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Search Results (3,199)

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19 pages, 1002 KB  
Article
How Should Property Investors Make Decisions Amid Heightened Uncertainty: Developing an Adaptive Behavioural Model Based on Expert Perspectives
by Albert Agbeko Ahiadu, Rotimi Boluwatife Abidoye and Tak Wing Yiu
Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3648; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203648 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
In a significant transition from classical theories of efficient markets and perfectly rational investors, the recent literature has increasingly acknowledged the importance of the human element and external market conditions in decision-making. However, the application of adaptive market frameworks in the property sector [...] Read more.
In a significant transition from classical theories of efficient markets and perfectly rational investors, the recent literature has increasingly acknowledged the importance of the human element and external market conditions in decision-making. However, the application of adaptive market frameworks in the property sector remains underexplored. This gap is particularly pronounced in the commercial property market, where structural inefficiencies, such as information asymmetry and illiquidity, amplify decision-making complexity. Given that investor rationality tends to diminish as uncertainty and complexity increase, this study explored how private commercial property investors adapt their strategies amid heightened uncertainty. The perspectives of seven experienced property experts were thematically analysed to highlight recurring patterns, which were then integrated into a conceptual mind map. The findings reveal that while economic fundamentals are the constant drivers of capital allocation decisions, investors process these signals through the lens of adaptive behaviour based on intuition, experience, risk perceptions, and herding. This relationship becomes more pronounced under conditions of heightened uncertainty, where investors seek to supplement available information with sentiment due to weaker signals and declining confidence in fundamentals. Sustainable investing and technology integration also emerged as core considerations, but interest among private investors is subdued due to ambiguous value propositions regarding the long-term economic benefits of a green premium. These findings offer practical insights into how external market conditions influence property investment decisions and provide a platform for operational models of investment decision-making that integrate adaptive behaviour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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16 pages, 900 KB  
Article
The Role of Pharmacotherapy in Social Cognition, Empathy, and Serum Oxytocin Levels in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case–Control Study
by Hasibe Ozlem Pekmez, Ipek Suzer Gamli and Oguz Bilal Karakus
Children 2025, 12(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101367 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized for its impact on social functioning, including deficits in social cognition and empathy. Emerging neurobiological evidence highlights the potential role of oxytocin in these impairments. However, the influence of pharmacotherapy, particularly methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX), [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized for its impact on social functioning, including deficits in social cognition and empathy. Emerging neurobiological evidence highlights the potential role of oxytocin in these impairments. However, the influence of pharmacotherapy, particularly methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX), on these domains remains underexplored. This study aimed to examine the effects of MPH and ATX on social cognition, empathy, and serum oxytocin levels in children with ADHD. Methods: This study included 152 children aged 6–12 years diagnosed solely with ADHD. The patient group consisted of 102 children, comprising n = 52 receiving MPH and n = 50 receiving ATX for at least 3 months. The control group comprised 50 newly diagnosed, untreated children. A sociodemographic form, the Social Skills Rating Scale (SRSS), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), the Bryant Empathy Index (BEI), and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP-IV) were applied. Serum oxytocin levels were measured via venous blood samples. Results: Medicated children exhibited significantly elevated SRSS scores, irrespective of the pharmacotherapy administered. RMET scores were significantly higher in the ATX group. No significant differences were found between the three groups in terms of empathy scores and serum oxytocin levels. A significant negative correlation was identified between ADHD symptom severity and RMET and SRSS-Total scores. Regular medication use was a significant predictor of SRSS scores, while empathy and serum oxytocin levels were nonsignificant predictors. Conclusions: Pharmacotherapy may enhance social cognition among children with ADHD. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess the long-term effects of medication on social cognition and empathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Detection and Intervention of ADHD in Children and Adolescents)
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17 pages, 274 KB  
Article
Challenges of Innovation Through Gamification in the Classroom
by Magalí Denoni-Buján, Celia Marcen, Ana Gracia-Gil, Raquel Casanovas López and Sheila Coral-Aguilar
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101341 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
The demands of modern society regarding academic training have placed the focus of education on active methodologies. Their proven success also presents challenges for the innovation they entail. In this regard, methodological strategies such as gamification are currently focusing their analyses on design [...] Read more.
