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Keywords = Cheonggyecheon

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18 pages, 4554 KiB  
Article
Whitening and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Exosomes Derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. DB-21 Strain Isolated from Camellia japonica Flower
by Byeong-Min Choi, Gibok Lee, Hyehyun Hong, Chang-Min Park, Areum Yeom, Won-Jae Chi and Seung-Young Kim
Molecules 2025, 30(5), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051124 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1266
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. DB-21-derived exosomes (DB-21 exosomes), isolated from Camellia japonica flower in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. We confirmed that DB-21 exosomes [...] Read more.
In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. DB-21-derived exosomes (DB-21 exosomes), isolated from Camellia japonica flower in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. We confirmed that DB-21 exosomes were not toxic to LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and α-MSH-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. Moreover, we confirmed that DB-21 exosomes inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2, and the expression of inflammatory factors iNOS and COX-2. We also found that DB-21 exosomes have a concentration-dependent ability to inhibit melanin, TRP-1, TRP-2, tyrosinase, and MITF, which are factors involved in melanogenesis. Additionally, it inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, and MAP kinase pathway proteins such as ERK, JNK, and p38. We confirmed that DB-21 exosomes inhibit melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells through various pathways, and based on previous results, they may be used as a functional cosmetic material with anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemistry of Cosmetics)
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11 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in a Subtropical Urban River (Tamanduateí River, São Paulo, Brazil)
by Flávio H. B. Souza, Mariana Morilla, Beatriz Guedes-Pereira, Kauê Lemes and Ricardo H. Taniwaki
Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(4), 557-567; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24040032 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1187
Abstract
Water quality in urban streams often reflects the broader environmental challenges posed by dense population centers, where pollution from untreated sewage and runoff can significantly degrade ecosystems. This study examines the spatial and temporal variations of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations in the [...] Read more.
Water quality in urban streams often reflects the broader environmental challenges posed by dense population centers, where pollution from untreated sewage and runoff can significantly degrade ecosystems. This study examines the spatial and temporal variations of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations in the Tamanduateí River, which runs through the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were sourced from the annual reports of the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) covering the period from 2011 to 2022. Between 2011 and 2017, carbon and phosphorus concentrations declined, likely due to sanitation improvements. However, since 2017, these concentrations have been rising again, indicating renewed pollution inputs, primarily from untreated sewage. Nitrogen levels remained consistently high, with elevated concentrations observed upstream, linked especially to domestic effluent discharges. The recent increase in phosphorus levels is also of concern. The absence of spatial variation in phosphorus suggests diffuse pollution from urban areas, while nitrogen decreases downstream, possibly due to biological assimilation. The study underscores the pressing need for enhanced sewage management. Drawing from the successful revitalization of the Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul, implementing nature-based solutions and regular maintenance could effectively reduce nutrient pollution and improve water quality, facilitating the restoration of the Tamanduateí River. Full article
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5 pages, 2149 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Implementing Public Service Features in Autonomous Vehicles in Seoul
by Hyerim Cho, SoonYong Park, Junchul Kim and Seolyoung Lee
Eng. Proc. 2023, 36(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023036052 - 24 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1456
Abstract
Autonomous vehicle technology has been primarily developed by the private sector, with a focus on the automobile industry and fourth industrial revolution technology. However, for self-driving cars to become reliable forms of urban transportation, the private and public sectors must collaborate. The Seoul [...] Read more.
Autonomous vehicle technology has been primarily developed by the private sector, with a focus on the automobile industry and fourth industrial revolution technology. However, for self-driving cars to become reliable forms of urban transportation, the private and public sectors must collaborate. The Seoul Metropolitan Government operates three self-driving test beds, namely, Sagam, Gangnam, and Cheonggyecheon, and has implemented various measures to support the use of autonomous vehicles as a means of urban transportation, such as an open platform for traffic signals, roadside safety facilities, dedicated road signs and lanes, and deregulation. This paper explains the technical and institutional support provided for autonomous-driving services in Seoul and suggests ways to build a safer and more effective autonomous driving environment. Full article
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25 pages, 1974 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Multimodal Emotion Recognition Framework for UX Evaluation Using Generalized Mixture Functions
by Muhammad Asif Razzaq, Jamil Hussain, Jaehun Bang, Cam-Hao Hua, Fahad Ahmed Satti, Ubaid Ur Rehman, Hafiz Syed Muhammad Bilal, Seong Tae Kim and Sungyoung Lee
Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4373; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094373 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4565
Abstract
Multimodal emotion recognition has gained much traction in the field of affective computing, human–computer interaction (HCI), artificial intelligence (AI), and user experience (UX). There is growing demand to automate analysis of user emotion towards HCI, AI, and UX evaluation applications for providing affective [...] Read more.
