Search Results (90)

Background/Objectives: Recessive titinopathies caused by biallelic TTN truncating variants (TTNtvs) present a clinically heterogeneous spectrum from fetal demise to late-onset slowly progressive distal muscular dystrophy. Prognostic counseling is challenging due to the vast size of the TTN gene, complex splicing patterns, and differential expression throughout developmental stages and tissues. This paper aims to delineate the regional genotype patterns and clinical characteristics of recessive titinopathies described from the prenatal period onwards to inform genotype–phenotype associations and genetic counseling. Methods: We analyzed clinical and genetic data from a prenatal-onset cohort with biallelic TTNtvs from both previously reported cases and novel cases from our center. To characterize the regional distribution of biallelic variants within this specific cohort, a two-dimensional scatter plot was utilized to map variants onto 10 biological regions (R1–R10) and 55 analytical units (U1–U55). We also performed Fisher’s exact tests on the subset of 50 cases with confirmed survival records to evaluate statistically significant associations between biallelic regional or percent spliced-in (PSI) thresholds combinations and severe clinical endpoints (intrauterine demise or death before 5 years). Results: A total of 96 prenatal cases from 76 unrelated families were analyzed. Decreased fetal movement was the most commonly reported symptom, observed in 81.3% (78/96) of cases, which was followed by arthrogryposis in 45.8% (44/96) and amniotic fluid volume abnormalities in 35.4% (34/96). Additionally, of the 95 cases with known pregnancy outcomes, 25.3% (24/95) resulted in termination and 11.6% (11/95) resulted in intrauterine demise (IUD), while 63.2% (60/95) reached birth with over 16.7% (10/60) being preterm. Among 60 live-born infants, severe postnatal morbidity was high: 45.0% (27/60) experienced respiratory failure, and 33.3% (20/60) died before the age of five. In this cohort, 84.4% (81/96) of cases possessed at least one TTNtv in either the metatranscript-only or A-band regions. The most common biallelic changes involved TTNtvs in both the A-band and metatranscript-only regions, accounting for 35.4% (34/96) of cases, followed by metatranscript-only combined with I-band variants at 16.7% (16/96), regardless of the PSI score of exons. Overall, 83.3% (80/96) had ≥1 variant on low-PSI (<50%) exons, and 19.8% (19/96) had both alleles on these low-PSI exons. In the 50 patients with confirmed survival records, biallelic changes (excluding splice-site variants) affecting both high-PSI (>90%) exons were significantly associated with severe outcomes (intrauterine demise or death before 5 years; exact p = 0.015), whereas the metatranscript-only plus I-band combination conferred a significantly lower risk of lethality before 5 years of age (exact p = 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings add to the accumulating evidence that TTNtvs on low PSl exons or metatranscript-only regions are frequently observed among reported prenatal-onset recessive titinopathy. Health surveillance for heterozygous carriers among family members is warranted due to the substantial risk for adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Full article

Background: TikTok has emerged as a major source of health information, including content related to intrauterine devices (IUDs). However, the accuracy, quality, and engagement patterns of IUD-related content on this platform remain insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated the informational quality, thematic focus, misinformation prevalence, and engagement metrics of widely viewed IUD-related TikTok videos. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional content analysis was conducted of TikTok videos retrieved using 12 IUD-related search terms. Engagement metrics, creator characteristics, and content features were extracted, including educational, testimonial, and advice-seeking videos. Advice-seeking videos were included to capture user-generated concerns and inquiries that may influence engagement with health-related content on social media platforms. Informational reliability and quality were assessed using the Modified DISCERN instrument and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Differences across groups were examined using t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests. Results: A total of 458 videos were included. Nearly half were testimonial or advice-seeking (47.8%), while 38.9% were educational. Most content was produced by non-healthcare creators (76.4%). Engagement metrics did not differ significantly across video type, source, or creator qualification (all p > 0.05). Frequently discussed topics included adverse effects (36.5%), insertion experiences (31.2%), and device removal or discontinuation (19.9%). Overall informational quality was low, with mean GQS and Modified DISCERN scores of 2.0 and 1.8, respectively. Physician-created content demonstrated significantly higher quality and reliability scores (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Widely viewed IUD-related TikTok content demonstrates high engagement but generally low informational quality. Full article