The demands of modern society regarding academic training have placed the focus of education on active methodologies. Their proven success also presents challenges for the innovation they entail. In this regard, methodological strategies such as gamification are currently focusing their analyses on design to ensure the effectiveness of their outcomes. With this in mind, we aim to analyse a gamification experience in higher education from the perspective of the various stakeholders involved. Using a qualitative methodology, data from an open-ended survey and the learning journals of 73 students were triangulated with the teaching journals of four lecturers. The category-based data analysis indicates that escape room-type games and digital boards are the most highly valued as innovative educational tools that promote active learning. Conflict resolution, cooperative work, and understanding of theoretical knowledge stood out as achieved objectives. The overall positive view, the classroom atmosphere of excitement and fun, and the impact on learning due to increased motivation were highlighted in participants’ opinions. From the lecturers’ perspective, the outcome is shown to be worthwhile in terms of effort and benefit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Trends and Challenges in Higher Education)
35 pages, 5980 KB  
Article
Developing Speaking Skills in Third-Grade Students Through the Analysis of Visual Material in Two Languages (Lithuanian and English)
by Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė and Guostė Streikutė
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101362 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 602
Abstract
In language classes, speaking skills are often taken for granted, and not enough attention is paid to developing these skills in a targeted way. In our study, the speaking skills of third-grade students (N = 46) are developed in integrated Lithuanian and English [...] Read more.
In language classes, speaking skills are often taken for granted, and not enough attention is paid to developing these skills in a targeted way. In our study, the speaking skills of third-grade students (N = 46) are developed in integrated Lithuanian and English lessons through the analysis of visual material. Visual material is an aid and a means for expanding students’ vocabulary and developing their ability to express their thoughts verbally. The students are aged 9–10 years old. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of third-grade students’ speaking skills using visual material analysis in two languages. The Action Research was conducted in a school in one of Lithuania’s major cities. During the Action Research, students completed mind maps and analyzed visual material by answering questions in two languages. The questions were designed to cover different groups of thinking skills (knowledge and understanding, drawing conclusions, interpretation, and evaluation). The students spoke their prepared answers to the questions. The accuracy and correctness of the answers, English pronunciation, and the ability to speak in complete sentences were evaluated. Full article
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18 pages, 1399 KB  
Article
Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate
by Barabási Madár Timea, Costea-Bărluţiu Carmen, Ordean Mircea Nicolae, Mancini Nicola, Grosu Vlad Teodor, Sabău Anca Maria, Popovici Cornelia, Carlos Hervás-Gómez, Grosu Emilia Florina and Monea Dan
Children 2025, 12(10), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101338 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 586
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Agility and reaction speed are critical components of sports performance and are influenced by both physical conditioning and psychological state. Interventions such as SmartACT, which integrate mindfulness, acceptance, and commitment, guided imagery and hypnosis techniques are still underexplored in high-performance sport, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Agility and reaction speed are critical components of sports performance and are influenced by both physical conditioning and psychological state. Interventions such as SmartACT, which integrate mindfulness, acceptance, and commitment, guided imagery and hypnosis techniques are still underexplored in high-performance sport, despite their potential to affect both psychological and motor dimensions. Methods: This 7-week controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of SmartACT in reducing psychological and somatic symptoms and enhancing motor performance in adolescent athletes. A total of 193 athletes aged 15–18 years were assigned to three groups: SmartACT (n = 69), MAC (Mindfulness–Acceptance–Commitment, the standardized Gardner & Moore protocol; n = 65), and a control group (n = 59). Agility was measured using the T-Drill Agility Test with Microgate electronic timing, and reaction speed was assessed using BlazePod devices. Psychological and somatic symptoms were evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Ghent Multidimensional Somatic Complaints Scale (GMSCS). Results: The SmartACT group showed significantly improved agility (MD = −1.07 s, p < 0.001, d = 2.50, 95% CI [1.79, 3.35]), faster reaction times (MD = −643.75 ms, p < 0.001, d = 0.85, 95% CI [0.35, 1.41]), and a higher number of BlazePod touches (MD = +2.53, p < 0.001, d = 1.43, 95% CI [0.87, 2.07]). Psychological symptoms (DASS-21) and somatic complaints (GMSCS) decreased significantly more than in the MAC and control groups. Conclusions: SmartACT appears to be an effective hybrid psychological intervention to simultaneously improve physical performance and reduce psychological and psychosomatic distress in adolescent athletes. Full article
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28 pages, 989 KB  
Review
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Biomaterials Science: A Review
by Andrea Martelli, Devis Bellucci and Valeria Cannillo
Polymers 2025, 17(19), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192668 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Biomaterials can be defined as materials that interact positively with living tissues, restoring compromised functions, or enhancing tissue regeneration. Currently, biomaterial research often relies on a “trial-and-error method”, involving numerous experiments driven largely by experience. This strategy leads to a substantial waste of [...] Read more.