Multimodal emotion recognition has gained much traction in the field of affective computing, human–computer interaction (HCI), artificial intelligence (AI), and user experience (UX). There is growing demand to automate analysis of user emotion towards HCI, AI, and UX evaluation applications for providing affective services. Emotions are increasingly being used, obtained through the videos, audio, text or physiological signals. This has led to process emotions from multiple modalities, usually combined through ensemble-based systems with static weights. Due to numerous limitations like missing modality data, inter-class variations, and intra-class similarities, an effective weighting scheme is thus required to improve the aforementioned discrimination between modalities. This article takes into account the importance of difference between multiple modalities and assigns dynamic weights to them by adapting a more efficient combination process with the application of generalized mixture (GM) functions. Therefore, we present a hybrid multimodal emotion recognition (H-MMER) framework using multi-view learning approach for unimodal emotion recognition and introducing multimodal feature fusion level, and decision level fusion using GM functions. In an experimental study, we evaluated the ability of our proposed framework to model a set of four different emotional states (Happiness, Neutral, Sadness, and Anger) and found that most of them can be modeled well with significantly high accuracy using GM functions. The experiment shows that the proposed framework can model emotional states with an average accuracy of 98.19% and indicates significant gain in terms of performance in contrast to traditional approaches. The overall evaluation results indicate that we can identify emotional states with high accuracy and increase the robustness of an emotion classification system required for UX measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors-Based Human Action and Emotion Recognition)
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13 pages, 10467 KiB  
Article
Effects of Blast Furnace Slag Powder and Limestone Powder on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Shotcrete Using Monocalcium Aluminate Setting Accelerator
by Bonghee Kang, Gyuyong Kim, Taegyu Lee, Kyungmo Koo, Sangkyu Lee, Minjae Son, Sasui Sasui and Hamin Eu
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072495 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2521
Abstract
In this study, the effect of fine blast furnace slag powder (SP) and limestone powder (LSP) as a mineral admixture in shotcrete using monocalcium aluminate (CA) as a quick-setting accelerator was evaluated. The shotcrete was prepared with up to 25 wt.% substitutions of [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of fine blast furnace slag powder (SP) and limestone powder (LSP) as a mineral admixture in shotcrete using monocalcium aluminate (CA) as a quick-setting accelerator was evaluated. The shotcrete was prepared with up to 25 wt.% substitutions of mineral admixture, i.e., (SP and LSP), and then the CA accelerator was incorporated by 5 wt.% of binders. To examine the optimal mixing ratio for mineral admixture in shotcrete, penetration resistance, compressive strength, XRD analysis, and MIP analysis were performed on the mortar. On the other hand, compressive strength test, chloride diffusion coefficient, and freeze–thaw resistance were conducted on concrete to evaluate the field applicability of shotcrete. The study revealed the addition of LSP improved setting time and early compressive strength while the addition of SP increased long-term compressive strength. With the addition of both SP and LSP, the early and long-term strength was increased due to the influence of the properties of each admixture. Furthermore, the addition of SP and LSP improves the resistance of shotcrete to chloride ions and freeze–thaw. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Mechanical Behavior of Cement and Concrete Composites)
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11 pages, 4208 KiB  
Article
Development of Hairy Root Cultures for Biomass and Triterpenoid Production in Centella asiatica
by Seungeun Baek, Jong-Eun Han, Thanh-Tam Ho and So-Young Park
Plants 2022, 11(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020148 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4549
Abstract
Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) is a tropical/subtropical medicinal plant, which contains a variety of triterpenoids, including madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid. In this study, we tested the efficiency of hairy root (HR) induction in C. asiatica from leaf and petiole explants. Leaves [...] Read more.
Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) is a tropical/subtropical medicinal plant, which contains a variety of triterpenoids, including madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid. In this study, we tested the efficiency of hairy root (HR) induction in C. asiatica from leaf and petiole explants. Leaves and petioles collected from C. asiatica plants were suspended in agro-stock for 30 min and co-cultured with Agrobacterium rhizogenes for 3 days to induce HR formation. The transformation efficiency of leaf and petiole explants was approximately 27% and 12%, respectively. A total of 36 HR lines were identified by PCR-based amplification of rol genes, and eight of these lines were selected for further analysis. Among all eight HR lines, the petiole-derived lines HP4 and HP2 displayed the highest growth index (37.8) and the highest triterpenoids concentration (46.57 mg∙g−1), respectively. Although triterpenoid concentration was >2-fold higher in leaves than in petioles of C. asiatica plants, the accumulation of triterpenoids in petiole-derived HR cultures was 1.4-fold higher than that in leaf-derived HR cultures. Additionally, in both leaf- and petiole-derived HR cultures, terpenoid production was higher in HRs than in adventitious roots. These results demonstrate that the triterpenoid content in the explant does not affect the triterpenoid content in the resultant HRs. The HR culture of C. asiatica could be scaled up to enable the mass production of triterpenoids in bioreactors for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production of Secondary Metabolites In Vitro)
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15 pages, 4388 KiB  
Article
Compressive Creep and Shrinkage of High-Strength Concrete Based on Limestone Coarse Aggregate Applied to High-Rise Buildings
by Euichul Hwang, Gyuyong Kim, Kyungmo Koo, Hyungjae Moon, Gyeongcheol Choe, Dongkyun Suh and Jeongsoo Nam
Materials 2021, 14(17), 5026; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175026 - 2 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4139
Abstract
Concrete undergoes shrinkage regardless of the influence of external forces. The deformation of concrete is crucial for the structural stability of high-rise and large-scale buildings. In this study, the shrinkage and compressive creep of 70–90 MPa high-strength concrete used in high-rise buildings were [...] Read more.
Concrete undergoes shrinkage regardless of the influence of external forces. The deformation of concrete is crucial for the structural stability of high-rise and large-scale buildings. In this study, the shrinkage and compressive creep of 70–90 MPa high-strength concrete used in high-rise buildings were evaluated based on the curing conditions (sealed/unsealed), and the existing prediction models were examined. It was observed that the curing condition does not significantly affect the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete, but the use of limestone coarse aggregate increases the elastic modulus when compared to granite coarse aggregate. The autogenous shrinkage of high-strength concrete is greater than that of normal-strength concrete owing to self-desiccation, resulting in a large variation from the value predicted by the model. The drying shrinkage was observed to be similar to that predicted by the model. Compressive creep was affected by the curing conditions, compressive strength, loading level, and loading age. The compressive creep of high-strength concrete varied significantly from the prediction results of ACI 209; ACI 209 was modified based on the measured values. The shrinkage and compressive creep characteristics of high-strength concrete must be reflected to predict the deformation of an actual structure exposed to various conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Mechanical Behavior of Cement and Concrete Composites)
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24 pages, 9579 KiB  
Article
The Historical Landscape: Evoking the Past in a Landscape for the Future in the Cheonggyecheon Reconstruction in South Korea
by Eyun Jennifer Kim
Humanities 2020, 9(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/h9030113 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6862
Abstract
As cities become increasingly de-industrialized and emphasize building a sustainable future, we have seen an increase in the design of large-scale landscapes being incorporated into the urban fabric. The reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon stream and park in Seoul, South Korea, is an example [...] Read more.
