Search Results (304)

Background: This study aimed to develop a nomogram based on the most relevant clinical, CT, and radiomic features comprising 11 key signatures (2 clinical, 2 CT-based, and 7 radiomic) for the non-invasive prediction of the EGFR mutation status and to support the timely initiation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma. Methods: Retrospective real-world data were collected from 521 patients with histologically confirmed NSCLC adenocarcinoma who underwent CT imaging and either surgical resection or pathological biopsy for EGFR mutation testing. Five Random Forest classification models were developed and trained on various datasets constructed by combining clinical, CT, and radiomic features extracted from CT image regions of interest (ROIs), with and without feature preselection. Results: The model trained exclusively on the most relevant clinical, CT, and radiomic features demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the other models, with strong discrimination between EGFR-mutant and wild-type cases (AUC = 0.88; macro-average = 0.90; micro-average = 0.89; precision = 0.90; recall = 0.94; F1-score = 0.91; and accuracy = 0.87). Conclusions: A nomogram constructed using a Random Forest model trained solely on the most informative clinical, CT, and radiomic features outperformed alternative approaches in the non-invasive prediction of the EGFR mutation status, offering a promising decision-support tool for precision treatment planning in NSCLC. Full article

Heart failure (HF), a prevalent global health issue characterized by the heart’s impaired ability to pump or fill blood, affects millions worldwide and continues to pose significant challenges despite advancements in treatment. This review delves into the critical and increasingly recognized role of inflammation in the development and progression of this complex syndrome. While the incidence of HF has seen a decline in some regions due to improved cardiac care, its overall prevalence is rising, particularly among younger adults and those with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Given the persistently high rates of hospitalization and mortality associated with HF, understanding the underlying mechanisms, including the contribution of inflammation, is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Inflammation in heart failure is a multifaceted process involving the activation of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, and encompasses various mechanisms such as the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, endothelial dysfunction, and neurohormonal activation. Myocardial damage triggers the innate immune response, while humoral immunity and chronic systemic inflammation, often linked to cardiovascular risk factors and autoimmune diseases, also play significant roles. Notably, heart failure and inflammation have a reciprocal relationship, with HF itself contributing to inflammatory processes within the cardiac tissue and systemically. Understanding these intricate pathways, including the involvement of specific immune cells and molecular mediators, is essential for comprehending the pathogenesis of heart failure and exploring potential therapeutic interventions. The review further examines various inflammatory biomarkers that have been implicated in heart failure, such as cytokines (including TNF-α and IL-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP). While these markers often correlate with the severity and prognosis of HF, clinical trials targeting specific inflammatory mediators have largely yielded disappointing results, highlighting the complexity of the inflammatory response in this context. The exploration of these biomarkers and the challenges encountered in translating anti-inflammatory strategies into effective treatments underscore the need for continued research to unravel the precise role of inflammation across different HF subtypes and to develop more targeted and effective anti-inflammatory therapies. Full article

The ability of the agriculture sector, which is exposed to climate hazards, to cope with climate challenges and to strive in spite of them, is conceptualized as the resilience of agriculture. In enhancing climate-resilient agriculture, the cash reserve ratio (CRR) is generally perceived to serve two crucial functions: first, encouraging banks to allocate credit to agriculturalists for climate-resilient agricultural practices; second, enhancing agriculturalists’ ability to sustain agricultural output growth in spite of climate crises. In light of this, we conducted an ex post evaluation of the effect of the currently in-use CRR on bank loans to climate-challenged Nigeria’s agriculture sector for climate-resilient agricultural practices. Additionally, this study investigates the CRR’s impact(s) on agricultural output growth amidst climate challenges. Other additional independent variables include monetary policy rate, government capital expenditures on agriculture, and government recurrent expenditures on agriculture, as well as temperature, precipitation, and the renewable energy supply. Using annual data from 1990 to 2022, the results from an autoregressive, distributed lag approach suggest that the standard CRR stipulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria in the present era of climate change cannot entirely sustain climate-resilient agriculture, evident in the present study’s discoveries on its inability to perform its two major functions (credit and growth) in enhancing agricultural resilience. These findings highlight the need for the green differentiation of the CRR to ensure its effective utilization in enhancing climate resilience. Full article

