Search Results (5,510)

Roasting time strongly influences almond oil yield, flavor and oxidative stability. This study investigated almond oils obtained by pressing almond kernels roasted at 130 °C for 0, 5, 10 and 20 min, corresponding to cold-aroma, light-aroma, strong-aroma and sauce-aroma groups, respectively, by combining physicochemical analysis, fatty acid quantification, gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), machine learning and lipidomics. Increasing roasting time enhanced oil yield from 45.81% to 50.34%, with no further significant increase after 10 min. Stronger roasting moderately reduced the free radical level. In contrast, acid value, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased from 0.28 to 0.38 mg KOH/g oil, 1.20 to 1.46 meq O₂/kg oil and 0.38 to 0.46 mg malondialdehyde/kg oil, respectively, indicating limited oxidative deterioration. Fatty acid analysis showed that oleic acid remained relatively stable at 644.37–647.03 mg/g oil, whereas linoleic acid decreased significantly from 150.42 to 140.19 mg/g oil. GC-IMS detected 59 volatile signals and clearly separated the four processing groups, indicating substantial roasting-induced changes in volatile fingerprints. A positive–unlabeled (PU) learning model used 27 literature-supported aroma-active compounds as the positive class and 32 compounds without confirmed aroma-activity evidence as the unlabeled class. The model showed good cross-validated discrimination, with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.866 and a mean area under the precision–recall curve (PR-AUC) of 0.756, and prioritized eight unlabeled compounds, mainly alcohols and methional, as candidate aroma-active compounds requiring further sensory validation. Lipidomic analysis showed that accelerated oxidation caused broad lipid remodeling, with 327 differential lipids between cold-aroma oxidized and unoxidized oils, mainly involving glycerophospholipids, glycerol lipids, sphingolipids and fatty acyls. Overall, increasing roasting time improved oil recovery and promoted aroma differentiation while causing only limited initial oxidative deterioration, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing roasting conditions in industrial processing. Full article

Liupao tea (LPT), one of China’s representative fermented dark teas, develops its unique “red, heavy, aged, and mellow” flavor characteristics. This review provides a comprehensive update on LPT aroma, integrating analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), associated microorganisms, odor-active compounds (OACs), and metabolic pathways of key odor-active compounds (KOACs). With over 2000 VOCs documented, predominated by alcohols (368), hydrocarbons (357), and ketones (351), the total for LPT substantially exceeds the approximately 1000 compounds typically reported for other dark teas. By combining sensory evaluation with techniques such as gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O) and odor activity value (OAV), KOACs, predominantly comprising alcohols, aldehydes, and methoxybenzene derivatives, were identified as key contributors to the floral, fruity, aged, stale and other notes that define LPT’s characteristic aroma. The formation of the aroma compounds is closely linked to microbial metabolism and the enzymatic activities generated by microorganisms. Fungi, including Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Geosmithia, Wallemia, Penicillium, Blastobotrys, Fusarium, and Xeromyces, and bacteria, including Burkholderia, Ralstonia, and Achromobacter, serve as the primary functional microorganisms driving fermentation and aging. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the chemical and microbial complexity of LPT aroma. Full article

The time interval between the collection of biological material and the performance of toxicological analyses is particularly important when the appropriate storage temperature cannot be maintained. This issue is especially relevant in the determination of ethanol concentration in specimens obtained from drivers suspected of intoxication or being under the influence of ethanol, as well as in samples collected during post-mortem examinations. The present study evaluated the effect of room-temperature storage on ethanol concentrations in post-mortem blood, urine, costal cartilage, and intervertebral disc cartilage collected from 57 cadavers. According to Polish law, blood ethanol concentrations > 0.2 mg/mL and >0.5 mg/mL were classified as “after alcohol use” and “intoxication”, respectively. Two subgroups were therefore distinguished from the study group: 27 ethanol-positive > 0.5 mg/mL (intoxicated) and 30 ethanol-negative cases—less than or equal to 0.5 mg/mL (sober). Ethanol concentrations were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Statistically significant differences in blood ethanol concentration were observed in ethanol-positive individuals depending on storage time after sample collection (p < 0.001). Under the storage conditions used in this study, no increase in ethanol concentration was observed in samples collected from ethanol-negative individuals. In ethanol-positive individuals, ethanol concentrations decreased progressively in all analyzed matrices during room-temperature storage. Urine showed the greatest stability throughout the observation period. In both cartilage matrices, ethanol was detectable up to day 3, whereas all measurements were negative from day 4 onward. Blood ethanol concentrations also decreased during storage. By day 4, the mean concentration was below the legal intoxication threshold. Full article

