Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (263)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = LiMn2O4 cathode materials

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 4358 KiB  
Article
Nickel-Rich Cathodes for Solid-State Lithium Batteries: Comparative Study Between PVA and PIB Binders
by José M. Pinheiro, Beatriz Moura Gomes, Manuela C. Baptista and M. Helena Braga
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2974; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142974 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 396
Abstract
The growing demand for high-energy, safe, and sustainable lithium-ion batteries has increased interest in nickel-rich cathode materials and solid-state electrolytes. This study presents a scalable wet-processing method for fabricating composite cathodes for all-solid-state batteries. The cathodes studied herein are high-nickel LiNi0.90Mn [...] Read more.
The growing demand for high-energy, safe, and sustainable lithium-ion batteries has increased interest in nickel-rich cathode materials and solid-state electrolytes. This study presents a scalable wet-processing method for fabricating composite cathodes for all-solid-state batteries. The cathodes studied herein are high-nickel LiNi0.90Mn0.05Co0.05O2, NMC955, the sulfide-based electrolyte Li6PS5Cl, and alternative binders—polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyisobutylene (PIB)—dispersed in toluene, a non-polar solvent compatible with the electrolyte. After fabrication, the cathodes were characterized using SEM/EDX, sheet resistance, and Hall effect measurements. Electrochemical tests were additionally performed in all-solid-state battery half-cells comprising the synthesized cathodes, lithium metal anodes, and Li6PS5Cl as the separator and electrolyte. The results show that both PIB and PVA formulations yielded conductive cathodes with stable microstructures and uniform particle distribution. Electrochemical characterization exposed that the PVA-based cathode outperformed the PIB-based counterpart, achieving the theoretical capacity of 192 mAh·g−1 even at 1C, whereas the PIB cathode reached a maximum capacity of 145 mAh.g−1 at C/40. Post-mortem analysis confirmed the structural integrity of the cathodes. These findings demonstrate the viability of NMC955 as a high-capacity cathode material compatible with solid-state systems. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Cycle Life of Silicon Oxide–Based Lithium-Ion Batteries via a Nonflammable Fluorinated Ester–Based Electrolyte
by Kihun An, Yen Hai Thi Tran, Dong Guk Kang and Seung-Wan Song
Batteries 2025, 11(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11070250 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 709
Abstract
Silicon oxide–graphite is a promising high-capacity anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, despite using a small fraction (≤5%) of Si, it suffers from a short cycle life owing to intrinsic swelling and particle pulverization during cycling, making practical application challenging. High-nickel [...] Read more.
Silicon oxide–graphite is a promising high-capacity anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, despite using a small fraction (≤5%) of Si, it suffers from a short cycle life owing to intrinsic swelling and particle pulverization during cycling, making practical application challenging. High-nickel (Ni ≥ 80%) oxide cathodes for high-energy-density LIBs and their operation beyond 4.2 V have been pursued, which requires the anodic stability of the electrolyte. Herein, we report a nonflammable multi-functional fluorinated ester–based liquid electrolyte that stabilizes the interfaces and suppresses the swelling of highly loaded 5 wt% SiO–graphite anode and LiNi0.88Co0.08Mn0.04O2 cathode simultaneously in a 3.5 mAh cm−2 full cell, and improves cycle life and battery safety. Surface characterization results reveal that the interfacial stabilization of both the anode and cathode by a robust and uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, enriched with fluorinated ester-derived inorganics, enables 80% capacity retention of the full cell after 250 cycles, even under aggressive conditions of 4.35 V, 1 C and 45 °C. This new electrolyte formulation presents a new opportunity to advance SiO-based high-energy density LIBs for their long operation and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Batteries)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4353 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of the Li3PO4-Coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Materials for High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries
by So Young Choi, Jong Hun Sung, Fuead Hasan, Sangram Keshari Mohanty, Madhusudana Koratikere Srinivasa and Hyun Deog Yoo
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133387 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 564
Abstract
High-voltage spinel (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4; LNMO) has been a prospective cathode material that may exploit the maximal voltage of 5 V for lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application has been hindered by the severe electrochemical instability of the Ni [...] Read more.
