Search Results (385)

This study investigates abnormal floor gas emissions at the 151302 driving face of Yuecheng Coal Mine. Numerical simulation and carbon–hydrogen isotope source apportionment were first used to characterize floor damage-controlled gas migration and quantify methane contributions from different coal seams. An extended three-source gas emission method and field interception boreholes were subsequently used for flow-balance and engineering validation. The results demonstrate that roadway excavation induces significant stress redistribution in the surrounding rock, with compressive stress concentration zones developing along the roadway sides and tensile stress concentration zones forming in the roof and floor. As the water-saturated zone of the floor mudstone progressively extends into deeper strata, plastic damage gradually propagates from the immediate floor of the No. 15 coal seam toward the roof mudstone of the No. 15 lower and the No. 16 coal seams, and the maximum floor heave displacement reaches 0.84 m at 1440 h. The highly damaged zones within the floor develop a coupled gas migration pathway characterized by “deep connection–central upward migration–release through floor corners and the roadway sides”. The tensile-dominated high-damage zone in the central floor primarily governs the vertical migration of gas, whereas the compressive–shear high-damage zones at both floor corners and the roadway sides control lateral gas release. The numerical results reveal a three-peak preferential gas emission pattern, with gas preferentially released through the central floor region and the two floor corner–sidewall zones. Quantitative source apportionment based on hydrogen and carbon isotopes indicates that the average methane contributions from the No. 15, No. 15 lower, and the No. 16 coal seams are 69.70%, 12.14%, and 18.16%, respectively. The three-source prediction method estimates the floor-associated additional gas emissions in the belt intake roadway and auxiliary intake roadway as 0.87 m³/min and 0.85 m³/min, accounting for 30.3% and 31.1% of the measured total gas emissions, respectively. These results are generally consistent in magnitude with the contributions of the underlying adjacent seams identified by isotopic source apportionment. After the construction of floor interception boreholes and the resumption of roadway excavation, the maximum absolute gas emission rates in the two roadways decreased from 2.87 and 2.73 m³/min to 2.10 and 1.96 m³/min, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum methane concentrations in the return airflows decreased from 0.41% and 0.39% to 0.30% and 0.27%, respectively. The results demonstrate that water-induced swelling and damage propagation of floor mudstone can provide preferential pathways for gas from underlying adjacent seams to contribute to roadway gas emissions. The consistency among source characteristics, gas flow balance, and field-scale mitigation responses provides a basis for gas source identification and targeted floor gas control in roadway excavation under similar geological and mining conditions. Full article

This paper addresses a green intermodal route-planning problem considering delivery time sensitivity and cargo integrity, in which a fuzzy time window, damage costs and the carbon tax policy are comprehensively integrated. A linear route-planning model with an easily attainable global optimum solution is established to address the proposed problem, with the optimization objective of minimizing the total cost, comprising transportation-, damage- and carbon tax-related costs. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of problem optimization and reveal managerial insights. The feasibility verification demonstrates that the fuzzy time window enables flexible and fine-grained intermodal route design based on delivery time sensitivity, and the incorporation of damage costs has the triple benefit of reducing cargo damage, improving economic benefits and ensuring low-carbon transportation. It also demonstrates the conditional effectiveness of the carbon tax policy in reducing the carbon emissions associated with intermodal transportation. An ablation experiment further indicates that damage costs are the dominant driver of carbon emission reductions when transporting high-value cargo, with the carbon tax policy failing to achieve additional carbon emission reductions in this case when damage costs are included in the objective function. These findings provide quantitative guidance for customers, transportation service providers, and policy regulators for balancing the costs, service quality and environmental sustainability of intermodal transportation. Full article

