Search Results (721)

Background/Objectives: Seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) coverage remains suboptimal among adults aged ≥50 years, and the COVID-19 pandemic might influence the determinants of SIV uptake. This systematic review aimed to identify determinants of SIV uptake among adults aged ≥50 years during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, APA PsycINFO, and APA PsycArticles for studies published between 1 December 2019 and 1 January 2026. The pooled prevalence of SIV uptake was synthesized using random-effects models in meta-analysis. Results: A total of 50 studies were included in the systematic review. COVID-19-related factors, such as perceived risk of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza and concerns about potential interactions between COVID-19 vaccines and SIV, were determinants of SIV uptake. Other modifiable determinants included those that existed before the pandemic (e.g., knowledge and perceptions of seasonal influenza and SIV). Subgroup analysis showed that cost and inaccessibility were barriers to receiving SIV in places without a fully subsidized SIV, and perceived susceptibility and vaccine safety concerns were commonly identified as facilitators and barriers in studies with data collected after the pandemic. The pooled prevalence of SIV uptake among adults aged 50 years or above was 53% (95% confidence interval: 44–62%). Such uptake appeared lower among adults aged 50–64 years, in regions without a fully subsidized SIV, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: These findings could inform service planning and interventions promoting SIV uptake among adults aged ≥50 years in the post-pandemic era. More studies are needed to explore determinants specific to people aged 50–64 years to inform health promotion tailored to their needs. Full article

Background: Despite the increasing availability of tailored vaccines, vaccine-preventable respiratory diseases (VPRDs), including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COVID-19, and pneumococcal disease (PD), continue to impose a significant health and economic burden. This study assessed the epidemiological and economic burden of VPRD among adults aged ≥65 across four Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland). Methods: Data on incidence, hospital admissions, and mortality were obtained from national statistics (week 21, 2024–week 20, 2025) and supplemented with peer-reviewed literature. A static model was developed to quantify epidemiological and economic burden associated with VPRD during the 2024/2025 winter season. Results: During the 2024/2025 season, VPRD resulted in approximately 830,000 symptomatic cases, 60,300 hospital admissions, and 7750 deaths across the Nordic countries. COVID-19 showed the highest estimated incidence and numbers of hospital admissions, followed by influenza, PD, and RSV. Mortality was comparable between COVID-19 and influenza, followed by PD and RSV. Annual healthcare costs were approximately €1132 million, with productivity losses constituting an additional 7%. Conclusions: Despite national vaccination efforts, VPRDs remain a major health and economic burden in the Nordic countries. Strengthening immunization programs through improved vaccine uptake, broader coverage, and use of advanced vaccines may contribute to further reducing this burden. Full article

Understanding how vaccination-event characteristics relate to doses administered can inform public health delivery strategies. This study examined associations between modifiable characteristics of community-based COVID-19 vaccination events and doses administered per event. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 631 vaccination events coordinated by the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness (LMPHW) in Jefferson County, Kentucky, between March 2021 and May 2022. The outcome was the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered per event. Multivariable regression models assessed associations between event characteristics and doses administered per event. Across all events, 27,767 COVID-19 vaccine doses were administered. Each additional hour of event duration was associated with 21.6% more doses administered per event (95% CI: 14.0–29.8%). Weekend events were associated with 87.8% more doses administered per event than weekday events (95% CI: 45.7–142.0%). Compared with government-hosted events, 44.7% more doses were administered at non-profit organizations, 110.0% more at business organizations, and 57.8% more at medical service providers. LMPHW-only events were associated with 198.4% more doses administered per event than partnered events (95% CI: 120.1–304.6%). Principal findings were generally consistent across sensitivity analyses. These findings may help inform planning of future community vaccination and other immunization initiatives. Full article