High-voltage spinel (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4; LNMO) has been a prospective cathode material that may exploit the maximal voltage of 5 V for lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application has been hindered by the severe electrochemical instability of the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox couple at such a high voltage. Herein, we coated lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) on the surface of the LNMO by a wet-coating method to improve the electrochemical stability. The coating layer provided an effective cathode–electrolyte interphase, which prevented the excessive decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of LNMO cathode. The Li3PO4-coated LNMO exhibited enhanced rate capability in accordance with the lowered solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and charge-transfer resistance values from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 7261 KiB  
Review
Critical Pathways for Transforming the Energy Future: A Review of Innovations and Challenges in Spent Lithium Battery Recycling Technologies
by Zhiyong Lu, Liangmin Ning, Xiangnan Zhu and Hao Yu
Materials 2025, 18(13), 2987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18132987 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 729
Abstract
In the wake of global energy transition and the “dual-carbon” goal, the rapid growth of electric vehicles has posed challenges for large-scale lithium-ion battery decommissioning. Retired batteries exhibit dual attributes of strategic resources (cobalt/lithium concentrations several times higher than natural ores) and environmental [...] Read more.
In the wake of global energy transition and the “dual-carbon” goal, the rapid growth of electric vehicles has posed challenges for large-scale lithium-ion battery decommissioning. Retired batteries exhibit dual attributes of strategic resources (cobalt/lithium concentrations several times higher than natural ores) and environmental risks (heavy metal pollution, electrolyte toxicity). This paper systematically reviews pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery technologies, identifying bottlenecks: high energy/lithium loss in pyrometallurgy, and corrosion/cost/solvent regeneration issues in hydrometallurgy. To address these, an integrated recycling process is proposed: low-temperature physical separation (liquid nitrogen embrittlement grinding + froth flotation) for cathode–anode separation, mild roasting to convert lithium into water-soluble compounds for efficient metal oxide separation, stepwise alkaline precipitation for high-purity lithium salts, and co-precipitation synthesis of spherical hydroxide precursors followed by segmented sintering to regenerate LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes with morphology/electrochemical performance comparable to virgin materials. This low-temperature, precision-controlled methodology effectively addresses the energy-intensive, pollutive, and inefficient limitations inherent in conventional recycling processes. By offering an engineered solution for sustainable large-scale recycling and high-value regeneration of spent ternary lithium ion batteries (LIBs), this approach proves pivotal in advancing circular economy development within the renewable energy sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3974 KiB  
Article
Surface Oxygen Vacancy Modulation of Nanostructured Li-Rich Mn-Based Oxides for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Jinxia Nong, Xiayan Zhao, Fangan Liang, Shengkun Jia and Zhengguang Zou
Materials 2025, 18(11), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18112537 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 556
Abstract
Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials are considered potential cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their outstanding theoretical capacity and energy density. Nonetheless, challenges like oxygen loss, transition metal migration, and structural changes during cycling have limited their potential for commercialization. The work [...] Read more.
Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials are considered potential cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their outstanding theoretical capacity and energy density. Nonetheless, challenges like oxygen loss, transition metal migration, and structural changes during cycling have limited their potential for commercialization. The work in this study employed a straightforward heat treatment to generate oxygen vacancies. This process led to the development of a spinel phase on the surface, which improved Li+ diffusion and boosted the electrochemical performance of Li-rich Mn-based oxides. The results demonstrate that the treated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 exhibits an initial specific capacity of 247 mAh·g−1 at 0.2C, as well as a reversible capacity of 224 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles, with a capacity retention of 90.7%. The voltage decay is 1.221 mV per cycle under 1C long-term cycling conditions, indicating excellent cycling stability and minimal voltage drop. Therefore, this strategy of engineering through nanoscale oxygen vacancies provides a new idea for the development of high-stability layered oxide anodes and provides a reference for the development and application of new energy materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2067 KiB  
Article
Innovative Integration of Citric Acid Leaching and Electrodialysis for Selective Lithium Recovery from NMC Cathode Material
by Soukayna Badre-Eddine, Laurence Muhr and Alexandre Chagnes
Metals 2025, 15(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060598 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 677
Abstract
With the growing demand for metals driven by technological advancements and population growth, recycling lithium-ion batteries has become vital for protecting the environment and recovering valuable materials. Developing sustainable recycling technologies is now more essential than ever. This paper focuses on using electrodialysis [...] Read more.