Vehicle-damage assessment in intelligent transportation maintenance often requires one decision from several views of the same vehicle. We developed a paired, auditable protocol for comparing two complete vision–language model configurations at the vehicle level. The protocol uses source_vehicle_id as the sampling unit; isolates Gold and adjudication records during inference; retains structured, non-binary outputs; and combines classification, coverage–risk, paired-bootstrap, and processing-time analyses. The frozen dataset contained 160 vehicles and 355 deduplicated media items, with 119 State 0, 41 State 1, and no State 9 cases. Thus, the primary analysis could not estimate performance for insufficient-reference-evidence cases. Under the frozen configuration-specific inputs; instructions; and preprocessing, software, and output constraints, Models A and B achieved Macro-F1 scores of 0.8645 and 0.1923. The paired difference was 0.6722, with a 95% bootstrap confidence interval of [0.5878, 0.7475] from 10,000 vehicle-level resamples. Binary coverage was 0.9438 for Model A and 0.3938 for Model B, and selective risk was 0.0464 and 0.4444, respectively. End-to-end single-arm processing took 157.75 s for Model A and 654.09 s for Model B under the recorded execution conditions. These findings compare the two complete configurations and do not isolate an architectural effect. Energy use, carbon emissions, repair-material savings, and life-cycle outcomes were not measured. The protocol provides a basis for future matched-task studies of human-in-the-loop maintenance workflows. Full article

Converting waste slurry from underground construction into foamed lightweight soil (FLS) offers a route to waste valorization, but its durability under repeated moisture changes requires evaluation. This study compared FLS prepared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), alkali-activated slag–fly ash (AASF), and hybrid OPC-AASF. Engineering properties and resistance to 18 wetting and drying (W-D) cycles were evaluated alongside pore structure evolution, microstructural changes, and environmental and economic indicators. Increasing soil content reduced unconfined compressive strength (UCS), with OPC-AASF showing a more gradual decline than OPC. All systems exhibited non-monotonic strength evolution during cycling. After 18 cycles, the UCS losses relative to the 28 d baseline were 1.9%–5.8% for OPC-AASF and 12.3%–17.6% for AASF. In selected specimens, X-ray computed tomography showed that lower macroporosity did not necessarily correspond to better strength retention. The greater strength loss in AASF was accompanied by spatial pore enrichment, coarse low-sphericity pores, and local interfacial damage. X-ray diffraction indicated retention of the main crystalline phases, while scanning electron microscopy showed better local pore wall and interfacial continuity in OPC-AASF. On a common dry-solids mass basis, the hybrid mixture containing 40% soil required 76.0% less OPC than a theoretical OPC foam concrete without waste soil. The estimated carbon emissions, energy intensity, and material cost associated with raw material inputs were 72.2%, 68.0%, and 48.1% lower, respectively. These findings support OPC-AASF as a cement-reduced stabilization system for lightweight backfill, combining waste slurry reuse with strength retention under repeated moisture fluctuations. Full article

Air-pollution source control is usually prioritised by emission mass, yet the health damage per tonne emitted varies widely in space. Using agricultural-residue open burning in Northern Thailand as a case study, we couple a GIS emission inventory with a province-resolved damage-function health model to quantify the health and economic burden, quantify how the health damage per tonne emitted varies across provinces, and apportion the co-benefits of diverting residue from open burning between air-quality and climate gains. In 2018, residue burning released about 21 kt of PM_2.5, 3.0 kt of black carbon and 0.84 Mt CO₂-eq of net non-biogenic greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide), together with 6.2 Mt of biogenic CO₂ that is refixed by the following crop and is not a net climate source, with rice, sugarcane and maize contributing 39%, 35% and 20% of fine particles respectively, imposing costs of 59,600 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; 97.5% from primary PM_2.5) and ~USD 1.07 billion per year. The damage caused per tonne emitted varied 4.8-fold among provinces (1.43–6.85 DALY per tonne of PM_2.5), so the largest emitter (Nakhon Sawan) was not the province whose emissions caused the largest attributable burden (Phetchabun); damage-weighted prioritisation therefore identifies where diversion yields the greatest benefit. Diverting rice and maize residue avoided 12 kt PM_2.5, 1.6 kt black carbon and 0.56 Mt CO₂-eq of net greenhouse gas, and 60% of the health and economic burden; extending diversion to sugarcane raised these to 20 kt, 2.9 kt, 0.79 Mt CO₂-eq and 95% (USD 1.02 billion per year), so a three-crop strategy is required. Rice-only and maize-only diversion were not clearly separable (rice-only was larger in 64% of the Monte Carlo draws). Full article