The effects of unsustainable actions persist, triggering and sustaining a discussion on strategies and controls required to mitigate the consequences. Greater disclosure is required by entities regarding the governance processes, strategies, and controls they employ to manage climate-related risks and opportunities, thereby creating an expanded role for accountants. With this expanded role, higher education institutions (HEIs) play a critical role in fostering and instilling sustainability values through the knowledge and skills they transfer to accounting students. HEIs must be assessed to ascertain if sustainability concepts are integrated into current accounting curricula, thereby addressing SDG 4, and SDG 12 which can be achieved through the knowledge these HEIs transfer. A contextual content analysis is carried out on the accounting curricula of 76 Nigerian universities to search for keywords related to sustainability. This study reveals a low level of integration; 16 of the 62 keywords were found in the curricula of 25 of the 76 universities studied. The results indicate the most frequently occurring keywords and the courses and universities associated with the most keywords. This study demonstrates that accounting education in Nigeria has not yet keyed into the program aimed at achieving the ‘Agenda’. This outcome underscores the need to review the existing accounting curricula to ensure that accounting education contributes to the movement towards sustainable development. Full article

The Brazilian Amazon, a global biodiversity hotspot, faces escalating anthropogenic pressures and climate change, underscoring the urgent need to identify priority areas for ecological restoration and sustainable forest use. This study applied a topoclimatic zoning methodological framework in the Legal Amazon to evaluate the environmental suitability of 12 native tree species across anthropogenically altered landscapes. Species occurrence data were compiled from the RADAMBRASIL Project, GBIF, Herbaria, and forest inventory literature. Climatic, topographic, and geographic variables (1961–2022) informed the zoning model. Our findings reveal that species such as Dinizia excelsa Ducke (81%) and Handroanthus albus (Cham.) Mattos (78%) exhibit exceptionally high topoclimatic suitability. Conversely, Simarouba amara Aubl. (37%) and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby (46%) showed the lowest proportions in high-potential areas, suggesting their greater ecological breadth or specific niche requirements in altered zones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated strong correlations between high-potential areas and Af3, Am3, and Aw4 climatic subtypes. This study offers a replicable, evidence-based model for prioritizing species and locations, significantly supporting sustainable silviculture and enhancing the long-term resilience of Amazonian forests in the face of climate change. Full article

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a key pest of olive groves. Adult monitoring is carried out by means of attractant traps of different shapes, which give relevant information for pest control such as the presence of adult flies in the field and their trend, female maturity and sex ratio. However, it is still not entirely clear whether a given density is sufficient for providing a reliable representation of flies in an olive grove. To investigate this question, an experiment was planned, consisting of arranging a high-density network of unbaited sticky panels (UTs) between panels baited with ammonium carbonate (BTs) deployed at a density of 2 traps/ha. The experiment was carried out in Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Spain and Tunisia. The percentage of BT over UT catches varied significantly among the different countries, with BTs ranging from 82% of catches in Italy to 27% in Greece. The Pearson correlation between BTs and UTs was significant under high captures but not significant at low densities. The index of aggregation showed an inverse relationship with baited catches. The distributions of males and females were nearly always positively spatially associated. According to the field data, BTs at the density of 2/ha provide a realistic estimate of the population in the field in the cases of established populations. However, in the periods without population establishment, a denser monitoring trap network is likely required to obtain a reliable estimation of the field population. Full article

This paper presents a novel approach to synthesizing phased antenna arrays (PAAs) by combining Taylor-series expansion with neural networks (NNs), enhancing the PAA synthesis process for modern communication and radar systems. Synthesizing PAAs is crucial for these systems, offering versatile beamforming capabilities. Traditional methods often rely on complex analytical formulations or numerical optimizations, leading to suboptimal solutions or high computational costs. The proposed method uses Taylor-series expansion to derive analytical expressions for PAA radiation patterns and beamforming characteristics, simplifying the optimization process. Additionally, neural networks are employed to model the intricate relationships between PAA parameters and desired performance metrics, providing adaptive learning and real-time adjustments. A validation of the proposed method is performed on a dual-band 5G antenna, which exhibits marked resonances at 28.14 GHz and 37.88 GHz, with reflection coefficients of $S_{11}$ = −19 dB and $S_{11}$ = −19.33 dB, respectively. The integration of Taylor expansion with NNs offers improved efficiency, reduced computational complexity, and the ability to explore a broader design space. Simulation results and case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the approach in practical scenarios. This work represents a significant advancement in PAA synthesis, showcasing the synergistic integration of mathematical modeling and artificial intelligence for optimized antenna design in modern communication and radar systems. Full article

