conditions, the heat-resistant materials of the boiler’s heat exchange surfaces will suffer accelerated fatigue damage due to frequent thermal shocks. To grasp the evolution law of thermal shock damage in high-temperature heat-resistant steel for the key equipment of thermal power units, based on the 12Cr1MoVG heat-resistant steel, a plastic strain simulation analysis was conducted. Through numerical simulation, the coupling relationship among thermal shock duration, thermal stress evolution, equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) accumulation, damage penetration depth, and fatigue life was investigated. The results show that extending the duration of thermal shock will increase the thermal stress of the material, causing the failure depth to increase from 2.24 mm to 2.6 mm, and the accumulation rate of PEEQ at different depths of the material to accelerate, with the theoretical life decreasing from 1.82 × 10⁵ cycles to 1.72 × 10⁵ cycles. Extending the duration of low-temperature exposure will reduce the thermal stress of the material, causing the failure depth to decrease from 2.24 mm to 2.03 mm, and the accumulation rate of PEEQ at different depths of the material to slow down, with the theoretical life increasing from 1.81 × 10⁵ cycles to 1.94 × 10⁵ cycles. The research results can provide reference for fatigue damage and life assessment of the high-temperature and high-pressure materials used in key equipment of thermal power. Full article

Reliable photovoltaic (PV) monitoring requires meteorological inputs that remain interpretable through horizontal irradiance, module-plane irradiance, temperature, and electrical-output layers. This study evaluates a component-wise WRF–machine-learning–POA–thermal workflow using complementary field datasets: a synchronized 2021 WRF-ML/electrical dataset and an independent 2017 POA/GTI validation dataset. WRF-derived variables were treated as retrospective meteorological inputs for post-processing and forecasting-input assessment. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, neural networks, mean bias-corrected WRF, and Ridge MOS baselines were tested for GHI correction; empirical, Perez, Hay–Davies, and isotropic models were compared for POA/GTI transposition; and five module temperature models were assessed. In a random 80/20 held-out test, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting reduced irradiance RMSE from 139.66 W/m² for raw WRF to 75.92 and 75.96 W/m², respectively. In blocked temporal validation, however, raw WRF was more stable for month-wise irradiance, and the physics-inspired Ridge baseline was more robust for leave-one-month-out AC/DC power prediction. Perez gave the best POA/GTI agreement, while NOCT and King/Sandia gave the lowest thermal errors. The results support a protocol-dependent, traceable input-chain assessment for PV monitoring and identify the calibration, metadata, and timestamp controls needed before operational power-forecasting claims can be generalized. Full article

Nomophobia, fear of missing out (FoMO), mindful attention, and happiness are interconnected psychological constructs, yet their interdependencies remain poorly understood, particularly in Arab-speaking contexts. Using network analysis (EBICglasso), this cross-sectional study examined these associations in 462 Omani college students across a 56-node, four-community network. Centrality indices (strength, expected influence) and bridge expected influence were calculated, with stability assessed via bootstrapping and gender differences examined using the Network Comparison Test. Results revealed strong within-community connections and notable cross-community links. Mindful attention showed positive associations with nomophobia and FoMO but negative associations with happiness. Happiness and mindful attention emerged as the most central constructs, while FoMO and mindful attention showed the strongest bridge associations across network communities. Stability coefficients exceeded the recommended 0.50 threshold, and no significant gender differences emerged in network structure or global strength. These findings highlight the complexity of the associations among mindful attention, nomophobia, FoMO, and happiness and suggest that the role of mindful attention may vary across contexts. The identified central and bridge constructs warrant further investigation as potential areas of focus in future digital well-being research. Full article