Background: Local vaccine manufacturing is being pursued across Africa to improve pandemic preparedness and reduce reliance on imports. In Nigeria, where COVID-19 vaccines were largely imported, willingness to accept locally produced vaccines is important for sustainable domestic production. The objective of this study was to estimate willingness to accept a locally manufactured COVID-19 vaccine among adults in Lagos, Nigeria, and to identify demographic predictors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adults in Lagos State from 7 September to 16 September 2024, using a questionnaire administered in four open-air markets. The primary outcome was willingness to accept a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured in Nigeria (yes/no). We summarized respondent characteristics, tested bivariate associations using chi-square tests, and estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) using multivariable logistic regression. Model calibration and discrimination were assessed using Hosmer–Lemeshow testing and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results: Of 388 consenting respondents, 335 provided complete data (86.3%). Respondents were predominantly female (60.6%); the largest age groups were 25–34 (30.2%) and 35–44 (28.4%) years. Overall, 75.8% reported willingness to accept a Nigerian-made COVID-19 vaccine. Willingness differed by age group (p = 0.0028; trend p = 0.0002) and religion (p = 0.0403). In adjusted models, respondents aged 45–54 years (aOR 6.54; 95% CI: 1.73–24.79) and 55–64 years (aOR 4.97; 95% CI: 1.05–23.55) had higher odds of acceptance than those aged 18–24 years. Christian affiliation was associated with lower odds than Muslim affiliation (aOR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20–0.83). Discrimination was acceptable (AUC 0.75; 95% CI: 0.69–0.80). Conclusions: Most respondents were willing to accept a Nigerian-made COVID-19 vaccine, suggesting demand-side readiness. Confidence-building strategies tailored to younger adults and implemented with faith-based and community institutions may support uptake of locally produced vaccines. Full article

Introduction: Storytelling is gaining interest as a potentially useful research and communication approach in health. However, there remains a huge gap in synthesized evidence in relation to its use in vaccination. We set out to map existing evidence on the use of storytelling in vaccination practice. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases were searched for eligible studies using search strings in PubMed, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Africa Wide Information, PsycINFO, ERIC, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, and SciELO Citation Index via Web of Science. The gray literature was searched on Primo and Google Scholar. References from other sources were identified through a manual search using Google. Identified citations were uploaded into Covidence for screening and data extraction. Qualitative content analysis was used to summarize data in conceptual categories, including frequency counts. Results: Overall, 6236 studies were identified and imported into Covidence. Following removal of duplicates, 3804 studies were screened for title and abstract. 386 studies met eligibility criteria for full-text screening, which led to 110 included studies. Storytelling was used in immunization between 1997 and 2025 as a communication intervention (96/110 studies), research method (12/110 studies), and therapeutic approach (3/110 studies). Most studies originated from North America (67/110 studies), while six originated from Africa. Two-thirds of included studies (64/110 studies) were randomized controlled trials. Among the 62 studies reporting vaccine-related outcomes, 80.6% (50/62 studies) reported changes in one or more vaccine-related outcomes following exposure to storytelling interventions. The trustworthiness of these outcome findings is unknown. Reported changes were more frequently observed for cognitive, affective, and intentional outcomes than for behavioral outcomes such as vaccine uptake. Again, these findings have not been subject to critical appraisal. Conclusions: Storytelling is emerging as an adaptable approach with potential for addressing contextual vaccine challenges. Although several studies reported changes in cognitive, affective, and intentional outcomes, this scoping review cannot ascertain whether these changes were attributed to storytelling itself. Full article