This paper shows the results of a study on the ecological structure and spatial distribution of communities of the protected steppe ground beetle Carabus hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 (Coleoptera: Carabidae), in Bulgaria. It also points some phenological data and details about the species activity. In the period May 2021–December 2023, we explored 42 sample plots in xerophytic landscapes in central–western Bulgaria, representing the southernmost limits of the steppe fauna in Eurasia. With 252 pitfall traps, 69,903 effective trap-days were realised, and 15,333 carabid individuals from 184 species were identified. Carabus hungaricus was established in seven sites (frequency of occurrence, F = 16.7%), with a total of 198 specimens (1.3% of all carabids and almost 4% of the total dynamic density). In these seven sites, we found 57 species, mostly open habitat dwellers. The tribe Harpalini had 33% of the species. The most species-rich genera were Harpalus (13 species), Amara (8) and Carabus (6). Calathus distinguendus was superdominant with more than 71% of all carabid specimens. Euconstant species, collected in all seven sites (F = 100%), were Carabus coriaceus and Calathus distinguendus. The two classes of life forms had almost equal proportions, 28 (49.1%) Zoophagous and 29 (50.9%) Mixophytophagous species, which is extraordinary for Bulgaria, but typical for the Eurasian steppe zone. Macropterous beetles comprised 56% of the species and brachypterous were 25%, which is comparable only with typical montane habitats. Concerning humidity preferences, mesoxerophilous carabids predominated (25 species, 44%). In relation to its ground beetle fauna, the studied complex of habitats is quite remarkable for Bulgaria and appears to be stable and characteristic for the steppe biome. Full article

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) is a widely used organophosphorus herbicide that inhibits the shikimate pathway, a crucial metabolic route responsible for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and certain microorganisms. Due to its broad-spectrum activity, glyphosate serves as the main active ingredient in various commercial herbicide formulations, including Roundup and Kalach 360 SL (KL). It poses a health hazard to animals and humans due to its persistence in soil, water erosion, and crops. The aim of our study was to continue the previous research to explore the impact of KL on bone using physico-chemical parameters and in silico studies after exposing female wistar rats for 60 days. The in silico study concerned the assessment of binding affinity and molecular interactions using computational modeling approach. The rats were allocated into three experimental groups: group 1 (n = 6) served as controls, while groups 2 and 3 received low and high doses (Dose 1: 126 mg/Kg and Dose 2: 315 mg/Kg) of KL dissolved in water, respectively. All rats were sacrificed after 60 days of exposure. XRD and FTIR spectrum analysis of bone tissues in female rats showed significant histoarchitectural changes associated with bone mineralization disruption. Our results have demonstrated that sub-chronic exposure of adult female rats to KL causes bone rarefaction, as confirmed by a previous histological study. This physico-chemical study has further confirmed the harmful impact of KL on the crystalline fraction of bone tissue, composed of hydroxyapatite crystals. In addition, the computational analyses showed that glyphosate binds to 3 Glu form of osteocalcin (3 Glu-OCN) (4MZZ) and decarboxylated osteocalcin (8I75) with good affinities and strong molecular interactions, which justified and supported the in vivo findings. In conclusion, KL may interfere with hydroxyapatite and osteocalcin and, therefore, impair bone remodeling and metabolism. Full article

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of dementia among South Asians across India is high among those who are 65 years and older, yet little is known about genetic risk factors for dementia in this population. Methods: Using whole-genome sequence data from 2680 participants from the Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI-DAD), we performed a gene-based analysis on the missense/loss-of-function (LoF) and brain-specific promoter/enhancer variants of 84 genes, previously associated with AD in European Ancestry (EA). These analyses were performed separately, both with and without incorporating additional annotation weights (e.g., deleteriousness, conservation scores), using the variant-Set Test for Association using Annotation infoRmation (STAAR). We investigated associations with the Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) score and factor scores for general cognitive function and five cognitive domains. Results: In the missense/LoF analysis, without annotation weights and controlling for age, sex, state/territory, and genetic ancestry, three genes were associated with at least one measure of cognitive function (FDR q < 0.1). APOE was associated with four measures of cognitive function, PICALM was associated with HMSE score, and TSPOAP1 was associated with executive function. The most strongly associated variants in each gene were rs429358 (APOE ε4), rs779406084 (PICALM), and rs9913145 (TSPOAP1). Rs779406084 is a rare missense mutation that is enriched in LASI-DAD compared to EA (minor allele frequency = 0.075% vs. 0.0015%). Conclusions: Missense/LoF variants in some genes previously associated with AD in EA are associated with measures of cognitive function in South Asians from India. Analyzing genome sequence data allows the identification of potential novel causal variants enriched in South Asians. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the potential of a polysaccharide (PCS) extracted from the brown alga Cystoseira spinosa as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Collected off the coast of Alkhoms, Libya, PCS was investigated for its wound-healing and pro-angiogenic properties, addressing the need for natural bioactive compounds in therapeutic applications. Methods: The monosaccharide composition of PCS was analyzed using HPLC-RID, identifying glucuronic acid and xylose as major components. In vitro tests assessed antioxidant activity, while in vivo experiments on 24 rats evaluated wound healing. Rats were divided into four groups: control (saline), standard drug (CYTOL CENTELLA cream), glycerol, and glycerol+PCS. Wound healing was analyzed macroscopically, histologically, and biochemically. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model assessed pro-angiogenic effects, and computational analyses explored COX-2 and VEGF pathways. Pharmacokinetic properties were also evaluated. Results: PCS demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and accelerated wound healing after 16 days, with improved wound appearance scores and increased collagen content. Histological analysis confirmed PCS outperformed the standard drug. The CAM model showed PCS increased blood vessel density, length, and junctions while reducing lacunarity. Computational analyses supported involvement of COX-2 and VEGF pathways. Pharmacokinetic assessments indicated good bioavailability, non-inhibition of CYP enzymes, and favorable skin permeability. Conclusions: PCS shows promise as a natural bioactive polymer for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties, combined with favorable pharmacokinetics, highlight its therapeutic potential. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of C. spinosa polysaccharides and their application in promoting tissue repair. Full article

