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Aiming at the industrial problems of traditional sulfonated drilling fluids in high-temperature drilling of deep oil and gas reservoirs at 180°C, including high-temperature degradation, poor environmental protection, and severe reservoir damage, this paper adopts a function-oriented research idea to construct a set of non-sulfonated water-based drilling fluid systems with excellent comprehensive performance and temperature resistance up to 180 °C. Strict screening criteria for single agents were established, and six core non-sulfonated treatment agents were selected from 18 candidate agents in four categories: viscosifiers, fluid loss reducers, inhibitors, and high-temperature stabilizers. The compounding synergistic effects of cross-category treatment agents were studied, and four core action mechanisms were revealed. The optimal formula was obtained through optimization. Tests show that after hot rolling at 180 °C for 16 h, the system has an apparent viscosity retention rate of ≥81%, a yield point retention rate of ≥76%, and a high-temperature and high-pressure filtration loss of ≤12.8 mL. It can resist 15% salt, 1.0% calcium, and 15% drill cuttings, and maintains stable performance under composite pollution. At 180 °C, the shale linear expansion rate is only 8.6%, and the cuttings rolling recovery rate reaches 92.4%. The core permeability recovery value is ≥90.2%, the biotoxicity EC₅₀ value is 42,600 mg/L, and the 28-day biodegradation rate is 68.3%. This system can replace traditional sulfonated drilling fluids and provide a green and feasible technical solution for safe and efficient drilling in deep high-temperature formations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Petroleum and Low-Carbon Energy Process Engineering)

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8 pages, 1027 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Massive Delayed Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Cervical Spinal Tumor Resection: A Case Report

by In-Suk Bae and Hyoung-Joon Chun

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(14), 5321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15145321 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Cervical dumbbell-shaped neurogenic tumors occurring at two noncontiguous levels are rare, and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection causing cord compression is an uncommon but serious complication after intradural tumor resection. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of progressive gait disturbance. Neurological examination revealed grade 3 paraparesis with upper motor neuron signs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated two discrete dumbbell-shaped neurogenic tumors located at the C1-2 and C7-T1 levels. The lesions were simultaneously resected. Complete removal of the C1-2 tumor required total sacrifice of the left C2 nerve root, while the C7-T1 lesion was excised through a T-shaped dural incision. The dura was closed primarily with watertight sutures reinforced with dural sealant, and no CSF leakage was observed during intraoperative Valsalva testing. Two months postoperatively, the patient developed worsening upper back and trapezial pain with severe scapular swelling. MRI revealed a large CSF collection extending from C6 to T5, causing moderate cord compression. Urgent revision surgery was performed. Controlled drainage was attempted to prevent intracranial hypotension, but significant CSF egress occurred. The dural defect was repaired using an autologous muscle plug reinforced with fibrin glue. The patient recovered uneventfully after revision surgery and was discharged without recurrence or complications. Conclusions: This case highlights that delayed, extensive postoperative CSF collection can occur despite apparently watertight primary closure and negative intraoperative Valsalva testing. Clinical vigilance for this complication is essential when patients present with new axial pain or localized swelling following cervical intradural surgery, even in the absence of classic low-pressure headaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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20 pages, 1737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Iron Metabolism in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Cardiac Disease

by Carolina Frizzo-Ramos, Pavlos Doulidis, Ursula S. Kolm, Iwan A. Burgener, Franziska Roth-Walter and Nicole Luckschander-Zeller

Biomolecules 2026, 16(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16070997 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2026