Pyroligneous liquor (PL) is a by-product of charcoal production with potential applications in agriculture, forestry, and industry. This study evaluated the influence of carbonization temperature on the yield, chemical composition, and physicochemical properties of PL obtained from Eucalyptus spp. in a sustainable kiln-furnace system. PL fractions were collected at four temperature intervals: T1 (60–170 °C), T2 (171–270 °C), T3 (271–350 °C), and T4 (351–400 °C). The recovery of condensable gases did not affect the quality of the charcoal and minimized pollutant emissions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 78 organic compounds, mainly carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, alcohols, carbohydrates, and aromatics. The highest PL yield was obtained in T3 (271–350 °C), accounting for 27% of the recovered liquor and showing high phenolic content, including syringol and catechol. In contrast, T1 (60–170 °C) showed the lowest yield and was dominated by carboxylic acids, particularly acetic acid. Carbonization temperature affected both PL composition and physicochemical properties, resulting in higher electrical conductivity and vegetable tar content at higher temperatures. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed distinct compound groups according to their concentration patterns across the evaluated temperature intervals. These results reinforce the notion that the evolution of pyrolysis vapors is not a continuous or homogeneous process, but rather occurs through discrete and chemically distinct stages driven by the sequential decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin—a behavior that directly justifies the temperature-based fractionation approach adopted. It was found that temperature-controlled fractionation effectively yields pyrolysis liquid (PL) fractions with distinct chemical profiles, facilitating the selective recovery of value-added compounds for forest biomass biorefineries and specific end-use applications, in addition to offering environmental benefits. Full article

This preliminary within-animal study focuses on the comprehensive characterization of pork jowl (PJ) by comparing it with pork belly (PB), Boston butt (BB), and spare ribs (SR) collected from the same ten castrated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs; headspace volatile analysis used a matched subset of six pigs. Instrumental quality, proximate composition, amino-acid and fatty-acid profiles, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) water distribution and headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) volatile profiles were evaluated. PB exhibited the lowest shear force, hardness, and chewiness. Across the four pork cuts, crude protein content ranged from 16.87% to 18.10%, whereas crude fat content ranged from 13.03% to 22.20%. BB had the lowest crude fat content (13.03%) and relatively high protein (18.10%) and amino-acid contents. PJ showed highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and the lowest numerical atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic indices (TI), but also the highest n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio. LF-NMR showed that PJ had the highest T₂₃ and P23 values, consistent with its higher cooking and centrifugal losses. Sixty-five headspace volatile compounds were tentatively identified under the standardized 80 °C HS-SPME conditions. OPLS-DA differentiated the four cuts, and ten compounds meeting the combined criteria of VIP > 1, q < 0.05, and OAV > 1 were retained as candidate discriminant aroma-relevant compounds. Overall, the four cuts exhibited distinct quality profiles: PJ combined a MUFA-rich lipid fraction with greater free-water mobility and water loss, PB showed the greatest instrumental tenderness, BB had the lowest crude fat content and relatively high protein and amino-acid contents, and SR exhibited the greatest headspace volatile abundance. The data provide a reference for cut-specific utilization of pork raw materials. Full article

Background/Objectives: Extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens severely limit antimicrobial treatment options. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of six essential oils obtained from Romanian medicinal plants against extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates and interpreted the antibacterial findings in the context of their previously reported chemical composition. Methods: Forty-one non-duplicate clinical isolates were included: (i) Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 21); (ii) Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 14); (iii) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4); and (iv) Providencia stuartii (n = 2). The chemical composition of the six essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Thymus pannonicus, Satureja montana, Mentha × smithiana, Mentha × piperita, and Lavandula angustifolia had been previously characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the corresponding compositional data were used in the present study. Antibacterial activity was assessed using disk-diffusion, disk-volatilization, and broth-dilution assays to determine minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations. Results: Satureja montana contained 60.9% carvacrol, T. vulgaris 44.6% carvacrol, and T. pannonicus 34.9% thymol. S. montana showed the strongest overall antibacterial activity, followed by T. vulgaris and T. pannonicus. A. baumannii isolates showed the greatest overall inhibitory response; S. montana produced direct-contact inhibition zones ≥ 25 mm in all 21 isolates and vapor–phase zones of 25–29 mm in 17 of 21 isolates. K. pneumoniae showed oil-dependent inhibition patterns, while the findings for the two P. stuartii isolates were interpreted descriptively because of the limited subgroup size. The four P. aeruginosa isolates showed the lowest overall inhibitory response, particularly in the vapor phase assay. MIC and MBC findings broadly supported the diffusion-based results, whereas L. angustifolia showed the weakest overall activity. Conclusions: Essential oils rich in phenolic monoterpenes, particularly those containing carvacrol or thymol, showed promising in vitro activity against extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates. These findings do not establish clinical efficacy and require confirmation in larger isolate collections using standardized assays, including cytotoxicity, biofilm, formulation, and synergy studies. Full article