Biomaterials can be defined as materials that interact positively with living tissues, restoring compromised functions, or enhancing tissue regeneration. Currently, biomaterial research often relies on a “trial-and-error method”, involving numerous experiments driven largely by experience. This strategy leads to a substantial waste of resources, such as manpower, time, materials, and finances. Optimizing the process is therefore essential. A recent and promising approach to this challenge involves artificial intelligence (AI), as demonstrated by the growing number of studies in this field. AI algorithms rely on data and empower computers with decision-making capabilities, mimicking aspects of the human mind and solving complex tasks with little to no human intervention. Due to their potential, AI and its derivatives are now widely used both in everyday life and in scientific research. In biomaterials science, AI models enable data analysis, pattern recognition, and property prediction. The aim of this review article is to highlight the key results achieved through the application of AI in the field of polymers for biomedical applications and, more broadly, in the development of advanced biomaterials. An overview will be provided on how an AI algorithm works, the differences between traditional programming and AI-based approaches, and their main limitations. Finally, the core topic will be addressed by categorizing biomaterials according to material class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Polymer Science)
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12 pages, 2369 KB  
Communication
Using LLM to Identify Pillars of the Mind Within Physics Learning Materials
by Daša Červeňová and Peter Demkanin
Digital 2025, 5(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5040047 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
Artificial intelligence tools are quickly being applied in many areas of science, including learning sciences. Learning requires various types of thinking, sustained by distinct sets of neural networks in the brain. Labelling these systems gives us tools to manage them. This paper presents [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence tools are quickly being applied in many areas of science, including learning sciences. Learning requires various types of thinking, sustained by distinct sets of neural networks in the brain. Labelling these systems gives us tools to manage them. This paper presents a pilot application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to physics textbook analysis, grounded in a well-developed neural network theory known as the Five Pillars of the Mind. The domain-specific networks, innate sense, and the five pillars provide a framework with which to examine how physics is learnt. For example, one can identify which pillars are active when discussing a physics concept. Identifying which pillars belong to which physics concept may be significantly influenced by the bias of the author and could be too time-consuming for longer, more complex texts involving physics concepts. Therefore, using LLMs to identify pillars could enhance the application of this framework to physics education. This article presents a case study in which we used selected Large Language Models to identify pillars within eight pages of learning material concerning forces aimed at 12- to 14-year-old pupils. We used GPT-4o and o4-mini, as well as MAXQDA AI Assist. Results from these models were compared with the authors’ manual analysis. Precision, recall, and F1-Score were used to evaluate the results quantitatively. MAXQDA AI Assist obtained the best results with 1.00 precision, 0.67 recall, and an F1-Score of 0.80. Both products by OpenAI hallucinated and falsely identified several concepts, resulting in low precision and, consequently, low F1-Score. As predicted, ChatGPT o4-mini scored twice as high as ChatGPT 4o. The method proved to be promising, and its future development has the potential to provide research teams with analysis not only of written learning material, but also of pupils’ written work and their video-recorded activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Multimedia-Based Digital Learning)
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24 pages, 340 KB  
Article
Mental Resilience and Mindfulness in Athletes: A Preliminary Study Across Sports and Experience Levels
by Stanislava Stoyanova, Nikolay Ivantchev, Teodor Gergov and Bilyana Yordanova
Sports 2025, 13(10), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100334 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
It is important to study if and how athletes’ mental resilience and mindfulness are connected, because both could promote mental health, as well as facilitate coping with stress and successful athletic performance. It was hypothesized that mental resilience and mindfulness would correlate, and [...] Read more.