Abstract

Cardiac disease represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. In human cardiology, iron deficiency is a highly prevalent and clinically relevant comorbidity, contributing to exercise intolerance, symptom burden, and impaired quality of life independently of anemia, while correction with intravenous iron improves function and reduces hospitalization. Iron metabolism in dogs remains poorly characterized and typically considered only in the context of anemia. This study investigated iron metabolism and its regulatory pathways in dogs with cardiac disease, assessing whether alterations in iron handling and availability consistent with an iron-restricted phenotype are present. Hematologic indices, serum iron, total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (TIBC, UIBC), ferritin, hepcidin, ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein, and albumin were evaluated in 61 dogs comprising healthy controls, and dogs either with compensated cardiac disease (CCD group) or presenting acute decompensated congestive heart failure (ADCHF group). Dogs with cardiac disease exhibited evidence of systemic inflammation, reduced hematocrit, increased red blood cell distribution width, and decreased circulating iron. Both cardiac groups showed reduced TIBC and UIBC, suggesting decreased transferrin availability and reduced iron transport capacity, whereas ferritin concentrations did not differ between groups. Hepcidin concentrations were lower in CCD and not increased in ADCHF patients, suggesting complex and non-uniform regulation of iron homeostasis rather than a classic hepcidin-driven inflammatory pattern. In dogs with ADCHF, iron-binding capacity was independently associated with indices of cardiac remodeling, and additional correlation between inflammatory markers and iron-related parameters supported an interaction between inflammation, iron handling, and disease severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Immunity and Inflammation: Decoding Mechanisms for Therapeutic Advancement)

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16 pages, 2559 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Stability of the Most Common Inflammatory Markers in Cows

by Marko Cincović, Nikolina Milošević, Nada Plavša, Jovan Spasojević and Mira Majkić

Ruminants 2026, 6(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants6030054 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2026

Abstract

Assessment of the stability of inflammatory parameters in bovine blood samples is important because it enables evaluation of the impact of preanalytical factors on biomarker preservation, standardization of sample processing and storage conditions, as well as reliable and consistent interpretation of results in diagnostic and research studies. The aim of the work was to evaluate the stability of the most common inflammatory markers in the blood of cows in early lactation. The influence of the serum–clot contacts duration and the storage of the separated serum in 24 cows, at 25 °C and 4 °C, in intervals of 0–24 h, was examined. Concentrations of interleukin 1 and 6 (IL-1, IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70) were determined by ELISA method, stability was assessed by ANOVA analysis and maximum permissible instability method. Stability was determined over a range of 2–15 h for IL-1, 8–24 h for IL-6, 9–13 h for TNF-α, 10–20 h for IFN-γ, 20–24 h for Hp, 15–24 h for SAA, and 9–12 h for eHsp70. The stability was strongly dependent on temperature and sample type, with storage at 4 °C providing the highest stability in most cases, while differences between serum and serum–clot samples were analyte-specific and less consistent compared to the effect of temperature. Full article

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11 pages, 1251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Insights from a Mexican Cohort

by Cynthia Villarreal-Garza, César Octavio Lara-Torres, Jesus Edgardo Hernandez-Hernandez, Daniela Vázquez Juárez, Gabriela Sofía Gómez-Macías, Paula Cabrera-Galeana, Fany Iris Porras-Reyes, Víctor Manuel Pérez-Sánchez, Antonio Nateras-Pérez, Gabriela Lugo-Martinez, Alejandro Aranda-Gutierrez and Alejandro Mohar

Cancers 2026, 18(14), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18142182 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Pembrolizumab-containing regimens have become the standard of care across the spectrum of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). While their use in the neoadjuvant setting is independent of biomarker status, their application in metastatic disease remains strictly contingent upon PD-L1 expression. Given that PD-L1 prevalence can vary significantly by ethnicity and geography, the lack of specific data for the Mexican population creates a challenge for optimizing treatment in the metastatic setting. This study sought to characterize PD-L1 positivity rates in a Mexican TNBC cohort to better define the local molecular landscape. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study across two cancer centers in Mexico to assess PD-L1 positivity in a cohort of women with TNBC (stages I–IV) diagnosed between 2006 and 2021. PD-L1 expression was assessed and evaluated centrally using the 22C3 pharmDx assay, with a Combined Positive Score (CPS) of ≥1 considered positive. We explored the association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features. Results: Of the 298 TNBC patients identified, 285 (96%) had sufficient tissue for CPS evaluation and thus were included in the analysis. PD-L1 positivity was observed in 29.1% of the cohort, and 13.3% of patients had a CPS ≥ 10. PD-L1 positivity was associated with higher histological grades (91.3% vs. 78.5%, p = 0.035) and TILs ≥ 30% (22.2% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.007). Additionally, pre-treatment surgical specimens were more frequently PD-L1 positive than tumor biopsies (56.6% vs. 30.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study characterizes the PD-L1 landscape in Mexican women with TNBC, reporting a 29.1% prevalence of CPS ≥ 1. The strong association between PD-L1 positivity and high TILs/histological grade highlights the role of the immune microenvironment in these aggressive phenotypes. Given the significant variability observed between specimens (biopsy vs. surgical), clinicians should consider the dynamic nature of PD-L1 expression when choosing treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Cancer Biology)