As cities become increasingly de-industrialized and emphasize building a sustainable future, we have seen an increase in the design of large-scale landscapes being incorporated into the urban fabric. The reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon stream and park in Seoul, South Korea, is an example of this phenomenon. Since its completion in 2005, the city of Seoul has promoted the project as a restoration of its history and recreation of a collective memory of the site and historic stream from its geographic origins. However, this narrative of historic rebirth of a stream raises questions of authenticity, the selective emphasis of one history over another, and how this transformation of Seoul’s built environment may change the identity of the city’s culture and society. Using a mixture of direct observations of the park design, activities, and events held at the site, and interviews with project designers and former Seoul Metropolitan Government staff who worked on the project and Cheonggyecheon park visitors, this research examines the reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon as simultaneously a recovery of and break with the past, and the representation of Seoul’s history, memory, and culture as performative functions of the design of the landscape and its activities. In the process, this new landscape offers a rewriting of the past and memory of the city as it redefines the identity of the city for its present and future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peoples, Nature and Environments: Shaping Landscapes)
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11 pages, 2168 KiB  
Article
Influence of Perceptual Range on Human Perceived Restoration
by Moohan Kim
Sustainability 2018, 10(9), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093139 - 3 Sep 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3951
Abstract
In daily living environments, an individual’s different state of mind influences their spatial perception. The current study, based on Attention Restoration Theory, aimed to explore differences in the health utility of nature according to individual differences in spatial perception. It focused on Cheonggyecheon [...] Read more.
In daily living environments, an individual’s different state of mind influences their spatial perception. The current study, based on Attention Restoration Theory, aimed to explore differences in the health utility of nature according to individual differences in spatial perception. It focused on Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul, South Korea. Cognitive mapping and the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) were used to assess two groups’ different perceived spatial ranges and the restorative effect of the environment. After gathering data, two groups were defined: one describing only the internal area of the research site (composed of green materials), and the other illustrating the external area of the site, including buildings and roads. The former had higher overall PRS, Being Away, Fascination, and Compatibility scores. The latter had higher scores only on the Coherence subscale. These results illustrate that the frequency of nature visits and time spent traveling influence the two groups’ attentional restoration, which has great implications for highly stressful urban environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–River Interactions in Cities)
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11 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Applying the Concept of Perceived Restoration to the Case of Cheonggyecheon Stream Park in Seoul, Korea
by Moohan Kim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Gim and Jong-Sang Sung
Sustainability 2017, 9(8), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081368 - 3 Aug 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8479
Abstract
Studies on perceived restoration have focused on the differences between natural and artificial environments, whereas studies on what makes people select a particular restorative environment are limited. Using the location of Cheonggyecheon Stream Park in the urban center of Seoul, South Korea, this [...] Read more.
Studies on perceived restoration have focused on the differences between natural and artificial environments, whereas studies on what makes people select a particular restorative environment are limited. Using the location of Cheonggyecheon Stream Park in the urban center of Seoul, South Korea, this study tests whether people self-select locations based on individual and environmental characteristics. Empirical testing was conducted on 268 responses on a visitor survey that was developed based on the Perceived Restorativeness Scale. The major findings were that visitors’ characteristics such as gender, age, number of companions, visit frequency, and travel mode affect their selection of a particular setting, and that the chosen setting subsequently influences three dimensions of the Scale: being away, fascination, and coherence. These findings suggest that both individual and environmental characteristics should be considered in the creation of an effective perceived restorative environment in an urban center. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Challenges)
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17 pages, 11077 KiB  
Article
How Do Mega Projects Alter the City to Be More Sustainable? Spatial Changes Following the Seoul Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project in South Korea
by Chehyun Ryu and Youngsang Kwon
Sustainability 2016, 8(11), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111178 - 16 Nov 2016
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 17038
Abstract
Urban megaprojects change the city in various ways over a long period of time. These changes may be very clear and calculable, but it is the changes that follow which are unpredictable and extensive. Especially in fast-changing cities like Seoul, Korea, projects like [...] Read more.