It is important to study if and how athletes’ mental resilience and mindfulness are connected, because both could promote mental health, as well as facilitate coping with stress and successful athletic performance. It was hypothesized that mental resilience and mindfulness would correlate, and also that mental resilience and mindfulness would differ in both means and correlation strength according to the type of sport. The possible nexus of mental resilience and mindfulness with the longevity of sports practice was also examined. The sample consisted of 177 athletes whose mean age was 21 years old and whose average sports practice lasted 8.7 years. Most of them were professional athletes (N = 121, 68.4%). They practiced individual sports (N = 85, 48.0%), combat sports (N = 47, 26.6%), and team sports (N = 45, 25.4%). The Bulgarian adaptations of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale were used. The athletes’ mental resilience and mindfulness correlated significantly and positively. The athletes’ mental resilience correlated positively with the years of sports practice among the amateur athletes and among the athletes practicing team sports. The athletes’ mindfulness increased with age for the athletes practicing combat sports and team sports. Mindfulness diminished with more years of sports practice for the amateur athletes and for those practicing individual sports. The athletes practicing combat sports had higher mental resilience than those practicing individual sports and those practicing team sports. The male athletes had higher mental resilience than the female athletes. The established positive nexus between the athletes’ mental resilience and mindfulness means that training mindfulness could be a mechanism for strengthening mental resilience, as well as higher mental resilience could facilitate mindful awareness of the present moment and focus attention on what is happening now. The athletes practicing individual sports are those who need more training for enhancing mindfulness and mental resilience. Physical activity and sports participation may contribute to mental health improvement by strengthening mindfulness and mental resilience. Full article
14 pages, 432 KB  
Article
Individuals with High Mindfulness Are Better at Metacognitive Ability: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach
by Lan Jiang, Shang Zhang, Jinglin Li, Yuhong Gong, Na Sun, Haihong Wang, Tao Xiao and Xinfa Yi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101341 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 170
Abstract
This study systematically examines the relationship between mindfulness and metacognition among Chinese college students through a person-centered analytical approach. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) responses, we identified four distinct mindfulness profiles: (1) High Observation/Low Non-reactivity, (2) High [...] Read more.
This study systematically examines the relationship between mindfulness and metacognition among Chinese college students through a person-centered analytical approach. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) responses, we identified four distinct mindfulness profiles: (1) High Observation/Low Non-reactivity, (2) High Awareness/Judging, (3) Moderately Mindful, and (4) Highly Mindful. Gender differences were observed across profiles, with female students more represented in the Highly Mindful group. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that mindfulness profiles significantly predicted metacognitive ability, with the Highly Mindful group demonstrating superior metacognitive self-regulation and learning strategy application. These findings contribute to the literature by identifying distinct mindfulness subtypes and their differential relationships with metacognition. The results suggest that educational interventions emphasizing non-judgmental present-moment awareness may be particularly effective for fostering students’ metacognitive development, while highlighting the importance of considering individual differences in mindfulness training approaches. Full article
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31 pages, 3243 KB  
Article
Towards Intelligent Care: Computational Multi-Agent Architectures for Digital Management of Anxiety Episodes and Personal Well-Being
by María García-Ocón and Pilar Herrero-Martín
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10544; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910544 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
The future of anxiety management lies in bridging traditional evidence-based treatments with intelligent and adaptive digital platforms. Embedding multi-agent systems capable of real-time mood detection and self-management support represents a transformative step towards intelligent care, enabling users to independently regulate acute episodes, prevent [...] Read more.
The future of anxiety management lies in bridging traditional evidence-based treatments with intelligent and adaptive digital platforms. Embedding multi-agent systems capable of real-time mood detection and self-management support represents a transformative step towards intelligent care, enabling users to independently regulate acute episodes, prevent relapse, and promote sustained personal well-being. These digital solutions illustrate how technology can improve accessibility, personalization, and adherence, while establishing the foundation for integrating multi-agent architectures into mental health systems. Such architectures can continuously detect and interpret users’ emotional states through multimodal data, coordinating specialized agents for monitoring, personalization, and intervention. Crucially, they extend beyond passive data collection to provide active, autonomous support during moments of heightened anxiety, guiding individuals through non-pharmacological strategies such as breathing retraining, grounding techniques, or mindfulness practices without requiring immediate professional involvement. By operating in real time, multi-agent systems function as intelligent digital companions capable of anticipating needs, adapting to context, and ensuring that effective coping mechanisms are accessible at critical moments. This paper presents a multi-agent architecture for the digital management of anxiety episodes, designed not only to enhance everyday well-being but also to deliver immediate, personalized assistance during unexpected crises, offering a scalable pathway towards intelligent, patient-centered mental health care. Full article
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26 pages, 1770 KB  
Article
EEG Effects of Vibroacoustic Stimulation and Guided Mindfulness Meditation on Cognitive Well-Being, Concentration, and Relaxation
by Charlotte Fooks and Oliver Niebuhr
Psychol. Int. 2025, 7(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7040080 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 626
Abstract
This research compared the cognitive effects of two interventions postulated to induce well-being, concentration, and relaxation: vibroacoustic stimulation and guided mindfulness meditation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) biosignals were used to quantify results and were collated together with subjective first-person verbal accounts. Participants were divided into [...] Read more.