The surface activation of industrial-grade unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber (CF) textiles by nitrogen-based Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APP Jet) treatment is investigated for application in CF UD/bio-epoxy composite laminates. A systematic parameter screening campaign, guided by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) of the plasma source, identifies the suitable operating window. The effects of the APP Jet treatment on the UD carbon fabric are characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). Surface analysis indicates a substantial reduction of the surface coverage associated with the thermoplastic binder and sizing residues, a controlled increase in graphitic disorder, and a modification of the surface elemental composition characterized by nitrogen enrichment, consistent with plasma-induced surface functionalization, without evidence of significant morphological damage to the fibers. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (${\mathrm{G}}_{IC}$) was assessed by Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) testing on vacuum-infused UD CF/bio-epoxy laminates according to the ASTM D5528 standard. Two batches were tested: one adopting the CF UD with 0.1 mm as fabric thickness, and the other 0.2 mm thick. The ${\mathrm{N}}_2$-treated specimens show a statistically significant improvement of +19.4% and +36.1%, respectively, for the 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm series, in mean propagation toughness (${\mathrm{G}}_{IC,ai}$) relative to the untreated baseline, confirming that plasma-induced surface chemistry translates into a measurable enhancement of delamination resistance in quasi-static opening conditions. Full article

This study systematically investigated the effects of carbon fiber (CF) content (0%, 0.15%, 0.3%) and strain rate (10⁻⁵/s, 10⁻⁴/s, 10⁻³/s, 10⁻²/s) on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and microscopic damage evolution of carbon fiber-modified recycled concrete (CFRRAC) using uniaxial compression testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, acoustic emission (AE), and statistical damage theory. The results indicate that the moderate addition of CF can effectively improve the compactness of the microstructure of the specimen, enhance the strain rate effect of CFRRAC, and improve its initial macroscopic mechanical properties. The microstructure characteristics of specimens with different CF contents and the Stefan effect related to strain rate further affect the initiation and propagation morphology, propagation path, and adjustment process of effective stress skeleton of microcracks during uniaxial compression, leading to regular changes in characteristic parameters characterizing microfracture and yield damage evolution with CF content and strain rate. The above factors collectively determine the evolution characteristics of the macroscopic nonlinear stress–strain behavior of CFRRAC, combined with the CF bridging toughening effect, ultimately resulting in an increase in strength with increasing strain rate and maintaining good ductility. Compared with the specimens without CF doping, the peak stress of CFRRAC increased by 37.16% to 41.18% and the peak strain increased by 22.94% to 36.57% in the strain rate range of 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻²/s at a dosage of 0.3%. Taking the CFRRAC specimen with a content of 0.3% as an example, compared with the strain rate of 10⁻⁵/s, the peak stress of the specimen increased by 9.31%, 18.66%, and 31.24% at strain rates ranging from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻²/s, respectively. The research results can provide theoretical support for the promotion and application of CFRRAC in the engineering field. Full article

The global energy transition is driving power systems toward lower-carbon electricity generation, requiring sustainability assessments that consider environmental burdens beyond direct carbon emissions. This study evaluates Mexico’s electricity system using life cycle assessment, resource analysis, and energy sustainability indices. The main novelty of this study is the development of four energy sustainability indices derived from EI99H damage results: the Index of Environmental Change per Energy Unit, Relative Environmental Change Index, Per Capita Environmental Impact, and Environmental Intensity Metric. These indices capture temporal environmental change, generation-related variation, population-related burden, and environmental impact per unit of electricity. Results show improvements in fuel oil, water, and biomass performance between 2013 and 2023, whereas natural gas and coal impacts increased. Mexico exhibits a lower per capita environmental burden than Germany and Spain, while France shows the lowest value, largely due to its nuclear-based electricity mix. Human Health damage is 55% higher than Ecosystem Quality, mainly due to fossil fuel combustion. Hydroelectric generation shows substantial water demand, while solar and wind have negligible requirements. Rising natural gas costs constrain competitiveness, whereas renewables maintain low operating costs. Full article