With the growing demand for metals driven by technological advancements and population growth, recycling lithium-ion batteries has become vital for protecting the environment and recovering valuable materials. Developing sustainable recycling technologies is now more essential than ever. This paper focuses on using electrodialysis to process a leach solution of LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC 111) cathode materials leached with citric acid. This study demonstrates that the complexing properties of citrate anions contribute to the efficient separation of Li from Ni, Co, and Mn by electrodialysis. This is achieved by promoting the formation of anionic species for Ni, Co, and Mn while maintaining Li in its cationic form. The leach solution was produced under the following optimal experimental conditions to reach a final pH of 5 and high leaching efficiency: a citric acid concentration of 1 mol L−1, a leaching temperature of 45 °C, a leaching time of 5 h, a liquid/solid ratio of 100 g/L, and 8 vol.% H2O2. These conditions resulted in leaching efficiencies of 89.3% for Ni, 95.1% for Co, 77.1% for Mn, and 92.9% for Li. This solution led to the formation of a lithium-rich supernatant and a precipitate. The supernatant was then used as the feed solution for electrodialysis. Pure lithium was successfully separated with a faradic efficiency of 71.4% with a commercial cation-exchange membrane. This strategy enables selective lithium recovery while minimizing membrane fouling during the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Extractive Metallurgy)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 5504 KiB  
Article
Boosting Electrochemical Performances of Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathode Materials by La Doping via Enhanced Structural Stability
by Shumei Dou, Bo Li, Zhuolu Guo, Ruoxin Teng, Lijun Ren, Huiqin Li, Weiwei Zhao and Fenyan Wei
Coatings 2025, 15(6), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060643 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
La-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 cathode materials were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, element valence states, cyclic voltammetry, and cyclic properties were characterized to investigate the properties of the synthesized materials. The as-prepared [...] Read more.
La-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 cathode materials were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, element valence states, cyclic voltammetry, and cyclic properties were characterized to investigate the properties of the synthesized materials. The as-prepared La-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 materials exhibit well the crystalline hexagonal layered structures with lamellar-like particles featuring a rough surface. The optimal sample, designated as LLRMO-2 with 1/100 La3+ doping, delivers an impressive discharge capacity of 271.2 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 87.8% after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g−1 compared with that of 203.5 mAh g−1 with only 110.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles for the pristine sample. Furthermore, the LLRMO-2 cathode exhibits a superior rate capability compared to the pristine sample and shows excellent cyclic performances with the capacity retention of 48.1% after 400 cycles. The voltage decay per cycle is only 1.60 mV, which is less than 3.70 mV of the pristine one. The enhanced capacity, rate capability, and cyclic performance observed in the La-doped Li-rich layered cathode can be attributed to the improved structural stability as well as the higher diffusion coefficient of lithium ions. These results suggest that the strategy of introducing La3+ into the transition metal slabs is an efficient approach for boosting electrochemical performances of Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials via enhancing structural stability. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Ti-Doped, Mn-Based Polyanionic Compounds of Na4Fe1.2Mn1.8(PO4)2P2O7 for Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode
by Hualin Li, Gang Pang, Weilong Zhang, Qingan Zhang, Linrui Hou and Changzhou Yuan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080581 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 736
Abstract
Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) is recognized as a prospective electrode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its structure stability, economic viability and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, its commercialization is constrained by low operating voltage and [...] Read more.
Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) is recognized as a prospective electrode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its structure stability, economic viability and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, its commercialization is constrained by low operating voltage and limited theoretical capacity, which result in a power density significantly inferior to that of LiFePO4. To address these limitations, in this work, we first designed and synthesized a series of Mn-doped NFPP to enhance its operating voltage, inspired by the successful design of LiFe1-xMnxPO4 cathodes. This approach was implemented to enhance the operating voltage of the material. Subsequently, the optimized Na4Fe1.2Mn1.8(PO4)2P2O7 (1.8Mn-NFMPP) sample was selected for further Ti-doped modification to enhance its cycle durability and rate performance. The final Mn/Ti co-doped Na4Fe1.2Mn1.7Ti0.1(PO4)2P2O7 (0.1Ti-NFMTPP) material exhibited a high operating voltage of ~3.6 V (vs. Na+/Na) in a half cell, with an outstanding reversible capacity of 122.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and remained at 90.6% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. When assembled into a coin-type full cell employing a commercial hard carbon anode, the optimized cathode material exhibited an initial capacity of 101.7 mAh g−1, retaining 86.9% capacity retention over 50 cycles at 0.1 C. These results illustrated that optimal Mn/Ti co-doping is an effective methodology to boost the electrochemical behavior of NFPP materials, achieving mitigation of the Jahn–Teller effect on the Mn3+ and Mn dissolution problem, thereby significantly improving structural stability and cycling performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 9231 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Properties of a Pressurized Deep Eutectic Solvent and Its Application in Extraction Metallurgy
by Dianchun Ju, Yunjie Bao, Leyan Jiang, Yingying Li and Chunyu Chen
Metals 2025, 15(4), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040350 - 23 Mar 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents are widely employed in the recycling and reuse of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials because of their non-toxicity, low cost, and recyclability. Although DESs have a high recovery rate for metals and are more environmentally friendly, they typically require a [...] Read more.
Deep eutectic solvents are widely employed in the recycling and reuse of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials because of their non-toxicity, low cost, and recyclability. Although DESs have a high recovery rate for metals and are more environmentally friendly, they typically require a longer time or higher temperatures. High temperature and pressure considerably improve leaching efficiency in traditional aqueous systems; this study investigates whether the same is true in DES systems. The physicochemical properties of a DES composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and malonic acid (MA) (1:1) were measured before and after high-temperature and high-pressure treatments, along with their effects on the leaching efficiency of cathode materials for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The results show that after treatment, the 632.03 cm−1 twisted vibration peak of C-O was red-shifted to 603 cm−1 and the alkyl chain of the DES was lengthened, whereas the 1150.52 cm−1 C-O peak was blue-shifted to 1219 cm−1 and the hydrogen-bonding effect was weakened. At long reaction times, crystals appeared inside the DES. Over time, the crystals increased in size and became less dense, and the color of the material changed from clear to blue to green. After pressurization treatment, the conductivity of the DES increased considerably over its value at atmospheric pressure. The leaching efficiency of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn were 53.20, 47.24, 26.27, and 48.57%, respectively, at 3 h of leaching at atmospheric pressure. The leaching efficiency increased to 78.20, 79.74, 69.76, and 81.80%, respectively, after being pressurized at 3.3 MPa. On this basis, the reaction time was extended to 6 h, and the leaching efficiency of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn were 96.41, 97.62, 98.13, and 97.34%, respectively, trending towards complete leaching. The leaching efficiency of spent LIB cathode materials in DESs was considerably improved under pressurized conditions, providing an efficient method for recovering spent LIB cathode materials using DESs. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6183 KiB  
Article
Strontium Doping Promotes Low-Temperature Growth of Single-Crystalline Ni-Rich Cathodes with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
by Jiaqi Wang, Yunchang Wang, Mengran Zheng and Feipeng Cai
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061320 - 17 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 775
Abstract
Nickel-rich cathode materials have emerged as ideal candidates for electric vehicles due to their high energy density; however, polycrystalline materials are prone to microcrack formation and unavoidable side reactions with electrolytes during cycling, leading to structural instability and capacity degradation. Herein, an Sr-doped [...] Read more.