Background: Vaccine acceptance is a fundamental prerequisite for uptake, which may vary over time in response to contextual and vaccine-specific factors and major global disruption. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated global trends and determinants of vaccine acceptance between 2009 and 2024. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using pre-defined keywords and controlled vocabulary related to vaccination, vaccine acceptance or hesitancy, with a broad search strategy designed to capture global evidence across multiple vaccine categories and geographic settings. Studies restricted to high-risk groups or other specific sub-populations (e.g., healthcare workers) were excluded. Studies reporting vaccine acceptance outcomes were systematically identified and pooled estimates were calculated across vaccine categories, WHO regions, income groups, and pandemic periods. Temporal trends and interaction effects were assessed to evaluate changes in vaccine acceptance among different vaccines and before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 264 publications, including 650,772 participants from 97 countries, were included. Overall, pooled vaccine acceptance was 70.63% and remained relatively stable throughout the study period. Most studies originated from high-income countries, whereas low-income countries and the African region were underrepresented. Childhood vaccines demonstrated the highest pooled acceptance (80.26%), followed by HPV vaccines (66.48%), while influenza vaccines showed the lowest acceptance (52.00%). Childhood vaccine acceptance increased over time and during the COVID-19 period, whereas significant negative interaction trends were observed for HPV and influenza vaccines. Higher vaccine acceptance was observed in African and South-East Asian regions compared with Western Pacific and European regions. Acceptance also varied across income groups, with greater hesitancy generally observed in higher-income settings. Conclusions: Vaccine acceptance among the general population remained relatively stable globally between 2009 and 2024 but varied substantially by vaccine categories, geographic regions, and economic settings. These findings highlight the context-specific nature of vaccine acceptance and the need for harmonized measurement tools and stronger evidence from underrepresented regions to support equitable immunization strategies. Full article

Veterinarians are routinely exposed to occupational infectious hazards at the human–animal interface, making vaccination an important preventive measure within a One Health framework. However, evidence on vaccination coverage and immunization practices in this professional group remains limited. This study assessed self-reported vaccination coverage, attitudes toward vaccination, perceived barriers, and training needs among registered veterinarians in Málaga, Spain. A cross-sectional anonymous survey was distributed to all actively practicing veterinarians registered with the Official Veterinary Association of Málaga. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic and professional information, self-reported vaccination status, attitudes toward vaccination, and perceived training needs. A total of 164 veterinarians participated (response rate: 15.2%). Given the voluntary nature of participation, findings should be interpreted as descriptive. Vaccination coverage was low for several vaccines relevant to occupational or adult immunization, including seasonal influenza (21.3%), rabies (23.2%), and tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis boosters (47.3%). Nearly half of respondents (49.1%) were uncertain about their hepatitis B vaccination status. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccination uptake was high (96.9% received at least one dose). Although most participants considered vaccination highly important, self-reported coverage remained limited for several recommended vaccines. Qualitative responses identified barriers related to access to vaccination, information, and the absence of structured occupational vaccination programmes. Among the surveyed veterinarians in Málaga, these findings support the need for clearer occupational vaccination recommendations, improved access to immunization services, and enhanced vaccinology training. Such measures could strengthen occupational health protection and support One Health prevention strategies at the human–animal interface. Full article

Background/Objectives: SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remain major causes of adult hospitalizations, but contemporary comparative data are limited. This study compared the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of adults hospitalized with these infections during the 2025/2026 epidemic season in Poland. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of consecutive adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, influenza, or RSV infection between September 2025 and April 2026. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, vaccination status, clinical features, laboratory findings, and outcomes were analyzed. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The study included 604 patients: 255 with COVID-19, 314 with influenza, and 35 with RSV infection. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed, with COVID-19 peaking in autumn, influenza in winter, and RSV in early spring. Most hospitalized patients were elderly and unvaccinated. RSV patients were older, more frequently affected by multimorbidity, ischemic heart disease, and cancer, and showed the greatest respiratory impairment, including the highest rates of hypoxemia and pneumonia. Influenza was characterized by more frequent fever, headache, and myalgia. Despite lower pneumonia rates, COVID-19 was associated with the highest in-hospital mortality (13.7%) and remained an independent predictor of death (aOR = 3.23, 95%CI: 1.68–6.22). Antibiotic use was common across all cohorts (62–77%). Conclusions: COVID-19 remained associated with the highest mortality among hospitalized adults, whereas RSV contributed substantially to respiratory morbidity in older individuals. These findings support improved vaccination uptake, continued surveillance, hospital preparedness, and antimicrobial stewardship. Full article