This study investigates the degradation behavior of decommissioned wind turbine blade composites in organic fluid systems, with particular focus on the subcritical acetic acid route. Supercritical acetone and supercritical n-butanol were used as screening media, while retired-blade glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and laboratory-prepared glass fiber/epoxy composites were used to compare resin removal and fiber recovery behavior. The screening results showed that supercritical acetone and supercritical n-butanol caused partial matrix degradation but left visible organic residues on recovered fibers, whereas subcritical acetic acid produced cleaner fiber surfaces under lower-pressure conditions. The effects of temperature and reaction time were then analyzed in the subcritical acetic acid system. At 280 °C for 60 min, the epoxy resin degradation rate reached 99.81%, and the recovered glass fibers retained 96.49% of their tensile strength. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis indicated that the liquid products mainly contained phenols, esters, and other oxygenated organics, with bisphenol A derivatives as representative components. These products suggest a coupled degradation process involving epoxy network swelling, bond cleavage, fragment release, and secondary acetylation in acetic acid. The boiling-point difference between acetic acid and the main degradation products, together with the product distribution obtained after recovered-acid addition, indicates the potential of acetic acid reuse. These findings support subcritical acetic acid as a promising medium for resin removal and glass-fiber recovery from decommissioned wind turbine blade composites. Full article

Oxygenated intermediate-volatility organic compounds (OIVOCs) represent an important but poorly constrained class of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors due to analytical challenges in their molecular-level characterization. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of a non-polar gas chromatography column (HP-5MS) and a polar column (DB-Heavy WAX) for the measurement of atmospheric OIVOCs using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC/MS). A set of 48 representative oxygenated standards together with urban ambient air samples was analyzed to evaluate chromatographic separation, compound identification, and quantitative responses. The developed analytical method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.90) and precision, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) typically below 10%. The polar WAX column provided improved chromatographic resolution and peak shapes for 39 oxygenated standards (e.g., ether alcohols, esters, diesters, and nitrogen-containing compounds) driven by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions, whereas the HP-5MS column showed stronger selectivity toward non-polar species such as long-chain siloxanes and branched alkanes. Application to urban ambient samples revealed that the WAX column increased the number of identifiable OIVOC species by 14.6% relative to the HP-5MS column. Furthermore, total OIVOC concentrations derived from the WAX column were 7% higher than those obtained using the HP-5MS column, while OIVOC-to-alkane ratios were 2–4 times greater. These differences demonstrate that chromatographic selectivity can influence the characterization of oxygenated compounds within the IVOC volatility range. The potential implications of these analytical differences were further illustrated through secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) estimation, although the limited availability of experimental SOA yield data remains a major uncertainty. Overall, this study demonstrates that appropriate chromatographic method selection is essential for reducing analytical uncertainty and improving the molecular characterization of OIVOCs in complex environmental samples. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study engineered and evaluated a targeted, folate-functionalized chitosan nanoparticle (CS-FA NP) delivery system to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard quercetin and Coriandrum sativum seed extract against breast cancer. Methods: Phytochemical profiling confirmed a 14% crude yield for the methanolic extract, with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identifying quercetin as the principal bioactive agent. The synthesized CS-FA NPs exhibited a core size of 7–20 nm, an average hydrodynamic diameter of 150–160 nm, a stable zeta potential of −55 mV, and high encapsulation efficiencies (87.2% for quercetin and 80.5% for coriander). Kinetic assessments confirmed a biphasic, diffusion-controlled release matching Higuchi matrix kinetics. Anticancer activity was evaluated in vitro using MTT cytotoxicity, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis analysis, RT-qPCR, and ex vivo rat aortic ring assays, followed by validation in a syngeneic 4T1 mammary tumor mouse model. Results: In vitro, folate-receptor-targeted quercetin nanoparticles (T4) demonstrated superior, selective cytotoxicity, particularly against triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, while sparing normal fibroblasts. Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis profiling and ex vivo aortic ring assays revealed profound, cell-line-dependent programmed cell death and up to 90% inhibition of microvessel sprout outgrowth. Mechanistically, RT-qPCR verified that nano-formulations induced complete transcriptional silencing of NANOG, MMP-1, VEGFA, TSPAN8, TWIST, EMMPRIN, and CDK1, alongside marked upregulation of P27^KIP1 and P21^CIP1. In vivo, these nano-formulations successfully improved tumor-associated pathological features, reduced aggressive tumor spindle-cell proliferation, and suppressed elevated serum CA15-3 and arginase biomarkers. Conclusions: Folate-functionalized chitosan nano-formulations significantly enhanced the anticancer efficacy of quercetin and Coriandrum sativum seed extract through improved targeted delivery, potent antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, and pro-apoptotic activities, together with favorable modulation of multiple molecular pathways associated with breast cancer progression. These findings support their potential as promising targeted nanotherapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment. Full article