Nickel-rich cathode materials have emerged as ideal candidates for electric vehicles due to their high energy density; however, polycrystalline materials are prone to microcrack formation and unavoidable side reactions with electrolytes during cycling, leading to structural instability and capacity degradation. Herein, an Sr-doped single-crystalline nickel-rich LiNi0.88Co0.05Mn0.07O2/Sr cathode material is synthesized, with Sr doping levels controlled at x = 0.3%, 0.5%, 1 mol%. The nickel-rich LiNi0.88Co0.05Mn0.07O2/Sr cathode features particle sizes of approximately 2 μm, at a relatively low temperature. It inhibits the microcrack formation, prevents electrolyte penetration into the particle interior, and reduce side reactions, thereby enhancing structural stability. This enables the cathode to deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 205.3 mAh g−1at 0.1 C and 170.8 mAh g−1 at 10 C, within the voltage range of 2.7 V–4.3 V, and an outstanding capacity retention of 96.61% at 1 C after 100 cycles. These improvements can be attributed to the Sr-doping, which reduces the single-crystal growth temperature, effectively mitigating Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing. Moreover, the incorporation of Sr expands the interlayer spacing, thereby facilitating Li+ diffusion. The doping strategy employed in this work provides a new insight for low-temperature single-crystal materials synthesis, significantly improving the electrochemical performance of nickel-rich cathode materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8817 KiB  
Article
Mg2+ and Cr3+ Co-Doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Derived from Ni/Mn Bimetal Oxide as High-Performance Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Dehua Ma, Jiawei Wang, Haifeng Wang, Guibao Qian, Xingjie Zhou, Zhengqing Pei, Kexin Zheng, Qian Wang and Ju Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060429 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 802
Abstract
In this study, pure and Mg2+/Cr3+ co-doped Ni/Mn bimetallic oxides were used as precursors to synthesize pristine and doped LNMO samples. The LNMO samples exhibited the same crystal structure as the precursors. XRD analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of LNMO [...] Read more.
In this study, pure and Mg2+/Cr3+ co-doped Ni/Mn bimetallic oxides were used as precursors to synthesize pristine and doped LNMO samples. The LNMO samples exhibited the same crystal structure as the precursors. XRD analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of LNMO cathode materials using Ni/Mn bimetallic oxides as precursors. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy reveal that Mg2+/Cr3+ co-doping promotes the formation of the Fd3m disordered phase, effectively reducing electrochemical polarization and charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, co-doping significantly lowers the Mn3+ content on the LNMO surface, thereby mitigating Mn3+ dissolution. Significantly, Mg2+/Cr3+ co-doping induces the emergence of high-surface-energy {100} crystal facets in LNMO grains, which promote lithium-ion transport and, finally, enhance rate capability and cycling performance. Electrochemical analysis indicates that the initial discharge capacities of LNMO-0, LNMO-0.005, LNMO-0.010, and LNMO-0.015 were 126.4, 125.3, 145.3, and 138.2 mAh·g−1, respectively, with capacity retention rates of 82.45%, 82.93%, 83.32%, and 82.08% after 100 cycles. Furthermore, the impedance of LNMO-0.010 prior to cycling was 97.38 Ω, representing a 14.35% reduction compared to the pristine sample. After 100 cycles, its impedance was only 58.61% of that of the pristine sample, highlighting its superior rate capability and cycling stability. As far as we know, studies on the synthesis of LNMO cathode materials via the design of Ni/Mn bimetallic oxides remain limited. Accordingly, this work provides an innovative approach for the preparation and modification of LNMO cathode materials. The investigation of Ni/Mn bimetallic oxides as precursors, combined with co-doping by Mg2+ and Cr3+, for the synthesis of high-performance LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) aims to provide insights into improving rate capability, cycling stability, reducing impedance, and enhancing capacity retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 8877 KiB  
Article
KOH-Assisted Molten Salt Route to High-Performance LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Materials
by Feng Pang, Fushan Feng, Shuyu Zhang, Na Feng, Changkun Cai and Shengli An
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040797 - 9 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1129
Abstract
A simple and cost-effective route based on a KOH-assisted molten salt method is designed here to synthesize LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel. Pure-phase LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 can be successfully prepared using chlorides as raw materials and adding KOH [...] Read more.