Increasing use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) makes effective pain management essential for high-quality care. However, gaps between patient and clinician pain perceptions, along with limited training in managing IUD-related acute pain, contribute to barriers in IUD use and patient–provider mistrust. This narrative review aims at (1) summarizing current IUD-related pain management, (2) evaluating the emphasis on pain education and management, including IUD insertion pain, in medical education, and (3) examining how gaps in pain education and management may affect clinicians’ preparedness to manage patients’ IUD-related pain. Relevant literature was identified through keyword searches across major databases and national organizations. Studies on IUD pain management approaches and pain education in undergraduate medical education (UME), graduate medical education (GME), and residency programs were included. The results section outlines the current IUD insertion pain-management options available and their limitations, alongside evidence of insufficient emphasis on pain education and its management in medical school and residency training. In conclusion, the study indicates that, although all pain-management approaches reduce perceived IUD-related pain, significant gaps in national guidelines, clinician–patient pain-perception non-alignment, and pain-education across UME and GME may be contributary to inconsistent clinical practices. A multi-pronged approach that includes strengthening pain-education throughout medical training could be one way to reduce these disparities by improving clinicians’ competence to manage pain effectively. Full article

We assessed whether consuming UV light-exposed mushrooms (UVMs) would offset the seasonal decline in circulating total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), an index of vitamin D status. During late fall and winter, 41 adults (19 M/22 F, age 43 ± 11 y, BMI 29.8 ± 5.9 kg/m², mean ± SD) were randomized to consume either 84 g of fresh Agaricus bisporus twice/d (produced to contain 400 IU of vitamin D₂/serving; 800 IU/d total) or 1 tsp of breadcrumbs twice/d (Control) while continuing to consume their self-chosen diets. At baseline and week 6, fasting serum 25OHD₂, 25OHD₃, and total 25OHD were measured. Mushrooms were sampled weekly and vitamin D₂ content measured. From the intent-to-treat analysis (Mushroom group, n = 20, and Control group, n = 21), 25OHD₂ increased and 25OHD₃ decreased in the Mushroom group over winter months compared to Control with no differences in the decrease in total 25OHD between groups. Unexpectedly, only 67% of the UVMs contained vitamin D₂. Post hoc subgroup assessment indicated that participants consuming UVMs (n = 11) had increased 25OHD₂ and a greater decline in 25OHD₃ compared to subgroups consuming mushrooms without vitamin D₂ (n = 9) and Control (n = 21), with no differences in the decrease in total 25OHD among subgroups. Consuming UVMs increased serum 25OHD₂ but did not prevent a seasonal decline in vitamin D status due to a greater decrease in 25OHD₃. Full article