In January 2025, the Palisades and Eaton fires overtook large swaths of Los Angeles County, covering a combined area of approximately 152 km², composed of diverse coastal, urban, and forested environments. Aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys were commissioned directly following these fires, and compared against previously unreleased foundational LiDAR surveys captured in 2023 and 2024. The timeliness of these surveys presents a unique opportunity to approach large-scale damage characterization metrologically at sub-meter resolution. Cell-based height differencing across 367 million change-detected cells (on a 0.5 m grid) identifies 49.5 km² of vegetation loss and 1.66 km² of building footprint destruction in the Palisades fire, and 24.3 km² of vegetation loss and 1.48 km² of building footprint destruction in the Eaton fire. From the resulting volumetric loss inventory, we derive bottom-up carbon emission estimates of $255\pm 61$ kt C for the Palisades fire and $162\pm 38$ kt C for the Eaton fire. The Eaton estimate agrees to within 6% of an independent atmospheric inversion estimate derived from ground-based sensor networks, well within the propagated uncertainty of either method, providing an independent cross-validation, at the total-emission level, between LiDAR-based and atmospheric-inversion approaches to wildland–urban interface fire emissions. This paper details the segmentation and characterization methodology, and coincides with ALERTCalifornia’s public release of all described raw and derivative datasets. Full article

The building sector faces an urgent challenge in balancing carbon neutrality goals with natural resource conservation. This study constructs a three-dimensional dynamic coupling model integrating Life Cycle Assessment, carbon footprint, and emergy analysis to evaluate the sustainability of a hydrogen–solar–geothermal hybrid energy system for an ecological office building in China’s hot summer and cold winter climate zone over a twenty-year horizon. The model incorporates dynamic factors including grid decarbonization, equipment efficiency degradation, and replacement cycles to overcome the systematic bias inherent in static LCA. Results reveal a significant trade-off: the hybrid system achieves a 29.8% reduction in global warming potential with a seven-year carbon payback period, yet non-renewable resource consumption doubles and resource scarcity damage increases by 173%. The carbon payback trajectory exhibits non-monotonic fluctuation, with electrolyzer replacement in year ten generating 360 tonnes of additional emissions that nearly reset the cumulative net value to zero. Multi-objective optimization identifies photovoltaic capacity as the system baseline (170–210 kW) and electrolyzer capacity as the primary regulating variable (35–62 kW), with the TOPSIS-recommended compromise solution of 200 kW photovoltaic, 50 kW electrolyzer, 30 kW fuel cell, and 32 m³ hydrogen storage achieving annual carbon emissions of 280 tonnes and a 33.3% reduction. Carbon pricing exhibits a nonlinear leverage effect with an incentive threshold of 200 RMB per tonne, substantially above China’s current 60–80 RMB per tonne level. This study concludes that while hydrogen–solar–geothermal hybrid systems offer substantial climate benefits, their comprehensive sustainability depends on proactive management of material scarcity costs, precise planning of equipment replacement cycles, and coordinated multi-level policy instruments. The findings provide methodological foundations for transitioning building carbon neutrality assessment from static LCA to dynamic coupling frameworks and from single carbon metrics to integrated carbon-resource-cost evaluations. All quantitative results presented herein are derived from this specific case study under the stated assumptions and parameter values; generalization to other building types or climate zones requires recalibration. Full article

The use of manufactured sand (MS) as a substitute for natural sand or quartz sand in the production of ultra-high-performance manufactured sand concrete (UHPMC) represents a critical approach to alleviating the shortage of high-quality aggregates and promoting low-carbon development. However, after steel fibers and steel rebars are introduced into this material system, the synergistic working mechanism and damage evolution characteristics of the resulting ultra-high-performance manufactured sand-reinforced concrete (UHPMRC) beams under flexural loading remain largely unexplored. Acoustic emission (AE) technology, owing to its high sensitivity to the initiation and propagation of microcracks, enables real-time dynamic monitoring of UHPMRC beams throughout the entire process from the elastic stage to fracture failure, thereby providing an effective means to reveal the internal performance degradation law. Accordingly, this study conducted simultaneous AE monitoring on small-scale reinforced beams under four-point bending and investigated the effects of MS replacement ratios (0%, 50%, 100%) and steel fiber contents (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%). Results show that UHPMRC beams with 100% MS replacement and 1.5% steel fiber content achieve optimal performance. Compared to 0% MS specimens, those with 100% MS exhibit superior early stiffness, ductility, and flexural capacity due to the combined effects of steel fibers and MS. Beams with 2% steel fiber content experienced fiber clustering, reducing bridging capability and promoting earlier cracking relative to those with 1.5% fibers. AE energy parameters accurately identified cracking and characterized crack propagation in UHPMRC beams. Increasing MS content raised the proportion of shear cracks while reducing tensile cracks. The highest shear signal proportion occurred at 1.0% steel fiber content. These findings provide a valuable reference for the design of sustainable high-performance reinforced-concrete structures using manufactured sand. Full article