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32 pages, 3117 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Service Touchpoint to Governance Interface: Anthropomorphic AI, Complaint Severity, and Trust in C2C Platform Complaint Handling

by Cong Sun, Xinyu Li and Xing Meng

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2026, 21(7), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21070215 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2026

Abstract

Unlike B2C service failures, where firms respond to their own failures within a dyadic firm–customer relationship, C2C platform complaints often originate from third-party sellers. In such triadic platform–seller–consumer interactions, AI customer service agents become front-end governance interfaces through which consumers judge platform fairness, rule enforcement, and institutional reliability. This study examines anthropomorphic AI as a task-contingent governance cue in C2C platform complaint handling. Across two scenario-based experiments, we test how AI role framing, anthropomorphism, and complaint severity jointly shape consumer evaluations. Study 1 shows that high anthropomorphism increases service recovery satisfaction when AI is framed as a relational representative, but not when framed as a rule-based arbitrator. Study 2 reveals significant three-way interactions among complaint severity, role framing, and anthropomorphism for satisfaction, platform trust, and continuance intention. Under low severity, high anthropomorphism benefits both roles; under high severity, its benefit remains mainly for the relational representative and weakens for the rule-based arbitrator. Mechanism analyses show that social presence explains responses under low severity, whereas both social presence and procedural justice shape evaluations under high severity. Together, these findings identify governance-task fit as a key condition for the value of anthropomorphic AI in platform complaint handling, showing when human-like AI builds trust and when it may undermine governance credibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Marketing in Practice: Platforms, AI, Trust and Market Solutions)

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21 pages, 12858 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of KRTAP24-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Wool Traits in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries)

by Hongjie Zhao, Shike Ma, Wu Sun, Yujie Lu and Xiayang Jin

Animals 2026, 16(13), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16132111 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

KRTAP24-1 belongs to the high-sulphur KAP family and has been associated with cashmere fibre diameter in goats, but its role in ovine wool traits remains unclear. This study assessed KRTAP24-1 tissue expression by RT-qPCR and investigated genetic variation and associations with wool traits in 277 Tibetan sheep. Polymorphisms in the coding region were identified by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, and genotyping was performed using PARMS. A linear mixed model (LMM) incorporating a genomic relationship matrix (GRM) was used to evaluate associations between SNPs, haplotypes, and 12 wool traits. Bioinformatic analyses were restricted to the five haplotypes observed in the study population and were used as preliminary in silico assessments. Three missense SNPs were identified: c.191C>T (p.L64P), c.527G>A (p.G176D), and c.656C>T (p.A219V). The c.191C>T variant was associated with mean fibre length (MFL), single fibre tenacity (SFT), and scoured yield (SY), whereas c.656C>T was associated with lock length (LL) and clean fleece yield (CFY). Several haplotype combinations were also associated with LL, elongation at break (EB), and CFY. KRTAP24-1 showed high expression in skin. The observed haplotypes showed only minor differences in predicted mRNA secondary structure and mainly local changes in predicted protein features. These findings suggest that KRTAP24-1 may provide a preliminary basis for marker-assisted selection in Tibetan sheep breeding, but its functional role requires further validation in independent populations and experimental systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agave Bagasse as an Eco-Friendly Template for the Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of C@TiO₂ Photoelectrodes

by Patricia M. Olmos-Moya, Esmeralda Vences-Alvarez, Juan Matos, Marisol Aguilar, Sergio Velazquez-Martinez, Carlos Pineda-Arellano, Angel G. Rodríguez, Rene Rangel-Mendez and Luis F. Chazaro-Ruiz

Molecules 2026, 31(13), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132399 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