Background/Objectives: Respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults. However, vaccination coverage against respiratory pathogens remains suboptimal, particularly in rural and vulnerable populations. This study aimed to identify factors associated with respiratory vaccination uptake among older adults living in rural Amazonian communities in Peru. Methods: We conducted an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Amazon Frail Project. A total of 429 adults aged ≥60 years from rural and suburban communities in San Martín, Loreto, and Ucayali were included. Vaccination coverage for influenza, pneumococcal disease, pertussis, and COVID-19, as well as vaccine combinations, was assessed. Multiple linear and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to identify associated factors. Results: Complete vaccination coverage was 42.89% for influenza, 23.08% for pneumococcal disease, 4.43% for pertussis, and 70.16% for COVID-19. Only 3.50% of participants had received all four respiratory vaccines. Higher educational attainment, multimorbidity, social frailty, greater muscle mass, better physical performance, and healthcare center attendance were associated with higher vaccination uptake. Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, functional dependency, physical frailty, dynapenia, and higher body mass index were associated with lower vaccination uptake. Conclusions: Respiratory vaccination coverage was suboptimal among older adults living in rural Amazonian communities. Educational, functional, physical, social, and healthcare access factors significantly influenced vaccine uptake, highlighting the need for targeted immunization strategies in vulnerable rural populations. Full article

Background: Vaccinations are highly effective in preventing infectious diseases, which otherwise present a serious challenge to the health of individuals and public health. To identify potential gaps in vaccination coverage, we examined childhood vaccination levels in Frankfurt am Main (FFM) and the Rhein Neckar district (including Heidelberg city, RNHD) prior to, during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, we explored various factors that appear to contribute to lower vaccination levels in specific communities in either or both locations. The results are intended to guide strategies for designing and improving vaccination services for specific groups in local health settings. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the vaccination rates of children in Frankfurt am Main and the Rhein Neckar district (including Heidelberg city) by using anonymized data from school entry examinations spanning the years 2017 to 2024. Data pre-processing, analysis, and visualization were performed using R (5.4.2). Frequencies and percentages were calculated for sociodemographic and vaccination rates (the completeness of the vaccination schedule recommended by STIKO for children). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors with a significant impact on vaccination uptake. Results: Multinomial logistic regression with ‘measles-only’ (Measles) as the reference category revealed distinct predictor patterns across vaccination levels. In both regions, children who completed preventive medical check-ups had higher odds of completing the schedule of vaccination plus at least one additional vaccine (ScheduledPlus) versus, measles-only vaccination. In RNHD, children from Eastern European language families and low- and medium-social-status backgrounds showed higher odds of completing the scheduled vaccinations without the recently introduced rotavirus vaccination (ScheduledNotRota), versus measles-only vaccination. In FFM, strong interaction effects were observed between medical examination completion and migration background, with children from non-German birthplaces showing dramatically reduced odds of complete vaccination when preventive care was incomplete. Discussion: The proportion of children with a complete vaccination status remained stable over the study period in both locations, with no evidence of post-pandemic decline. Nevertheless, this stability masks important heterogeneity in vaccine coverage patterns across sociodemographic groups. Systematic identification and modeling of interactions between nationality, parental employment, and healthcare utilization tell a compelling “double jeopardy” story that the effects of these risk factors are not additive but synergistic. Regular medical check-ups remain an important factor in ensuring high vaccination coverage among children until they start school and underscore the justification for such established preventive care programs. A nuanced understanding, however, is crucial for moving beyond simplistic, one-size-fits-all public health messaging. Full article