This research compared the cognitive effects of two interventions postulated to induce well-being, concentration, and relaxation: vibroacoustic stimulation and guided mindfulness meditation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) biosignals were used to quantify results and were collated together with subjective first-person verbal accounts. Participants were divided into three groups: guided mindfulness meditation (Group1), vibroacoustic stimulation (Group2), and a no-stimuli control (Group3). EEG results show that vibroacoustic stimulation and guided mindfulness meditation have different cognitive effects. Vibroacoustic stimulation increased concentration and well-being during exposure, with increased relaxation found to be the main effect of meditation. Verbal accounts reinforce these findings. Effects were short-term; practical future implications for vibroacoustic stimulation are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive Psychology)
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14 pages, 1188 KB  
Systematic Review
The Effects of Physical Exercise on Depression and Anxiety in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
by Giacomo Farì, Annatonia Fai, Francesco Quarta, Morena Pitruzzella, Cristiano Sconza, Matteo Luigi Giuseppe Leoni, Giustino Varrassi, Marco Filipponi, Giuseppe Rollo, Alessio Baricich and Andrea Bernetti
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(10), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15100180 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 526
Abstract
Background: Depression affects around 280 million people globally and is one of the main causes of disability. Among people with cancer, depression and anxiety affect 20–25%, significantly reducing quality of life, adherence to treatments, and survival. Despite the availability of pharmacological and [...] Read more.
Background: Depression affects around 280 million people globally and is one of the main causes of disability. Among people with cancer, depression and anxiety affect 20–25%, significantly reducing quality of life, adherence to treatments, and survival. Despite the availability of pharmacological and psychological treatments, their application can be limited by side effects, accessibility, and costs—especially in low- and middle-income countries. Physical exercise is emerging as a valuable complementary strategy, improving both physical and mental well-being. Nevertheless, structured exercise programs are still rarely implemented in oncology. This review aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for integrating physical activity into mental health support for people with cancer. Methods: This review includes six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating physical exercise interventions for depression and anxiety in people with cancer aged over 18 years. Included studies compared exercise interventions to control or standard care and reported outcomes related to psychological well-being and adverse effects. Exclusion criteria included non-original studies, non-English articles, and works not focused on exercise. The search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library using MeSH terms and Boolean operators. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025637522). Results: Exercise interventions—such as aerobic, resistance, and mind–body practices—proved effective and feasible across cancer types. Benefits were seen in both psychological and physical outcomes. However, variations in protocols and outcome measures, as well as a lack of long-term data, limit generalizability. Conclusions: Personalized exercise programs can significantly reduce depression and anxiety in people with cancer. Standardized core methods, long-term research, and systemic support are needed to integrate exercise into routine oncology care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Sports for Chronic Diseases)
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18 pages, 1578 KB  
Article
Adhering to Healthy Dietary Patterns Prevents Cognitive Decline of Older Adults with Sarcopenia: The Mr. OS and Ms. OS Study
by Yichen Jin, Gianna Lai, Shuyi Li, Jenny Lee, Vicky Chan, Zhihui Lu, Jason Leung, Kingson Lai, Kuen Lam, Tung Wai Auyeung, Timothy Kwok, Kwok Tai Chui, Jean Woo and Kenneth Ka-hei Lo
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193070 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
Background: The progression of cognitive decline is accelerated in older adults with sarcopenia, but the protective dietary factors have remained uncertain. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between dietary factors and cognitive decline in older adults, and to explore [...] Read more.