This work reports, for the first time, the use of agave bagasse from “Tequila Weber Var” as an efficient and eco-friendly template for the microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of C@TiO₂ photoelectrodes. The characterization of the C@TiO₂ materials was performed using composition and elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance/UV-visible spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and variations of the open-circuit potential in a conventional electrochemical cell. Three 1:1, 4:1, and 8:1 agave:Ti volume ratios were used to explore the influence of carbon content upon the optical and photoelectric properties of TiO₂. The composite with a 1:1 ratio showed a charge transfer kinetic capacity of 0.86 C·cm⁻²·s⁻¹ with the highest current density flow of 2.2 mA·cm⁻², and the lowest optical band gap (E_bg) value of 2.92 eV, boosting the optoelectronic behavior of TiO₂. The photoanode composed of FTO/C@TiO₂ with the hybrid material with a 1:1 ratio was preliminarily evaluated in a photovoltaic solar cell, showing a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency higher than the other two composites and up to 12.5 times higher than the photoanode only composed of neat TiO₂. The present results contribute to the state-of-the-art of eco-friendly organic–inorganic thin film photoelectrodes for the sustainable synthesis of third-generation solar cells using bagasse-derived waste as an efficient carbon source for the synthesis of hybrid photoactive semiconductors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composites for Waste Valorization and Pollutant Degradation)

16 pages, 4049 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Implementation of TREC/KREC Newborn Screening in a High-Birth-Rate Population: A Pilot Study of 5000 Neonates in South Kazakhstan

by Gulzada Abdushukurova, Alken Auyelova, Banu Kadyrbayeva, Ardak Ayazbekov, Dina Mussayeva, Ainash Oshibayeva, Kumissay Babayeva, Liliya Khairullina, Karlygash Sadykova and Gulnaz Nuskabaeva

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2026, 12(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns12030051 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

The early detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) prevents fatal outcomes. This study presents the first pilot TREC/KREC newborn screening (NBS) program in southern Kazakhstan, a high-birth-rate region, to establish local reference ranges and assess operational viability. A multiplex real-time PCR assay was used to quantify T-cell (TREC) and kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) from dried blood spots of 5000 unselected neonates. Biomarkers were normalized to copies per

10^{6}

cells using albumin as a diploid reference gene. Regional 0.5th percentile cut-offs were established (TREC < 3165 copies/

10^{6} c e l l s

and KREC < 2554 copies/

10^{6}

cells), and gender and gestational age did not significantly impact biomarker levels. While a low birth weight (≤2500 g) significantly reduced KREC levels, the extreme lower distribution tails remained unaffected, validating the use of universal, unstratified thresholds. Applying these cut-offs yielded an optimal 1.0% initial recall rate. Consistent with global incidence rates, no true positive cases were identified. The established assay and universal percentile cut-offs demonstrate high levels of analytical reliability and demographic stability. This pilot confirms the regional pediatric healthcare infrastructure’s readiness for a routine, population-based NBS program without the need for complex algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newborn Screening Developing Programs in Asia)

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20 pages, 10471 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄ Co-Modified Magnetic Nanocomposite: Fabrication and Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution

by Xiaohan Duan, Junkai Zheng, Xuebai Guo, Yongkui Wang, Qianqian Xie, Qiuyue Yin, Muyao Chen and Jingxi Tie

Magnetochemistry 2026, 12(7), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry12070075 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

Cr(VI) has become an urgent environmental concern due to its high toxicity. Adsorption is regarded as an effective technique for Cr(VI) removal, and high-performance adsorbents remain in great demand. In this study, waste-derived magnetic biochar (Fe⁰-Fe₃O₄ MB) was synthesized via synchronous pyrolysis combined with liquid-phase reduction, using Chinese medicinal residue as biomass feedstock and iron-based sludge as the sole iron source instead of traditional chemical agents. Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) results confirmed the feasibility and high efficiency of synthesizing Fe⁰ using iron sludge as the iron source; meanwhile, in situ generated Fe₃O₄ and biochar effectively restrained particle aggregation and the surface passivation of Fe⁰. Cr(VI) adsorption fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models, which suggests a predominant monolayer chemisorption process. The Fe⁰-Fe₃O₄ MB possessed excellent superparamagnetism, with a saturation magnetization of 66.74 emu/g. Rapid Cr(VI) adsorption was achieved within 30 min at pH 2 and 35 °C, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 128.36 mg/g. The main adsorption mechanisms may involve multiple pathways, including physical adsorption, electrostatic attraction, chemical reduction, and surface complexation. This study provides a feasible strategy for solid waste resource utilization and the fabrication of stabilized functional zero-valent iron materials, realizing the efficient adsorption treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applications of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials)

18 pages, 15211 KB

Open AccessArticle

PolyUAnalog: A Modular and Scalable Open-Source Architecture for Polyphonic Analog Synthesis

by Dominique Guichaoua and Matthieu Loumaigne

Hardware 2026, 4(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/hardware4030014 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

This paper describes the design and implementation of PolyUAnalog, a modular and open-source polyphonic analog synthesizer. The architecture utilizes the AS3397 analog voice chip, with each voice managed by a dedicated RP2040 microcontroller. System coordination, including MIDI processing and voice allocation, is handled [...] Read more.

I^{2} C

bus. Technical implementation details and associated measurements are provided regarding real-time DCO pitch stabilization via a PID feedback loop and the generation of high-resolution control voltages using filtered Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The complete hardware schematics and C++ software stack are documented to facilitate replication, modification, and further development within the electronic musical instrument community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Developments for Circuit Design: Synthesis, Modeling, Simulation, and Applications)

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19 pages, 8823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Drone Imagery to Reveal How Fire, Vegetation Cover and Landform Shape Thermal Mosaics in Desert Landscapes

by Roxane J. Francis and Katherine Moseby

Drones 2026, 10(7), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10070519 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

Extreme heat is an increasing risk for dryland fauna, making it important to understand how landscape features influence thermal conditions. This study used drone-based thermal mapping to measure fine-scale temperature variation across two Australian dryland sites during summer. It examined how landform, fire history, vegetation cover, and grazing affected surface temperatures. Temperatures varied widely, from 6 to 36 °C in the morning to 24–80 °C in the afternoon. Vegetation coverage did not significantly affect surface temperatures. Landform strongly influenced temperature patterns: sand dunes were cooler than swales in the morning but hotter in the afternoon. Dunes also showed more fragmented and patchy thermal environments, likely due to uneven vegetation, steeper slopes, and soil properties. These conditions may offer greater opportunities for animals to regulate body temperature behaviourally. Fire significantly altered thermal landscapes. Recently burned areas were hotter and had more fragmented thermal patches, creating harsher conditions for diurnal species. In contrast, grazing exclusion had minimal effect, though areas without introduced herbivores showed more stable temperatures. Overall, fire and landform shape thermal mosaics by influencing both temperature levels and spatial patterns. Maintaining diverse thermal environments is likely critical for supporting thermoregulation and species survival under increasing heat extremes. Full article

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18 pages, 5516 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Lake Pigment from Calcium Carbonate and Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside: Structural Characterization and Formation Mechanism

by Yifen Fu, Jiaqi Cui, Jiaxuan Dong, Chengtao Wang and Dongdong Yuan

Foods 2026, 15(13), 2409; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132409 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

To explore potential strategies for improving the applicability of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and to avoid the health risks associated with the in vivo accumulation of aluminum by intake of traditional aluminum-based lake pigments, food-grade CaCO₃ was used as a matrix to prepare two types of edible lake pigments, namely C3G-CaCO₃ and MA-CaCO₃, via coprecipitation method using purified cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and non-purified mulberry anthocyanins (MA). The effect of pH on adsorption was systematically investigated, and various characterization methods were used to analyze the physicochemical properties and formation mechanism of lake pigments. The results showed that pH 9.5 was the optimal condition for CaCO₃ to adsorb MA. The introduction of C3G altered the particle size, surface charge, and other characteristics of CaCO₃ without changing its calcite crystal form. The adsorption of MA and C3G on the CaCO₃ surface was multilayer physical adsorption, dominated by the Freundlich model. The isothermal adsorption results showed that CaCO₃ exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for C3G than for MA at equivalent equilibrium concentrations, demonstrating C3G’s superior binding affinity. C3G primarily binds to calcium carbonate through surface adsorption, with possible partial diffusion of molecules into the matrix, without forming new chemical bonds, and slightly regulated the thermal stability of CaCO₃. This study successfully constructed a lake pigment system based on CaCO₃, systematically elucidated its adsorption behavior and structural characteristics toward anthocyanins, and provided a material foundation for the further application of this type of carrier in the food sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)

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22 pages, 3669 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Calanus finmarchicus Products: Amino Acid Composition, Degree of Hydrolysis, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antidiabetic Activity

by Ying Wang, Karl-Erik Eilertsen, Edel Oddny Elvevoll, Chun Li and Ida-Johanne Jensen

Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24070240 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

Marine rest raw materials are often undervalued or wasted despite their nutrient and bioactive composition. Calanus finmarchicus, harvested primarily for its omega-3-rich oil, yields a side-stream protein hydrolysate, C. finmarchicus hydrolysate (CFH), during commercial enzyme-assisted extraction. Although currently used as a feed ingredient, CFH contains low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids with potential for human health applications. This study evaluated the gastrointestinal stability of CFH and the impact of digestion on bioactivity using a static in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Fresh-frozen and freeze-dried C. finmarchicus were included to provide comparative data. Antioxidant capacity was measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, and antidiabetic activity by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition assays. The hydrolysate maintained its antioxidant capacity throughout digestion (at 165 min: FRAP: 27.5 ± 0.6 µmol TE/g dry weight (DW); ORAC: 411 ± 37 µmol TE/g DW). Digestion increased its DPP-IV inhibitory activity, with the inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) decreased from 3.73 to 1.96 mg/mL (p ≥ 0.05). PTP1B inhibitors were nonselective and detected only at 0 and 30 min. These findings support our hypothesis that CFH may serve as a nutraceutical for humans and provide a rationale for subsequent in vivo studies. However, further identification of bioactive components and in vivo validation are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Waste and By-Products as a Source of High Value Bioproducts)

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Graphical abstract

58 pages, 582 KB

Open AccessArticle

Particle Structure from Codimension-Two Carrier Closure

by Bin Li

Symmetry 2026, 18(7), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18071154 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2026

Abstract

The Standard Model accurately describes particle phenomena through continuous gauge fields, color, chirality, generations, and Yukawa couplings, but it does not derive these labels from a deeper structural principle. This paper proposes a carrier-resolution interpretation in which particle species are carrier-readable manifestations of [...] Read more.

U (1)

phase closure, while particle labels arise through holonomy, embedding, closure, and read-out conditions. The first persistent asymmetric resolution contains a lepton-like

Z_{2}

-Lorentz branch and a hadron-supporting branch with confined

Z_{3}

closure. The

Z_{2}

branch accounts for spinorial and chiral read-out through twofold holonomy and Lorentz embedding, while the three observed fermion generations are interpreted as the three leading saturated projective embedding layers of the common

Z_{2}

-Lorentz branch, not as consequences of the

Z_{3}

color-like layer. In this framework,

Z_{3}

supplies hadronic sectorality, and higher

Z_{n}

refinements provide suppressed mass and response corrections rather than additional ordinary generations. The usual

S U {(3)}_{C}

QCD description is retained as the effective after-read-out continuum gauge theory of color dynamics revealed by high-energy probes. The proposal does not replace QCD; instead, it interprets confined

Z_{3}

closure as a pre-read-out structural condition whose incomplete sectors are not carrier-readable as isolated hadrons. As a quantitative test, the neutron–proton magnetic-moment ratio is derived from an ideal

Z_{3}

-complete baseline, a rule-generated closure-interface sequence, and a neutral-parent magnetic completion. The same-branch sequence reaches a sub-ppm residual and then saturates, so the remaining discrepancy is assigned to a neutral magnetic-completion seam rather than to deeper

Z_{n}

terms. The resulting prediction is

- 0.684979364944

, differing from the CODATA value of

- 0.68497935 (16)

by about

0.022

ppm, or

0.093

standard deviations. No coefficient is adjusted to fit the observed value. The result is presented as a sharp no-fit test of carrier-resolution and neutral-parent closure, not as a replacement for QCD or a complete theory of all baryon magnetic moments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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