The recycling of construction and demolition waste and the reduction of carbon emissions are important issues in sustainable construction. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is promising for structural use, but the weak old mortar and multiple interfacial transition zones in recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) may reduce the load-transfer capacity at the steel–concrete interface. To address this problem, this study developed carbonated recycled aggregate concrete-filled flat steel tube (FST-CRAC) members and investigated their interfacial bond–slip behavior through material strength tests and push-out tests on nine specimens. The effects of RCA replacement ratio, carbonation treatment, section aspect ratio, and width-to-thickness ratio were examined. RCA was carbonated at 0.5 MPa for 24 h. The 28-day compressive strength increased from 32.6 to 44.3 MPa in the uncarbonated P series and from 36.2 to 46.2 MPa in the carbonated T series. However, because the two series were developed through separate preliminary mix-design trials, these differences should be interpreted as being jointly associated with carbonation treatment and mix-proportion adjustments rather than as evidence of an isolated causal effect of carbonation. Push-out failure was governed by interfacial debonding, local crushing near the corners, and post-peak frictional slip, with damage consistently concentrated at the short sides and corners of the flat section. Carbonation treatment increased the peak bond load by 2.85–26.23%, with the largest benefit observed at a moderate replacement ratio, while increasing the RCA replacement ratio from 50% to 100% increased the peak load by 27.90% for uncarbonated specimens but only 4.21% for carbonated specimens, indicating that carbonation reduces the sensitivity of bond capacity to replacement ratio. A moderate increase in section aspect ratio increased the peak load by 22.30–25.86%, and reducing the width-to-thickness ratio increased the peak load by 5.95–40.92%. A four-linear bond–slip constitutive model was proposed to describe the full interfacial response, from initial bonding through peak degradation to residual friction. These findings provide experimental support for the use of carbonated recycled aggregates in steel tube-confined composite members and a basis for subsequent nonlinear analysis. Full article

International oil price volatility poses severe risks to macroeconomic stability and energy security, presenting complex policy challenges for China as it simultaneously pursues economic growth and a low-carbon transition. To bridge the gap between general equilibrium reallocation and transition quality, this study couples an 18-sector recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with a super-efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model to evaluate China’s macroeconomic path and green total factor productivity (GTFP) from 2023 to 2045. We simulate a permanent 200% international oil price shock starting from 2026—conceived as a tail-risk stress test—together with alternative shock scenarios of varying magnitude and persistence (P50, P100, and a five-year temporary variant of P200_5Y), and evaluate four counterfactual policies under the P200 stress-test condition: household transfers (Tran_HG), price regulation (P_REG), structural tax reduction (T_RED), and energy-transition acceleration (Delta_ENE). The shock triggers imported cost-push inflation and a regressive shift toward coal, with the long-run damage governed jointly by shock magnitude and persistence; since GTFP deteriorates monotonically with shock size, the apparent emission reductions under extreme shocks suggest a contraction-driven “efficiency illusion” rather than genuine green improvements. Individually, P_REG and T_RED are effective only as temporary shields, Tran_HG provides the strongest welfare protection but amplifies the high-carbon rebound, and Delta_ENE uniquely improves resilience and green efficiency simultaneously. Building on these results, a combined policy package (COM) is further designed and simulated, which exhibits positive complementarities; it cuts the 2026 GDP loss by about 70%, turns GDP and welfare losses into net gains by 2043 and 2040, respectively, and delivers favorable green-transition outcomes. These findings call for coordinated, phased policy packages in which fiscal space rotates from emergency shields to demand-side repair and, ultimately, to electrification-led structural transformation. Full article