Urban megaprojects change the city in various ways over a long period of time. These changes may be very clear and calculable, but it is the changes that follow which are unpredictable and extensive. Especially in fast-changing cities like Seoul, Korea, projects like the Cheonggyecheon Restoration have massive effects on the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial changes in the downtown area after the Cheonggycheon Restoration Project (2005). The economic; social, and physical effect and the outcome of the restoration project have been studied before the restoration, but the actual changes that occurred afterwards were understudied. Since subsequent spatial changes in the surrounding area occur over a long period, continuous observation on the physical effects should be made. Thus, unlike most studies that focus on the immediate before and after effect of the Cheonggycheon Restoration Project, this study focuses on the ten years of physical changes that followed the restoration. The study covers roughly fourteen large blocks, which were divided into seven categories based on current land use and the historical background of the city form. Physical changes of newly-built buildings, the number of renovations or building extensions, and socio-spatial changes, such as the rise and fall of urban industries, changes in building use, and overall changes in the characteristic of the blocks, were analyzed in accordance with their historical development of the city form. Commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Cheonggyecheon Restoration project, this study provides a better understanding of the overall effect of the project. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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23 pages, 15542 KiB  
Article
Achieving Successful River Restoration in Dense Urban Areas: Lessons from Taiwan
by Rung-Jiun Chou
Sustainability 2016, 8(11), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111159 - 10 Nov 2016
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 23829
Abstract
A paradigm shift in river management practice is underway, from a hard engineering-dominated emphasis that endeavours to control water, to a multi-functionality-framed approach that strives to restore a river’s ecology, scenery and ecosystem services. In Taiwan, the Laojie River in Taoyuan City, where [...] Read more.
A paradigm shift in river management practice is underway, from a hard engineering-dominated emphasis that endeavours to control water, to a multi-functionality-framed approach that strives to restore a river’s ecology, scenery and ecosystem services. In Taiwan, the Laojie River in Taoyuan City, where a channelized and piped urban river was recently transformed into an accessible, linear green infrastructure feature, is widely regarded as the first extensive and successful river restoration project in Taiwan’s densely-urbanized, flood-prone areas, yet its actual performance is rarely examined in any depth. Through in-depth interviews, fieldwork and a review of government documents, this paper presents findings on the practical factors involved in the practice of river restoration and their implications for urban river management. First, local people support river restoration with de-culverting, but potential flooding is a concern that results from different flood-risk perceptions and ineffective flood-risk communication between the government and public. Second, a mix of hard and soft edges to the watercourse improves the riverside landscapes in a densely-urban, flood-prone area. Third, due to a lack of basin-wide supporting sanitary sewer systems, a combination of on-site gravel contact oxidation treatment systems and riverside sewage-intercepting facilities still fails to improve the river water quality. Fourth, people’s positive attitudes towards river restoration are largely associated with landscape aesthetics and recreational value, rather than water quality and biodiversity. It is revealed that using the Cheonggyecheon Stream in South Korea as a frame for river restoration seems effective in providing local people with an example of successful river restoration, based mainly on flood prevention and recreational and aesthetic improvement. Moreover, the effective flood-risk communication is mainly reliant on an intelligible presentation of related information to the general public. Practical, continuous and extensive public participation, with various types of involvement and resources along with a solid system of social objectives by which to assess the outcome, is central to the social aspect of river restoration. Full article
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13 pages, 1079 KiB  
Article
Revealed Preference and Effectiveness of Public Investment in Ecological River Restoration Projects: An Application of the Count Data Model
by Yoon Lee, Hwansuk Kim and Yongsuk Hong
Sustainability 2016, 8(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040353 - 12 Apr 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4590
Abstract
Ecological river restoration projects aim to revitalize healthy and self-sustaining river systems that can provide irreplaceable benefits to human society. Cheonggyecheon and Anyangcheon are two sites of recent river restoration projects in Korea. To assess the economic value of two rivers, count data [...] Read more.
Ecological river restoration projects aim to revitalize healthy and self-sustaining river systems that can provide irreplaceable benefits to human society. Cheonggyecheon and Anyangcheon are two sites of recent river restoration projects in Korea. To assess the economic value of two rivers, count data was collected to conduct the individual travel cost method (ITCM) in this study. Five statistical models such as the Poisson, the negative binomial, the zero-truncated Poisson, the negative binomial, and negative binomial model adjusted for both truncation and endogenous stratification were used in the analysis due to the nature of count data. Empirical results showed that regressors were statistically significant and corresponded to conventional consumer theory. Since collected count data indicated over-dispersion and endogenous stratification, the adjusted Negative Binomial was selected as an optimal model to analyze the recreational value of Cheonggyecheon and Anyangcheon. Estimates of the annual economic value of two river restoration projects were approximately US $170.1 million and US $50.5 million, respectively. Full article
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