Background/Objectives: It is challenging to obtain all the required views for a fetal anatomy ultrasound examination, so exams are often incomplete. Our objective was to develop and demonstrate quantitative methods to assess the overall rate of incomplete exams for an ultrasound practice and for individual examiners. Methods: We performed a retrospective quality review of all detailed fetal anatomy exams at seven maternal–fetal medicine practices in 2024 with singleton pregnancies and cardiac activity present. The exams were considered incomplete if any of the 36 required anatomy views were reported as inadequate. The analysis focused on exams at a gestational age (GA) of 18.0 to 23.9 weeks. The rates of incomplete exams were tabulated across practices and for individual sonographers and physicians. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for known covariates. Results: In total, 15,723 detailed fetal anatomy exams were performed at 18.0–23.9 weeks of gestation. Incomplete exams were significantly more common with maternal obesity, prior cesarean, maternal age < 35 years and GA < 19 weeks. There were significant between-practice differences in the rate of incomplete exams, varying from 1% to 53%. Incomplete exams had a median of four inadequate views (interquartile range 2–7). Practices also varied significantly in the rate of missing measurements for nuchal fold (0 to 9%) and nose bone length (11–100%). There were significant between-individual differences in the rate of incomplete exams. The tabulation of specific views showed some individuals with very high rates of inadequate views of certain elements. Conclusions: For some practices, there is a need for practice-wide quality improvement to increase the rate of measurement of the nuchal fold and nose bone. For selected individuals, the tabulation of which anatomy elements were inadequate can identify areas for targeted education or mentorship. We suggest strategies and software enhancements that may reduce the rate of incomplete exams. Sample data and statistical analysis scripts are provided for those who wish to adopt these methods to review their own data. Full article

This study investigates the application of terahertz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) imaging for the non-destructive inspection of a historical enamel plate, using both reflection and transmission modes. A 300 GHz FMCW radar system was employed to capture high-resolution images of the plate’s internal and surface structures. Through optimized data acquisition and processing, the system successfully revealed subsurface features such as fractures, as well as surface-level textural variations linked to the decorative glazes. Although pigment differentiation remains a challenge, contrast variations observed in THz images suggest correlations with material composition. The results highlight the potential of FMCW terahertz imaging as a compact, rapid, and non-contact diagnostic tool for cultural heritage analysis. Its practicality and adaptability make it particularly suitable for in situ inspections in museums or restoration contexts. Full article

In this study, we investigate the existence, uniqueness, and Hyers–Ulam stability of a multi-term boundary value problem involving generalized $\phi$-Riemann–Liouville operators. The uniqueness of the solution is demonstrated using Banach’s fixed-point theorem, while the existence is established through the application of classical fixed-point theorems by Krasnoselskii. We then delve into the Hyers–Ulam stability of the solutions, an aspect that has garnered significant attention from various researchers. By adapting certain sufficient conditions, we achieve stability results for the Hyers–Ulam (HU) type. Finally, we illustrate the theoretical findings with examples to enhance understanding. Full article

Background/Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 has strained healthcare systems, emphasizing the need for biomarkers to predict disease severity. Recent studies suggest that soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a promising marker for COVID-19 pneumonia, though its utility alongside the CURB-65 score remains unstudied. This study evaluates the prognostic value of suPAR in comparison to leukocyte count and CURB-65, and its potential for enhancing risk stratification in a combined CURB-65 model. Methods: Biomarkers and CURB-65 scores were obtained for 240 immunocompetent patients hospitalised with COVID-19 pneumonia. Intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Kaplan–Meier analysis. Additionally, a Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of suPAR combined with the CURB-65 score for risk stratification. Results: suPAR demonstrated strong diagnostic accuracy, outperforming lymphocyte count and showing greater precision than the CURB-65 score for ICU admission. Notably, no patient with suPAR < 4 ng/mL experienced the studied outcomes. NRI analysis revealed a significant improvement in risk classification when suPAR was combined with CURB-65. Conclusions: The addition of the suPAR biomarker to the CURB-65 score represents a substantial improvement in the risk classification of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, with a potential impact on daily clinical practice. Full article