To clarify the origin of asymmetric arc ablation in hydroelectric generator slip rings, a Steel 45/carbon current-carrying friction pair was selected to investigate the influence of current polarity on arc behaviour and interfacial damage. Static gap discharge tests (10 A) and dynamic tests (current density of 10 A/cm², sliding velocity of 0.419 m/s) were performed to characterize polarity-dependent erosion behaviour. The results indicate that, under the steel(+)–carbon(−) condition, the arc exhibits unstable burst-like discharge accompanied by intense spark spattering. The carbon cathode experiences severe material loss due to the combined effects of cathode-spot heating, positive-ion bombardment, and molten metal droplet impact. The steel surface is characterized by nested erosion pits and spherical resolidified spatter particles, while the apparent ablation-affected area shows an overall increase with accumulated arc duration, with a more pronounced expansion observed at longer durations. Pronounced bidirectional material migration and interfacial elemental enrichment are observed under the steel(+)–carbon(−) configuration, resulting in an apparent net mass loss rate approximately 2.5 times higher than that under the steel(-)–carbon(+) configuration. The reversed steel(−)–carbon(+) configuration produces a spatially constrained and stable arc discharge, accompanied by a continuous remelted layer and network-like thermal-stress cracks on the steel surface. Polarity reversal changes the direction of the interfacial electric field and charged-particle migration, thereby regulating cathode electron emission, arc discharge behaviour, energy distribution in the near-electrode region, and bidirectional material migration across the interface. These results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the polarity-dependent arc ablation mechanism of steel/carbon friction pairs and for optimizing polarity configuration and differentiated protection strategies for hydroelectric generator slip rings. Full article

Wetlands have been noted to provide us with a wide range of ecosystem services—climate, water quality, flood regulation, and habitat benefits among others. The evidence that supports these service benefits is fairly well documented in the literature. However, it is often scattered across studies, metrics, and valuation methods, making it difficult for planners and landscape architects to use in physical projects and plans. The empirical result of this difficulty is that wetlands are often overlooked and under-utilized as part of broader ecosystem and land based planning solution sets. This paper addresses this usability deficiency using an ecosystem accounting framework that translates wetland science into spatially specific design and planning metrics. The framework follows the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA), an international statistical framework adopted by the UN to measure the environment’s contribution to the economy and human well-being. In our study, wetland extents in the state of Illinois are mapped on a statewide 30 m × 30 m grid. Individual wetland system conditions are estimated from floristic quality using a generalized additive model trained on 244 wetland sites that are part of the long-term Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) at the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). A floristic condition scalar, $w\left(x\right)$, provides a screening-level measure of ecological condition. It is applied only to a nonmonetary habitat-condition account and is not used to scale the monetary service accounts. Climate regulation, water purification, and flood regulation are quantified through service-specific physical models and reported as carbon-price and replacement-cost proxies. Under the central scenarios, these three monetary proxy accounts produce a combined subtotal of USD 1408.6 million per year. The annualized surface-storage replacement-cost scenario accounts for USD 1048.5 million, load-gated nitrogen-removal replacement cost for USD 338.0 million, and the climate-regulation carbon-price proxy for USD 22.1 million. These estimates are planning proxies rather than observed market benefits or realized avoided damages. The separate habitat-condition account totals 198,280 condition-weighted hectares, with a statewide mean $w\left(x\right)$ of 0.502, and is not added to the monetary subtotal. Climate performance varies across wetland types: methane emissions cause some emergent wetland categories to function as net greenhouse-gas sources under the central assumptions, while other categories remain net sinks. A protection-gap analysis shows that Tier 4 wetlands contain 70.1% of the classified vegetated-wetland area and 67.0% of the condition-weighted habitat area within the classified domain. Broadly, the framework demonstrates how ecosystem accounting can translate fragmented wetland evidence into consistent spatial metrics for planning. The resulting layers support statewide screening, comparison among wetland categories, conservation and restoration screening, and protection-gap analysis while preserving the distinction between monetary service proxies and nonmonetary ecological condition. Full article