Background. Hispanic populations in the United States experienced disproportionate health and economic impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed relationships between social determinants of health (SDOH) and COVID-19-related health and economic outcomes among Hispanic and non-Hispanic participants in the All of Us Research Program. Methods. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models explored associations between all variables. Iterative proportional fitting (raking) was used to align survey samples with known population margins. Results. Hispanics reported worse outcomes across all COVID-19-related variables: lower vaccination rates and higher rates of COVID-19 symptoms and experiencing hardships due to COVID-19. Final post-raking models found Hispanics had greater odds of experiencing hardships (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.55, 2.11) especially among those reporting COVID-19 symptoms (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.51, 3.97). The final model identified increased rates of COVID-19 vaccination among Hispanics when controlling for gender, age, and SDOH (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.09, 1.37) than have been reported nationally during the examined time period for Hispanics. Conclusions. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccination and disproportionate negative health, economic, and social impacts of COVID-19 experienced by Hispanic communities were driven by SDOH. Findings underscore the need for targeted efforts to address SDOH to achieve the best health outcomes for all. Full article

This review describes a novel method for increasing the effectiveness of inactivated enveloped whole-virus vaccines by targeting them for extensive uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Several inactivated whole-virus vaccines with dense glycan shields display suboptimal effectiveness because the multiple carbohydrate chains (glycans) on the virus mask immunogenic peptides and surround the virus with a negative electrostatic charge that decreases uptake by APCs. It is postulated that engineering such vaccinating viruses to present the carbohydrate antigen “α-gal epitope” on the glycan shields will immunocomplex them with the anti-Gal antibody; thus, it will target them for robust uptake by APCs. Anti-Gal is an abundant natural antibody in humans, constituting ~1% of human circulating immunoglobulins. The ligand of anti-Gal is the α-gal epitope, which is naturally synthesized in non-primate mammals and New World monkeys by the glycosylation enzyme α1,3galactosyltransferase. This enzyme is encoded by the GGTA1-gene. Viral vaccines presenting multiple α-gal epitopes on their glycan shield bind anti-Gal and activate the complement system to produce complement chemotactic cleavage peptides C5a and C3a that induce extensive recruitment of APCs to vaccine injection sites. The virion-bound anti-Gal further targets the viral vaccine for robust uptake by APCs, following binding of its Fc “tail” to Fcγ-receptors on APCs. The efficacy of this method was studied in anti-Gal-producing mice with α-gal presenting inactivated influenza virus vaccine and with gp120 of HIV presenting this epitope. These studies indicated that virus vaccines engineered to present α-gal epitopes increase anti-virus antibody production and virus-specific T-cell activation by 15- to 100-fold in comparison to the same vaccines lacking α-gal epitopes. It is suggested that α-gal presenting inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccines can induce a similar protective long-term immune memory against S- M-, E-, and N-viral proteins. Furthermore, immune-escaping variants of the mutated S-protein may be destroyed by antibodies to M and E proteins, and cells infected with such variants may be killed by cytotoxic T cells specific to peptides of the N-protein. Such an anti-M-, E-, and N-protein immune protection may prevent expansion of these variants and thus may avoid the need for immunization with COVID-19 vaccines every 6 months or following the appearance of new variants. A similar potent immunization may be achieved with an inactivated Ebolavirus vaccine engineered to present α-gal epitopes on the glycan shield. The resulting immune response to the various Ebolavirus proteins also may contribute to cross-reactive protection against other Ebolavirus species containing proteins with evolutionarily conserved structures. An effective method for the preparation of a whole-virus vaccine presenting α-gal epitopes is by arming it with the GGTA1-gene inserted into the viral genome. Such virions will present multiple α-gal epitopes on their glycan shield, which will amplify their immunogenicity instead of reducing it in the wild-type virus. Full article