Background: The progression of cognitive decline is accelerated in older adults with sarcopenia, but the protective dietary factors have remained uncertain. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between dietary factors and cognitive decline in older adults, and to explore the potential mediating effects of sarcopenic components. Methods: Data from the Mr. OS and Ms. OS cohort study in Hong Kong (N = 3146, aged ≥65 years) were used. Cognitive function was assessed based on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Sarcopenic status was assessed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 updated consensus. Dietary protein intake and adherence to dietary patterns were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Linear regression was used to examine the associations between dietary factors and MMSE scores. Mediation analysis was conducted to identify the possible mediators in the diet–cognition associations. Results: Sarcopenia and its components were associated with baseline MMSE and MMSE changes. Positive associations were observed for plant protein intake (β = 0.79, 95% CI 0.24–1.35) and dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02–0.26) and diets with lower Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores (β = −0.18, 95% CI −0.26–−0.09) with better MMSE outcomes. Protective effects were more profound in participants with sarcopenia/severe sarcopenia. The effects of the DASH diet and DII were more profound in female participants, while higher adherence to the Mediterranean–DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet was associated with an increment in MMSE score in male participants with sarcopenia. Handgrip strength and physical performance are significant mediators in the diet–cognition associations. Conclusions: The protective effects of healthy dietary patterns were beneficial, especially for participants with sarcopenia, while handgrip strength and walking speed potentially mediated the associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Cognitive Function)
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18 pages, 780 KB  
Article
Discrimination of False Response from Object Reality in False Belief Test in Preschool Children
by Melis Süngü and Tevfik Alıcı
J. Intell. 2025, 13(10), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13100124 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
The first-order false belief (FB) test is frequently employed to assess theory of mind (ToM); however, it faces substantial criticism regarding its inadequacies. Critics argue that the responses remain binary and are influenced by the presence and location of the object. This study [...] Read more.
The first-order false belief (FB) test is frequently employed to assess theory of mind (ToM); however, it faces substantial criticism regarding its inadequacies. Critics argue that the responses remain binary and are influenced by the presence and location of the object. This study aims to address these criticisms by manipulating an object’s location through three alternative FB tasks, thereby enhancing the understanding of children’s reasoning strategies (reality, belief, or perceptual access reasoning) and offering a language skill-independent measure of ToM. This study involved 150 children aged 3–6 years who were administered standard and three alternative FB tasks along with a receptive vocabulary acquisition test. The findings revealed that children predominantly utilized reality reasoning, identifying the object’s location as the correct response. However, in a condition where the object was physically removed, the percentage of correct responses increased significantly, and the use of belief reasoning increased. While age and language skills were found to be directly correlated with FB performance, the object’s interference with belief reasoning in younger children was reduced. In light of these findings, the three alternative tasks are posited to offer a promising, more accurate measure of FB understanding, independent of the object’s presence and language skill. Full article
25 pages, 10974 KB  
Article
Balancing Validity and Vulnerability: Knowledge-Driven Seed Generation via LLMs for Deep Learning Library Fuzzing
by Rongtao Liao, Xuehu Yan, Zeshan Pang and Kailong Zhu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10396; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910396 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Fuzzing deep learning (DL) libraries is essential for uncovering security vulnerabilities in AI systems. Existing approaches enhance large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge such as bug reports to improve the quality of generated seeds. However, most approaches still rely on static strategies [...] Read more.
Fuzzing deep learning (DL) libraries is essential for uncovering security vulnerabilities in AI systems. Existing approaches enhance large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge such as bug reports to improve the quality of generated seeds. However, most approaches still rely on static strategies or single knowledge sources, limiting their ability to produce syntactically valid inputs that also expose deeper bugs. To address this challenge, we propose an adaptive seed generation approach that models knowledge-guided prompt selection as a multi-armed bandit problem. Our method first constructs two knowledge bases from API documentation and bug reports, then dynamically selects and refines prompt strategies based on real-time feedback. These strategies are tailored to the knowledge types in the respective bases. We design a multi-dimensional reward function to evaluate each batch of generated seeds by measuring their error-triggering potential and behavioral diversity, enabling a balanced exploration of both syntactically valid and bug-triggering test cases. Our experiments on three DL libraries, PaddlePaddle, MindSpore, and OneFlow, identify 17 previously unknown crash bugs, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed approach. Full article
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