This study presents a gas chromatography-based electronic nose (GC-E-nose) approach for screening and classifying the response patterns of nine predefined odorants in drinking water. The PLSR models provided compound-level concentration prediction, with R² values ranging from 0.86 to 0.99 and RMSE values below 27 µg/L. LDA effectively visualized compound- and concentration-dependent response patterns. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) showed moderate discrimination among the response classes of representative standards; preparation-level leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) of the 225 valid standard-solution observations yielded an overall sample-level accuracy of 74.7% and a macro-averaged sensitivity of 77.6% across the six predefined response classes. Because none of the target ODCs was detected in the field samples, CDA could not be externally validated. Instead, matrix-matched spiked samples were used to evaluate PLSR, supporting the proposed method as a rapid screening tool prior to confirmatory GC-MS analysis. Full article

Stopping fermentation is a critical, yet insufficiently standardised, step in the production of aromatic grape distillates, as it influences residual sugar, yeast metabolism and the availability of volatile precursors. This study evaluated the must density at the time of fermentation arrest as a process control parameter for Torontel grape distillates. Five treatments were established by halting fermentation at densities ranging from 1.050 to 1.010 g/mL, followed by batch distillation. The distillates were evaluated using physicochemical analyses, including alcohol strength and the concentration of key volatile congeners such as methanol, acetaldehyde and higher alcohols. Furthermore, these analyses were complemented by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and sensory evaluation by experts. Increased must density was associated with higher concentrations of methanol, acetaldehyde and higher alcohols, whereas ethanol content decreased. Although clear differences in chemical composition were observed among the evaluated process conditions, overall sensory acceptability exhibited only limited variation across the fermentation arrest densities. However, distillates obtained from intermediate density levels showed better aromatic balance and sensory harmony. Multivariate analysis suggested that fermentation arrest density was associated with the main patterns of chemical variability observed among the evaluated distillates, whereas its association with overall sensory perception appeared to be more limited. These findings provide a useful framework for optimising fermentation arrest strategies in the production of aromatic partially fermented grape distillates. Full article

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those receiving hemodialysis (HD), may be more vulnerable to exposure to micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and bisphenol A (BPA) because of impaired renal clearance and frequent contact to plastic-based medical devices. This study aimed to assess and compare the levels of blood MNPs and urinary BPA in HD patients, non-dialysis CKD patients, and healthy subjects with a focus on sex-related differences and the potential role of hemodialysis as an additional source of exposure. A cross-sectional human biomonitoring study was conducted. Blood and urine samples were collected to quantify BPA using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and MNPs using scanning electron microscopy coupled with an Energy-Dispersive X-ray Detector (SEM-EDX). Descriptive statistics included medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), 95% confidence intervals, frequencies, and percentages. Blood MNP levels were higher in HD [9889 (4525–14,939) p/mL] and non-dialysis CKD patients [9234 (3354–15,429) p/mL] than in healthy subjects [5755 (2488–9042) p/mL]. Urinary MNP levels were also higher in non-dialysis CKD patients [1231 (0–8281) p/mL] than in healthy subjects [411 (0–1636) p/mL]. Urinary MNPs were smaller in non-dialysis CKD patients than in healthy subjects. In contrast, urinary BPA levels were lower in non-dialysis CKD patients [0.16 (0.12–0.16)] than in healthy subjects [0.98 (0.60–2.36)]. Sex-specific patterns were observed. Females had higher blood MNP levels than males among HD patients (median 9907 vs. 9063 p/mL) and healthy subjects (6627 vs. 4131 p/mL), whereas the opposite pattern was observed in non-dialysis CKD patients (10,083 vs. 7340 p/mL). Overall, these findings suggest an increased systemic burden of MNPs and altered BPA elimination in non-dialysis CKD and HD patients. The observed sex-specific patterns suggest that biological sex may contribute to differences in internal exposure within this vulnerable population. Full article

Quorum sensing (QS) is critically involved in mediating microbial interactions and serves as a central regulatory mechanism in bacterial pathogenesis. As an emerging countermeasure, quorum quenching (QQ) suppresses QS-regulated virulence through enzymatic or chemical disruption of signal systems. N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), an evolutionarily conserved QS signal, coordinates the pathogenicity of multiple plant pathogens, particularly Dickeya zeae, which causes soft rot disease in various crops and leads to substantial agricultural losses. In this study, the QQ strain Acinetobacter schindleri XJ-10 was evaluated for its capacity to degrade AHL and attenuate the pathogenicity of D. zeae EC1 in host plants. Notably, strain XJ-10 exhibited efficient AHL degradation at 0.2 mmol/L within 24 h, achieving a degradation efficiency of 98.80%. Subsequently, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and propanamide as key intermediates during AHL degradation, confirming complete mineralization to CO₂ and H₂O. Based on the structural characterization of AHL and its intermediates, the metabolic pathway within strain XJ-10 was proposed. The degradation pathway initiates with the hydrolysis of the ester ring of N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, generating N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine. Subsequent carbon–nitrogen bond scission is predicted to yield N-cyclohexyl-propanamide, which is further catabolized to produce hexanamide and propanamide. Furthermore, strain XJ-10 exhibited biocontrol activity against soft rot disease affecting potato (Solanum tuberosum), radish (Raphanus sativus), and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), as its crude enzyme extract effectively reduced disease incidence and severity in planta. While strain XJ-10 showed no detectable acylase activity, it exhibited significant degradation activity against AHL, suggesting a distinct QQ mechanism. Collectively, these findings broaden the scope of QQ-based biocontrol strategies and enhance mechanistic insights into managing bacterial diseases through QS modulation. Full article

Resveratrol is a plant-derived stilbene polyphenol that has attracted interest as a potential dietary additive for improving edible fish muscle quality. This review summarizes current evidence on pre-harvest dietary resveratrol supplementation and its possible effects on nutritional composition, flavor-related biochemical traits, and physicochemical quality of fish muscle or fillets. We distinguish nutritional quality, including proximate composition, amino-acid profiles, and fatty-acid composition, from flavor-related and sensory-relevant proxies, such as free amino acids, inosine monophosphate, volatile precursors, color, pH, water-holding capacity, and texture. Direct evidence from edible fish muscle remains limited and fragmented, and most available studies rely on biochemical or instrumental endpoints rather than trained-panel sensory evaluation or consumer acceptance testing. Reported effects suggest species- and dose-dependent changes in muscle protein deposition, amino-acid accumulation, fatty-acid composition, pH, cooking or drip loss, and texture-related traits. Putative mechanisms may involve antioxidant protection, muscle fiber remodeling, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic-reticulum stress, and delivery-dependent bioavailability; however, many mechanistic links are still inferred from hepatic tissues, mammalian models, or in vitro systems. Future studies should combine standardized dose–response feeding trials with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based volatile profiling, lipid and protein oxidation indices, instrumental texture analysis, sensory evaluation, and shelf-life testing before resveratrol can be recommended as a robust feed-based strategy for improving edible fish muscle quality. Full article

Intensive training induces redox and inflammatory signaling that may facilitate adaptation but can also reflect excessive physiological strain. In this exploratory pilot longitudinal study, we assessed whether 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), a lipid peroxidation marker, and transcripts related to arachidonic acid lipoxygenase pathways change during a 10-week preparatory training period in elite female volleyball players. Twelve professional athletes were sampled at baseline after a training break and after training completion. 8-iso-PGF2α was quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the relative expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12), and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) genes was measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in leukocytes and plasma-derived RNA. Training increased 8-iso-PGF2α from 0.06 [0.05–0.09] to 0.16 [0.08–0.22] ng/mL (p = 0.03). ALOX5 expression increased in leukocytes (0.80 ± 0.29 vs. 1.00 ± 0.29; p = 0.02) and plasma-derived RNA (0.03 [0.02–0.06] vs. 0.06 [0.05–0.11]; p = 0.04), whereas no statistically detectable pre-to-post changes were observed for ALOX12 and ALOX15 expression. Given the exploratory design and small sample size, these results should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating. The observed changes suggest that 8-iso-PGF2α and ALOX5 are associated with physiological responses to preparatory training and exercise-induced lipid oxidative remodeling; however, their potential utility for monitoring training adaptation requires validation in larger, prospectively designed controlled cohorts. Full article