Background/Objectives: Vaccine hesitancy is a complex and growing phenomenon worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health achievement in disease control and prevention. This study aimed to assess willingness to uptake and factors linked to shifts between different categories of willingness and uptake regarding the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Methods: Prospective cohort study with a representative sample of 1400 individuals aged ≥60 years residing in mainland Portugal, randomly selected. Two telephone surveys were conducted: one at the start of the 2023/2024 vaccination campaign, assessing patients’ characteristics and willingness for vaccination (using an 11-point Likert scale), and another at the end, assessing vaccination status and reasons for uptake/non-uptake. Results: Shifts were observed among both acceptance and refusal groups—12.93% of the individuals within these categories shifted to an opposite decision. Hesitancy presents divergent attitudes: for the COVID-19 vaccine, 56.50% declined vaccination, while for the influenza vaccine, non-uptake was only 30.60%. Age, presence of chronic disease, level of education, household dimension, and previous uptake of booster doses are significantly associated with shifting attitudes, playing different roles for each category of willingness and uptake outcome. For the acceptance category, non-uptake relates to confidence factors. For hesitancy, non-uptake is mainly due to complacency. For refusal, the decision is influenced by all domains. Conclusions: Vaccine hesitancy remains an important public health concern in the Portuguese population and appears to differ between COVID-19 and influenza vaccination. Attitudes toward COVID-19 and influenza vaccines can vary in all directions over a short period. Acceptance does not guarantee uptake, and refusal can shift towards uptake. These findings highlight the importance of reinforcing public health strategies and interventions for uptake across a population, taking into consideration the specificities of each willingness group. Full article

Introduction: Inequities in access to medicines persist for asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants in Europe. For vaccines, access gaps not only exist for these groups in childhood routine immunization, but also for life-course and catch-up vaccinations. As part of a broader project examining access to medicines and vaccines for migrants across all stages of the migration cycle, this scoping review synthesizes evidence on the determinants of access to vaccines. Methods: We conducted a scoping review across PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and grey literature sources, covering the period 2000–2024. Sources were eligible if they addressed access to vaccines among migrants. We examined access to vaccines along the life course, and across phases of the migratory cycle, including departure, transit, reception and settlement, and return or deportation. Results: A total of 47 research studies and grey literature reports were included. Most studies focused on migrants in reception and settlement (destination) settings, with only twelve sources addressing other phases of the migratory cycle. Across European countries, migrants were frequently reported to have lower uptake of routine vaccines (e.g., measles–mumps–rubella (MMR), polio, diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP), and human papillomavirus (HPV)) and COVID-19 vaccines than host populations. The most frequently reported barriers were related to migrants’ legal status, administrative requirements, and lack of documentation, alongside poor affordability of vaccination, limited awareness of their rights, and mistrust in the health system. Conclusions: Health systems need to adopt innovative approaches to expand vaccine access for migrant populations. Further, protecting confidentiality is essential for building trust and reducing ethical and legal risks. Flexible and coordinated vaccination strategies are required to address migrants’ mobility across the different migration stages and settings. Our findings appeal for sustained improvements in access to vaccines among migrants in Europe, contingent on strong policy commitments to equity, data protection, and the adoption of life-course and catch-up vaccination strategies. Full article

Objectives: This study aims to assess the acceptance of vaccinations among pregnant women, particularly against influenza, pertussis, COVID-19, and RSV, and to identify factors influencing their willingness to get vaccinated. It also seeks to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal attitudes and behaviors regarding vaccination. Methods: The analysis involved a review of existing literature and studies to evaluate the level of vaccine acceptance among pregnant women before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy, including misinformation, lack of knowledge, and the influence of healthcare professionals, were examined. Results: The findings indicated that, despite scientific evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of vaccines during pregnancy, public concerns remain about their impact on the developing fetus. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness of the risk of infectious diseases, but at the same time, its impact on vaccination rates among pregnant women is ambiguous and geographically diverse. Misinformation and decreased access to healthcare during the pandemic negatively affected vaccine uptake. Trustworthy information provided by healthcare professionals emerged as a key factor in promoting vaccine acceptance. Conclusions: To improve vaccination rates among pregnant women, it is essential to provide clear, evidence-based information through healthcare professionals, particularly those directly caring for pregnant women. Educational campaigns should address concerns calmly and without judgment, emphasizing the safety and benefits of vaccinations. Enhanced access to healthcare and vaccinations, along with strategic information dissemination, can significantly improve vaccine acceptance during pregnancy. Lessons learned from past pandemics should be incorporated into the development of healthcare strategies aimed at implementing recommended vaccinations for pregnant women in the future. Full article