Background/Objectives: To compare the maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies undergoing amniocentesis with those undergoing non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), within a cohort of women with comparable clinical indications, aiming to evaluate differences in adverse outcomes in a risk-indicated population. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, pregnancy outcomes of 2044 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis and 7668 pregnant women who underwent NIPT were evaluated using single-center data. The analysis was restricted to pregnancies with normal/reportable test results and without structural or genetic anomalies. Pregnancy loss outcomes were evaluated in the full cohort, while perinatal outcomes were analyzed among cases with available delivery data (377 amniocentesis and 2063 NIPT cases). Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes, including miscarriage, intrauterine fetal demise (IUD), preterm birth (PTB), pregnancy-induced hypertensive diseases (PIHDs), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and low APGAR scores (<7), were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results: Amniocentesis was associated with a significantly higher risk of an adverse outcome compared to NIPT in this risk-indicated cohort. The likelihood of miscarriage was significantly higher in the amniocentesis group (aOR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.17–3.14, p = 0.025), as was the risk of IUD (aOR: 4.10, 95% CI: 2.05–8.20, p < 0.001). PTB risk was also increased (aOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.53–2.51, p < 0.001). LBW was significantly more prevalent in the amniocentesis group (aOR: 7.73, 95% CI: 5.40–11.05, p < 0.001), and the likelihood of delivering a SGA neonate was also increased (aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02–2.06, p = 0.040). A 1st-minute APGAR score < 7 was also more frequent in the amniocentesis group (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.16, p = 0.022), although the association with 5th-minute APGAR scores < 7 did not reach statistical significance (aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.83–2.52, p = 0.193). Overall, the risk of composite maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes (aOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.41–2.22, p < 0.001) as well as composite fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes (aOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.50–2.58, p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the amniocentesis group compared to the NIPT group. No significant association was observed for PIHD, GDM, or ICP. Conclusions: Our findings showed that, apart from fetal loss, amniocentesis may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as PTB, LBW, SGA and low APGAR scores. Full article

This preliminary study investigated the effects of ante-mortem Vitamin D₃ (VD₃) supplementation on blood parameters and meat quality in Yanbian yellow bulls. Twenty healthy Yanbian yellow bulls (intact male Yanbian yellow bulls, 30 ± 1 months of age; initial body weight 534 ± 15 kg) were allocated into five groups: a control (basal diet) and four treatment groups with varying VD₃ regimens (3 × 10⁶ or 6 × 10⁶ IU/d for 7 days, with or without a 7-day withdrawal). Results demonstrated that, compared to the control group, VD₃ supplementation elevated serum calcium (p < 0.01) and phosphorus levels (p < 0.05) while enhancing antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and immunoglobulin production (p < 0.01). Muscle calcium deposition increased (p < 0.01), accompanied by higher meat lightness (CIE L*) values (p < 0.01) and reduced drip loss rate (p < 0.01). Shear force decreased across cuts (p < 0.01), which was linked to calpain-mediated protein degradation and sarcomere elongation (p < 0.01). Under the conditions of this study, the protocol involving 3.0 × 10⁶ IU/d VD₃ supplementation for 7 days followed by a 7-day withdrawal yielded the most favorable outcomes. These findings suggest a potential strategy to improve beef quality by regulating calcium homeostasis and enhancing muscle proteolysis, warranting further validation in larger populations. Full article

Background: Cefiderocol, a siderophore cephalosporin, is approved for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). At present, few data are available on the pharmacokinetics of this substance in critically ill patients, particularly for the treatment of central nervous system infections. Patients and Methods: Here, we reported on a 22-year-old male patient after severe open head trauma. Initial screening revealed colonization with 4MRGN A. baumannii (OXA-23) (perianal) and 4MRGN K. pneumoniae (KPC) (tracheal). Unfortunately, he developed ventriculitis (4MRGN A. baumannii). According to microbiological testing, the patient with normal renal function received 3 × 2 g/d i.v. cefiderocol as a prolonged infusion (3 h) and colistin 3 × 3 Mio. IU/d i.v. for 2 weeks. In addition to serum trough levels, drug monitoring was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via external ventricular drainage (24 h aliquots). Results: Serum and CSF specimens analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) in the presence of severe meningeal inflammation yielded average CSF concentrations of cefiderocol from 5.48 to 8.40 (median 6.98) μg/mL and a concentration ratio C_{CSF mean}/C_{serum trough} from 0.38 to 0.76 (median 0.48). The cefiderocol levels in the CSF were sufficient for eradication of A. baumannii. A subsequent CSF infection with K. pneumoniae (found initially in screening and resistant to cefiderocol) after completed treatment with cefiderocol was successfully treated with gentamicin (intrathecally) and ceftazidime/avibactam (i.v.). However, the patient died due to a Candida tropicalis infection detected in the CSF on day 71. Conclusions: Our results indicate that standard dosages of cefiderocol are sufficient for treatment of CNS infections in the presence of a severe disruption of the blood–CSF barrier. Full article

In this work, three novel optimization algorithms—collectively referred to as the BxR algorithms—and their multi-objective versions, referred to as the MO-BxR algorithms, are applied to diverse heat transfer systems. Five representative case studies are presented: two single-objective problems involving a heat exchanger network and a jet-plate solar air heater; a two-objective optimization of Y-type fins in phase-change thermal energy storage units; and two three-objective problems involving TPMS–fin three-fluid heat exchangers and Tesla-valve evaporative cold plates for LiFePO₄ battery modules. The proposed algorithms are compared with leading evolutionary optimizers, including IUDE, εMAgES, iL-SHADEε, COLSHADE, and EnMODE, as well as NSGA-II, NSGA-III, and NSWOA. The results demonstrated improved convergence characteristics, better Pareto front diversity, and reduced computational burden. A decision-making framework is also incorporated to identify balanced, practically feasible, and engineering-preferred solutions from the Pareto sets. Overall, the results demonstrated that the BxR and MO-BxR algorithms are capable of effectively handling diverse thermal system designs and enhancing heat transfer performance. Full article

Background: Atypical endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor of endometrial carcinoma, increasingly diagnosed in reproductive-aged women. Standard hysterectomy may constitute overtreatment. Fertility-sparing approaches, oral or local progestins, hysteroscopic resection, and combined regimens are widely used, though evidence largely derives from early-stage carcinoma. Methods: CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched from inception to 13 April 2025. Eligible studies included premenopausal women with AEH treated with oral progestins, levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (LNG-IUDs), hysteroscopic resection, or combination regimens (e.g., oral progestins + metformin, LNG-IUD + GnRH analogues). Random-effects meta-analyses with multilevel modeling were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2 and ROBINS-I; certainty of evidence was graded with GRADE-PRO. Results: Forty-nine studies (2313 women) were included. The pooled complete response (CR) rate was 85% (95% CI 80–89%). LNG-IUDs resulted in 88% CR and oral progestins in 80%. Combination therapies achieved up to 95% CR, though data were limited. Hysteroscopic resection combined with hormonal therapy reported high CR rates (96–97%) but relied on small, heterogeneous cohorts with uncertain reproducibility. The pooled recurrence rate was 19% (95% CI, 13–25%), lower with LNG-IUDs (14%) compared with oral progestins (22%). No response occurred in 14% overall and was lower with LNG-IUDs (13%) than oral progestins (19%). Among women attempting conception, the pooled pregnancy rate was 41%, and the live birth rate was 30%. The mean time to achieve CR was 5.6 months, whereas the mean time to recurrence was approximately 33 months. Conclusions: LNG-IUDs provide the most effective and well-supported fertility-sparing treatment for AEH, ensuring high remission with low recurrence. Despite favorable numerical outcomes, the evidence for hysteroscopic resection is limited and inconsistent, not supporting its routine use. Combination regimens may improve response but require confirmation in larger studies. Full article

Background: Emergency contraception (EC), also known as postcoital contraception, is a method used to prevent an unintended pregnancy following unprotected or inadequately protected sexual intercourse. The available options include emergency contraceptive pills or the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). Emergency contraception pills contain either levonorgestrel (a single 1.5 mg dose, effective within 72 h) or ulipristal acetate (a single 30 mg dose, effective within 120 h), both of which are most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse. Another highly effective option is the insertion of a copper or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, although IUDs are not registered for EC use in all countries. The aims of this cross-sectional, comparative, observational study were to collect data on the emergency contraception methods used by adolescent girls and young women to examine their association with various factors, such as religious beliefs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of different emergency contraception methods, including hormonal options and intrauterine devices. Methods: Data were collected from 240 women who attended our Family Planning Clinic using a structured questionnaire that included items on their demographic characteristics, religious beliefs, medical history, lifestyle factors, contraceptive use and side effects, prior use of emergency contraception, method selected, and reasons for seeking emergency contraception. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, comparisons between religious groups were conducted using chi-square tests, and factors related to the timing of emergency contraceptive use were investigated using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: Most of the reasons for emergency contraception use did not differ significantly between Christian and Muslim participants. However, Christians were significantly more likely to use emergency contraception due to missed contraceptive doses (20.9% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.004) or the failure to take a progesterone-only pill (19.1% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.001). Levonorgestrel was the most frequently used method in both groups (48.9% of Christians vs. 60% of Muslims, p = 0.132), followed by ulipristal acetate (30.9% vs. 40%, p = 0.180). Notably, 18.5% of Christian participants used an intrauterine device (IUD) for emergency contraception, while no Muslim participants reported IUD use (p < 0.001), indicating a significant difference potentially influenced by cultural or religious factors. Conclusions: Both religious and individual sociodemographic factors affect not only the choice of emergency contraception but also the urgency with which the emergency contraception is used. Interventions aimed at improving contraception education, addressing partner-related challenges, and promoting timely access could improve reproductive health outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Fungal colonization and biofilm formation on intrauterine device (IUD) strings are known to contribute to recurrent infections and decreased contraceptive efficacy. This study aims to develop a novel approach to prevent Candida reservoir and biofilm formation on IUD strings, thereby lowering the risk of IUD-associated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods: Cervicovaginal samples were collected from human cervix using a sterile cytobrush, avoiding microbial contamination. Cytological examination using the Papanicolaou method was performed to detect the presence of Candida. The antifungal effect of the essential oils (EOs) was determined by broth dilution and disk diffusion methods. Antifungal and biofilm inhibitory effects of Thymus zygis (Tz) EO-coated IUD strings were determined by agar diffusion and crystal violet binding assays, while fungal growth on the coated strings was assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Results: Tz EO exhibited significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC ≤ 0.06 µL/mL) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC = 0.24 µL/mL) values compared to Melaleuca alternifolia (Ma) EO (MIC > 0.24 µL/mL, MFC = 1.95 µL/mL), along with larger zones of inhibition (ZOI) against both Candida albicans (110.0 ± 6.0 mm vs. 91.3 ± 7.0 mm) and Candida glabrata (84.0 ± 13.1 mm vs. 50.0 ± 9.2 mm), indicating a stronger antifungal potential. On IUD strings coated with 4% (40 μL/g) Tz EO in hypromellose ointment, the biofilm formation of both C. albicans and C. glabrata strains was inhibited by 58.9% and 66.7%, respectively, as confirmed by SEM and EDX. Conclusions: Tz EO-coated IUD strings effectively inhibit Candida growth, suggesting a promising natural strategy to reduce recurrent IUD-associated fungal infections. However, before these results can be translated to clinical practice, additional research is needed. Future investigations may encompass an extended number of Candida isolates, stability and release studies of the EO in relation to the formulation, toxicity to vaginal mucosa, epithelial cells and sperm motility, and the effect on vaginal microbiotia. Full article

The risk of indoor undercooling during winter in rural southern China poses a significant challenge to health and equity, with substantial spatial disparities driven by climatic variation and the absence of heating infrastructure. This study quantifies undercooling risk and spatial inequity across 78 rural regions using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY), simulation-based analyses, with the Indoor Undercooling Hour (IUH), Indoor Undercooling Degree (IUD) and the Gini coefficient as key indicators. Results show that indoor undercooling in self-built rural dwellings is widespread, with the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River Delta, and high-altitude south-western regions being particularly affected. Marked inequities are observed, reflected by Gini values for IUH and IUD of 0.46 and 0.58, respectively. Pronounced disparities exist across regions in both undercooling risk and socio-economic and demographic conditions, with south-western regions experiencing heavier health inequities due to smaller populations and weaker economies. Passive retrofit strategies can substantially reduce undercooling; however, exclusive reliance on them may exacerbate inequity among regions. Accordingly, active measures, such as centralized heating, are recommended in high-risk areas to promote health and equity. Full article

Objectives: Accumulating clinical evidence from experimental and observational studies with humans suggests that edible mushrooms may have beneficial effects on markers of brain health. This study examined the effects of daily consumption of fresh Agaricus bisporus (cremini mushrooms) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light on indices of anxiety, depression, mood, cognitive function, and well-being in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Over a 6-week period, adults (n = 41 (19 M/22 F), age 43 ± 11 y; BMI 29.8 ± 5.9 kg/m², mean ± SD) without severe depression, cardiovascular disease, or Type 2 Diabetes consumed two daily servings (168 g/d wet weight) of cremini mushrooms intended to provide 400 IU/serving (800 IU/d) of vitamin D₂ (n = 20) or 2 tsp/d of breadcrumbs (control, n = 21). Assessments conducted at baseline and week 6 included General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF36v2). Results: Consuming UV light-exposed mushrooms did not improve brain health outcomes. Independent of mushroom consumption, over time, there were improvements in immediate memory (RBANS), language (RBANS), and depression (BDI-II and PHQ-9). Conclusions: There were no differences observed between groups in the investigated indices of brain health. However, improvements over time were observed in Beck’s Depression Inventory and the Immediate Memory and Language domains in the RBANS, independent of mushroom consumption. Overall, consuming 2 servings/d of UV-exposed mushrooms for six weeks may not improve indices of brain health. Full article

Background: Outpatient operative hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine pathologies, including intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), which significantly affect fertility. Despite its therapeutic potential, the procedure itself may predispose patients to de novo adhesion formation. This review evaluates the effectiveness of anti-adhesion gels, particularly hyaluronic-acid-based formulations, in preventing IUAs and improving reproductive outcomes after outpatient operative hysteroscopy. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2020 and May 2025. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined using PICO guidelines. Relevant studies were screened and selected by two independent reviewers. Results: Anti-adhesion gels, especially hyaluronic acid and its derivatives, were associated with a lower recurrence of IUAs and improved reproductive outcomes. Combination therapies, such as hyaluronic acid gel with intrauterine devices (IUDs), showed better efficacy than monotherapy. Several studies also reported increased endometrial thickness, higher implantation rates, and improved pregnancy outcomes, although live birth rates remained inconsistent. Conclusions: Hyaluronic-acid-based anti-adhesion gels appear effective in reducing postoperative adhesion formation and enhancing reproductive outcomes in outpatient hysteroscopy. The best results are seen with multimodal preventive strategies. However, heterogeneity across studies highlights the need for standardized, prospective, randomized controlled trials to establish optimal clinical use. Full article

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) encompasses a broad range of infection-induced inflammatory disorders of the female upper genital tract, commonly caused by ascending sexually transmitted infections. Diagnosis is often challenging because of nonspecific or absent symptoms and the overlap with other pelvic pathologies. While clinical and laboratory assessments are essential, cross-sectional imaging plays a pivotal role, especially in complicated, atypical, or equivocal cases. This review focuses on the typical and atypical imaging features of PID and highlights the crucial roles of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in its diagnostic evaluation. CT is frequently employed in emergency settings because of its widespread availability and ability to detect acute complications such as tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA), peritonitis, or Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome. However, it is limited by ionizing radiation and suboptimal soft-tissue contrast. MRI provides superior tissue characterization and multiplanar imaging without radiation exposure. When combined with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), MRI achieves high diagnostic accuracy, particularly in differentiating PID from other entities such as endometriosis, adnexal tumors, and gastrointestinal or urinary tract diseases. This review also addresses PID in specific clinical contexts, including post-partum infection, post-assisted reproductive technologies (ART), intrauterine device (IUD) use, and chronic or recurrent forms. A comprehensive, multimodal imaging approach integrated with clinical findings is essential for timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and prevention of severe reproductive sequelae. Full article