A simple and cost-effective route based on a KOH-assisted molten salt method is designed here to synthesize LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel. Pure-phase LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 can be successfully prepared using chlorides as raw materials and adding KOH at 700 °C. The structure, morphology, and performance are discussed in detail. The measurements reveal that using KOH-assisted synthesis can optimize the crystal structure of the obtained LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 samples, resulting in grain refinement while maintaining the predominantly octahedral structure that grows along the (111) crystal plane. This new synthesis pathway provides excellent performance in terms of cycle life. Electrochemical tests show that the KOH-assisted sample exhibits higher initial specific capacities (124.1 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 C and 111.4 mAh·g−1 at 3 C) and superior cycling performances (capacity retention of 85.0% after 200 cycles at 0.2 C and 95.70% after 100 cycles at 3 C). This provides a potential solution for the practical application of high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 lithium-ion batteries. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 14478 KiB  
Article
Integrated Lithium-Rich yLi2MnO3∙(1-y)LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany, Rasha S. El-Tawil, Ahmed M. Hashem, Alain Mauger and Christian M. Julien
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031346 - 5 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1052
Abstract
Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes yLi2MnO3∙(1-y)LiMO2 (M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g−1, but their significant drawbacks [...] Read more.
Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes yLi2MnO3∙(1-y)LiMO2 (M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g−1, but their significant drawbacks are capacity fading and voltage decay during cycling. In this study, new stoichiometric high-voltage Li-rich oxides with y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5 are synthesized in identical conditions using a sol–gel method. These compositions were analyzed to determine their optimal configuration and to understand their extraordinary behavior. Their nanostructural properties were investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology and grain-size distribution of the samples were characterized by BET, SEM and HRTEM analyses. The electrochemical performances of the integrated Li- and Mn-rich compounds were evaluated through galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The best cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 had a capacity retention of 83.6% after 100 cycles in the potential range 2.0–4.8 V vs. Li+/Li. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5101 KiB  
Article
Promoting Sustainability in the Recycling of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels and Li-Ion Batteries Through LIBS-Assisted Waste Sorting
by Agnieszka Królicka, Anna Maj and Grzegorz Łój
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030838 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1546
Abstract
To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy [...] Read more.
To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was selected and employed to identify fluoropolymers in photovoltaic back sheets and to determine the thickness of layers containing fluorine. LIBS was also used for Li-Ion batteries to reveal the elemental composition of anode, cathode, and separator materials. The analysis not only revealed all the elements contained in the electrodes but also, in the case of cathode materials, allowed distinguishing a single-component cathode (cathode A containing LiCoO2) from multi-component materials (cathode B containing a mixture of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4). The results of LIBS analysis were verified using SEM-EDS analysis and XRD examination. Additionally, an indirect method for identifying fluoropolymers (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)) employed to prepare dispersions of cathode materials was proposed according to the differences in wettability of both polymers. By enabling efficient material identification and separation, this study advances sustainable recycling practices, supporting circular economy goals in the renewable energy sector. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2747 KiB  
Article
Improving Electrochemical Performance of Ultrahigh-Loading Cathodes via the Addition of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
by Chan Ju Choi, Tae Heon Kim, Hyun Woo Kim, Do Man Jeon and Jinhyup Han
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030156 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1130
Abstract
Achieving high energy densities in lithium-ion batteries requires advancements in electrode materials and design. This study investigated the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with high commercial viability as conductive additives into two types of high-nickel cathode materials, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn [...] Read more.
Achieving high energy densities in lithium-ion batteries requires advancements in electrode materials and design. This study investigated the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with high commercial viability as conductive additives into two types of high-nickel cathode materials, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and LiNi0.92Co0.07Mn0.01O2. To ensure a uniform distribution within the electrodes, MWCNTs were uniformly dispersed in the solvent using ultrasonication, the most effective and straightforward dispersion method. This enhancement improved both electronic and ionic conductivity, facilitating the formation of an efficient electron transfer network. Unlike the cells using only carbon black, the electrodes with MWCNTs exhibited lower internal resistances, facilitating higher lithium-ion diffusion. The cells with MWCNTs exhibited a capacity retention of 89.5% over their cycle life, and the cells with 2 wt% MWCNTs exhibited a superior rate capability at a high current density of 1 C. This study highlights that incorporating well-dispersed MWCNTs effectively enhances the electrochemical performance of ultrahigh-loading cathodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), providing valuable insights into electrode design. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop