Search Results (90)

The electric vehicle (EV) business model integrates advanced battery technology, dynamic power train architectures, and intelligent energy management systems with ecosystem strategies and digital services. It incorporates environmental sustainability through lifecycle analysis and renewable energy integration. China, with 9.49 million EV sales in 2023 (33% market share), faces infrastructure gaps constraining further growth. China is strategically mitigating CO₂ emissions while fostering economic expansion, notwithstanding constraints such as suboptimal battery technology advancements, elevated production expenditure, and enduring ecological impacts. This Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental (PESTLE) assessment, operationalized through a survey of 800 stakeholders and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences IBM SPSS SPSS (Version 28) quantitative analysis (factor loading = 0.73 for Technology; eigenvalue = 4.12), identifies infrastructure gaps as the dominant barrier (72% of stakeholders). Political factors (β = 0.82) emerged as the strongest adoption predictor, outweighing economic subsidies in significance. The adoption of EVs in China presents a significant prospect for reducing CO₂ emissions and advancing technology. However, economic barriers, market dynamics, inadequate infrastructure, regulatory uncertainty, and social acceptance issues are addressed in the assessment. The study recommends prioritizing infrastructure investment (e.g., 500 K fast-charging stations by 2027) and policy stability to overcome adoption barriers. This study provides three key advances: (1) quantification of PESTLE factor weights via factor analysis, revealing technological (infrastructure) and political factors as dominant; (2) identification of infrastructure gaps, not subsidies, as the primary adoption barrier; and (3) demonstration of infrastructure’s persistence post-subsidy cuts. These insights redefine EV adoption priorities in China. Full article

California’s SB 1014 (Clean Miles Standard) mandates ridehailing fleet electrification to reduce emissions from vehicle miles traveled, posing financial and infrastructure challenges for drivers. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, including expert interviews (n = 10), group discussions (n = 8), and a survey of full- and part-time drivers (n = 436), to examine electric vehicle (EV) adoption attitudes and policy preferences. Access to home charging and prior EV experience emerged as the most statistically significant predictors of EV acquisition. Socio-demographic variables, particularly income and age, could also influence the EV choice and sensitivity to policy design. Full-time drivers, though confident in the EV range, were concerned about income loss from the charging downtime and access to urban fast chargers. They showed a greater interest in EVs than part-time drivers and favored an income-based instant rebate at the point of sale. In contrast, part-time drivers showed greater hesitancy and were more responsive to vehicle purchase discounts (price reductions or instant rebates at the point of sale available to all customers) and charging credits (monetary incentive or prepaid allowance to offset the cost of EV charging equipment). Policymakers might target low-income full-time drivers with greater price reductions and offer charging credits (USD 500 to USD 1500) to part-time drivers needing operational and infrastructure support. Full article

As electric vehicle (EV) adoption grows, efficient and accessible charging infrastructure is essential. This paper introduces a modular simulation environment to evaluate charging point configurations and operational strategies. The simulation incorporates detailed models of electrical consumers and user behaviour, leveraging real-world data to simulate charging scenarios. A rule-based control strategy is applied to assess six configurations for a supermarket parking lot charging point. Key findings include the highest profit being achieved with two fast chargers. In scenarios with a 50 kW grid connection limit, combining fast chargers with stationary battery storage proves effective. Conversely, mobile charging robots generate lower revenue, though grid peak limitations have minimal impact. The study highlights the potential of the simulation environment to optimise charging layouts, refine operational strategies, and develop energy management algorithms. This work demonstrates the utility of the simulation framework for analyzing diverse charging solutions, offering insights into cost efficiency and user satisfaction. The results emphasise the importance of tailored strategies to balance grid constraints, profitability, and user needs, paving the way for intelligent EV charging infrastructure development. Full article

The expected growth of electric vehicle (EV) usage will not only increase the energy demand but also bring the requirement to provide the necessary electrical infrastructure to handle the load. While charging infrastructure is becoming increasingly present in urban areas, special attention is required for transit traffic, not just for passengers but also for freight transport. Differences in the nature of battery charging compared to that of classical refueling require careful planning in order to provide a resilient electrical infrastructure that will supply enough energy at critical locations during peak hours. This paper presents a hybrid simulation model for analyzing fast-charging demand based on traffic flow, projected EV adoption, battery characteristics, and environmental conditions. The model integrates a probabilistic model for evaluating the charging requirements based on traffic flows with a discrete-event simulation (DES) framework to analyze charger utilization, waiting queues, and energy demand. The presented case of traffic flow on Slovenian motorways explored the expected power demands at various seasonal traffic intensities. The findings provide valuable insight for planning the charging infrastructure, the electrical grid, and also the layout by anticipating the number of vehicles seeking charging services. The modular design of the model allowed replacing key parameters with different traffic projections, supporting a robust scenario analysis and adaptive infrastructure planning. Replacing the parameters with real-time data opens the path for integration into a digital twin framework of individual EV charging hubs, providing the basis for development of an EV charging hub network digital twin. Full article

The transition to a low-carbon energy matrix has driven the electrification of vehicles (EVs), yet charging infrastructure—particularly fast direct current (DC) chargers—can negatively impact distribution networks. This study investigates the integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) with the power grid, focusing on the E-Lounge project in Brazil as a strategy to mitigate these impacts. The results demonstrated a 21-fold increase in charging sessions and an energy consumption growth from 0.6 MWh to 10.36 MWh between June 2023 and March 2024. Compared to previous findings, which indicated the need for more robust systems, the integration of a 100 kW/138 kWh BESS with DC fast chargers (60 kW) and AC chargers (22 kW) proved effective in reducing peak demand, optimizing energy management, and enhancing grid stability. These findings confirm the critical role of BESSs in establishing a sustainable EV charging infrastructure, demonstrating improvements in power quality and the mitigation of grid impacts. The results presented in this study stem from a project approved under the Research and Development program of the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) through strategic call No. 022/2018. This initiative aimed to develop a modular EV charging infrastructure for fleet vehicles in Brazil, ensuring minimal impact on the distribution network. Full article

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents new challenges for managing parking infrastructure, particularly concerning charging station utilization and user behavior patterns. This review examines the current state-of-the-art in intelligent monitoring systems for EV charging stations in parking facilities. We specifically focus on two key inefficiencies: vehicles occupying charging spots beyond the optimal fast-charging range (80% state-of-charge) and remaining connected even after reaching full capacity (100%). We analyze the theoretical and practical foundations of these systems, summarizing existing research on intelligent monitoring architectures and commercial implementations. Building on this analysis, we also propose a novel monitoring framework that integrates Internet of things (IoT) sensors, edge computing, and cloud services to enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control. This framework addresses both the technical aspects of monitoring systems and the behavioral factors influencing charging station management. Based on a comparative analysis and simulation studies, we propose performance benchmarks and outline critical research directions requiring further experimental validation. The proposed architecture aims to offer a scalable, adaptable, and secure solution for optimizing EV charging infrastructure utilization while addressing key research gaps in the field. Full article

Electric aviation (eViation) is a promising pathway for sustainability in General Aviation (GA), particularly pilot training. However, challenges such as limited aircraft models, low battery endurance, long charging times, and inadequate charging infrastructure at most airfields—exacerbated by a lack of charging standardization—hinder eViation adoption. This study explores key factors influencing the feasibility of establishing a fast-charging network for electric airplanes in Switzerland, addressing infra-structural, technological, and policy barriers, as well as stakeholder concerns. Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, we analyzed 7000+ electric flight records and conducted an online stakeholder survey (n = 44) and 21 qualitative expert interviews. The findings reveal strong interest in eViation but highlight critical gaps, including sparse charging infrastructure and the need for standardization. Stakeholders emphasize transitioning to the Combined Charging System (CCS), integrating renewable energy, and implementing policy measures like subsidies and operational privileges. However, a chicken-and-egg dilemma persists: limited infrastructure hampers aircraft adoption, yet investment is difficult without widespread use. Lessons from the automotive EV transition highlight the need for strategic infrastructure expansion and coordinated policies. Remarkably, stakeholders prioritize network density over charging speed. This study identifies key barriers and opportunities for eViation adoption, providing actionable recommendations for the sustainable GA transition. Full article

The potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to support the decarbonization of the transportation sector, crucial for meeting greenhouse gas reduction targets under the Paris Agreement, is obvious. Despite their advantages, the adoption of electric vehicles faces limitations, particularly those related to battery range and charging times, which significantly impact the time needed for a trip compared to their combustion engine counterparts. However, recent improvements in fast charging technology have enhanced these aspects, making EVs more suitable for both daily and long-distance trips. EVs can now deal with long trips, with travel times only slightly longer than those of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Fast charging capabilities and infrastructure, such as 350 kW chargers, are essential for making EV travel times comparable to ICE vehicles, with brief stops every 2–3 h. Additionally, EVs help reduce noise pollution in urban areas, especially in noise-saturated environments, contributing to an overall decrease in urban sound levels. However, this research highlights a downside of DC (Direct Current) fast charging stations: high-frequency noise emissions during fast charging, which can disturb nearby residents, especially in urban and residential areas. This noise, a result of the growing fast charging infrastructure, has led to complaints and even operational restrictions for some charging stations. Noise-related disturbances are a significant urban issue. The World Health Organization identifies noise as a key contributor to health burdens in Europe, even when noise annoyance is subjective, influenced by individual factors like sensitivity, genetics, and lifestyle, as well as by the specific environment. This paper analyzes the sound emission of a broad sample of DC fast charging stations from leading EU market brands. The goal is to provide tools that assist manufacturers, installers, and operators of rapid charging stations in mitigating the aforementioned sound emissions in order to align these infrastructures with Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 11 adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. Full article

The globalization of electric vehicle development and production is a significant goal. The availability of charging stations helps to encourage the global transition to electric vehicles, which may lead to a decrease in traditional fuel consumption. Nevertheless, the rise in the number of electric vehicles is accompanied by sustainability issues, such as managing the grid’s electrical demand, building more charging stations, and providing electricity from renewable resources in an efficient and sustainable manner, especially in Saudi Arabia. This work focused on three challenges regarding the installation of fast charging stations (FCSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) on highways. The first challenge is choosing optimal locations on highways to address the range of anxiety of EV drivers. The second challenge is to fuel these FCSs using renewable resources, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, to make FCSs sustainable. The last challenge is to design FCSs by considering both highway driving behavior and the available renewable energy resources in order to cover charging demand. All of these challenges should be considered while planning the EV charging infrastructure of Saudi highways from both technical and economic perspectives. Thus, using the HOMER^® Grid software (version 1.10.1 June 2023), locations on Saudi Arabian highways were selected based on the renewable resources of several roads that support a large number of vehicles traveling on them. These roads were the Makkah to Riyadh, Makkah to Abha, Riyadh to Dammam, Riyadh to NEOM, and Jeddah to NEOM roads. Electric vehicle charging stations with a capacity of 200 kW, 300 kW, and 500 kW were designed on these roads based on their natural renewable resources, which is PV energy. These roads are the most important roads in the Kingdom and witness heavy traffic. An economic study of these stations was carried out in addition to considering their efficiency. This study revealed that the 500 kW station is ideal for charging electric vehicles, with an annual energy production of 3,212,000 kWh. The 300 kW station had better efficiency but higher capital expenses. The 200 kW station could charge 6100 vehicles annually. The three stations on the Makkah to Riyadh, Makkah to Abha, and Riyadh to Dammam roads can charge 65,758 vehicles annually. The total cost of the project was USD 2,786,621, with the 300 kW plant having the highest initial investment, which can be potentially justified due to its higher power output. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the project costs and the potential returns of using solar power plants for charging electric vehicles. Full article

This paper demonstrates the use of an Excel-based tool called the “Electric Vehicle-Charging Infrastructure Financial Analysis Spreadsheet Tool”, or “EVCI-FAST”, developed to analyze public–private partnership approaches to deliver publicly accessible EV-charging infrastructure that would not be commercially viable without a government subsidy. To demonstrate the use of this tool, we conducted a high-level screening analysis for a hypothetical bundle of publicly accessible EV-charging stations to assess the financial viability of delivering electric vehicle-charging infrastructure (EVCI) using alternative public–private partnership (P3) structures. This demonstration suggests that the EVCI-FAST could assist public agencies in determining whether their budgetary resources are adequate to support a proposed P3 for an EVCI project. The demonstration suggests that the EVCI-FAST could also help agencies decide which P3 structuring option would best meet their financial objectives. The results from the analysis of the hypothetical project suggest that public agencies could benefit considerably from a P3 structure that uses a minimum revenue guarantee to reduce revenue risk for the private partner. Full article

To improve the operational efficiency of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, this paper proposes a multi-stage hybrid planning method for charging stations (CSs) based on graph auto-encoder (GAE). First, the network topology and dynamic interaction process of the coupled “Vehicle-Station-Network” system are characterized as a graph-structured model. Second, in the first stage, a GAE-based deep neural network is used to learn the graph-structured model and identify and classify different charging station (CS) types for the network nodes of the coupled system topology. The candidate CS set is screened out, including fast-charging stations (FCSs), fast-medium-charging stations, medium-charging stations, and slow-charging stations. Then, in the second stage, the candidate CS set is re-optimized using a traditional swarm intelligence algorithm, considering the interests of multiple parties in CS construction. The optimal CS locations and charging pile configurations are determined. Finally, case studies are conducted within a practical traffic zone in Hong Kong, China. The existing CS planning methods rely on simulation topology, which makes it difficult to realize efficient collaboration of charging networks. However, the proposed scheme is based on the realistic geographical space and large-scale traffic topology. The scheme determines the station and pile configuration through multi-stage planning. With the help of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm, the user behavior characteristics are captured adaptively, and the distribution rule of established CSs is extracted to provide support for the planning of new CSs. The research results will help the power and transportation departments to reasonably plan charging facilities and promote the coordinated development of EV industry, energy, and transportation systems. Full article

As the world pivots to a greener paradigm, Shanghai emerges as an archetype in the sustainable urban transit narrative, particularly through the aggressive expansion and refinement of its electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. This scholarly article provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of charging infrastructure in Shanghai, highlighting the challenges that the existing infrastructure may face in light of the burgeoning electric vehicle market. This paper delves into the strategic development approaches adopted by Shanghai to address these challenges, particularly emphasizing the expansion of high-power charging infrastructure to meet the anticipated increase in future electric vehicle charging demands. It also discusses the implementation of co-construction and sharing models, the enhancement of interconnectivity and standardized management of charging facilities, and the continuous improvement and strengthening of infrastructure construction and operations. Furthermore, this article explores the implementation of time-of-use electricity pricing policies and the ongoing conduct of demand response activities, which are instrumental in creating conditions for vehicle-to-grid interaction. The aim of our presentation is to foster a keen understanding among policymakers, industry stakeholders, and urban planners of the mechanisms necessary to effectively navigate the emerging electric vehicle market, thereby encouraging harmonious development between metropolises and transportation systems. Future research endeavors should delve into the realms of fast-charging technologies, intelligent operation and maintenance of charging infrastructure, and vehicle-to-grid interaction technologies. These areas of study are pivotal in fostering the harmonious development of electric vehicles (EVs) and their charging infrastructure, thereby aligning with the dual objectives of advancing urban transportation systems and sustainable green city development. The findings presented herein offer valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and industry leaders, guiding them in crafting informed strategies that not only address the immediate needs of the EV market but also lay the groundwork for a scalable and resilient charging infrastructure, poised to support the long-term vision of sustainable urban mobility. Full article

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) aggregation increases the sustainability of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) market. For example, Fast Charging Stations (FCSs) associated with distributed generation and storage systems in a microgrid infrastructure may be beneficial in increasing self-consumption and peak-shaving strategies and mitigating impacts on the grid. However, microgrid sizing planning is a complex challenge, mainly due to numerous factors related to EV market growth and user behavior. This work defines a methodology focusing on sizing planning and analysis of microgrids for FCSs based on quantitative indices formulated according to the Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept, optimizing self-sufficiency and limiting impacts on the primary electrical grid. The methodology is applied to a real case study considering the growth of EVs in southern Brazil. The developed analyses demonstrate that the proposed microgrid meets the energy needs of the FCS and presents the best NZEB indexes within the considered study horizon. Additionally, representative profiles were characterized for different load and generation conditions, complementing the analyses. It was shown that the storage promotes a delay and reduction in the reverse peak power flow, further enhancing the NZEB indexes. Full article

This comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review investigates the status of the electric vehicle (EV) market share and the key factors that affect EV adoption with a focus on the shared vision of vehicle electrification and the smart city movement. Investigating the current scenarios of EVs, this study observes a rapid increase in the number of EVs and charging stations in different parts of the world. It reports that people’s socio-economic features (e.g., age, gender, income, education, vehicle ownership, home ownership, and political affiliation) significantly influence EV adoption. Moreover, factors such as high driving range, fuel economy, safety technology, financial incentives, availability of free charging stations, and the capacity of EVs to contribute to decarbonization emerge as key motivators for EV purchases. The literature also indicates that EVs are predominantly used for short-distance travel and users commonly charge their vehicles at home. Most users prefer fast chargers and maintain a high state of charge (SOC) to avoid unforeseen situations. Despite the emergent trend, there is a disparity in charging infrastructure supply compared to the growing demand. Thus, there is a pressing need for more public charging stations to meet the surging charging demand. The integration of smart charging stations equipped with advanced technologies to optimize charging patterns based on energy demand, grid capacity, and people’s demand can help policymakers leverage the smart city movement. This paper makes valuable contributions to the literature by presenting a conceptual framework articulating the factors of EV adoption, outlying their role in achieving smart cities, suggesting policy recommendations to integrate EVs into smart cities, and proposing suggestions for future research directions. Full article

Electric mobility is attracting significant attention in the current era due to its environmental benefits, sustainable transportation options, and the absence of carbon emissions. However, challenges such as the high price of batteries, inefficient charging techniques, and compatibility linking the charging station with electric vehicles (EVs) must be addressed. This article reviews advancements and identifies challenges in charging infrastructure for electric mobility. This study incorporates and analyzes an integrated review of approximately 223 research articles. Current research trends and states of charging infrastructure are prepared as per the Web of Science (WoS) database from 2013 to 2023. In light of recent extensions in wireless power transfer technology, including capacitive, inductive, and magnetic gear topology, are presented to advance the charging infrastructure. Different charging tactics based on power source, such as level-1 AC, level-2 AC, level-3 DC fast, and level-3 DC ultra-rapid charging, related to charging infrastructure are addressed. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration methodology is addressed to construct a smart city by presenting the transfer of power and related data through linkage and moving systems. The exploration of artificial intelligence, global connectivity of electric vehicles (EVs), sun-to-vehicle (S2V), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) techniques with EVs is conducted to enhance and progress the charging infrastructure. Key barriers associated with charging infrastructure are identified. Full article