Based on the current state of science, the use of animals remains essential in bringing safe and effective medicines to patients. Respect for laboratory animal welfare and the application of 3Rs principles (the replacement, reduction, and refinement...
In 1959, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Scholars Russell & Burch published the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique in which they laid out the principles of the Three Rs. However, the Three Rs owed much to others. It...
Since its publication, the 3Rs principle has provided a cornerstone for more ethical and humane biomedical and regulatory research. In Europe, the 3Rs principle has been incorporated into the European Directive 63/2010/EU, with the ultimate aim of fu...
The 3Rs aim to refine animal welfare, reduce animal numbers, and replace animal experiments. Investigations disclose that researchers are positive towards 3Rs recommendations from peers. Communication of 3Rs approaches via primary preclinical animal...
Within animal research and testing, the need for an effective Culture of Care is widely recognized and described in terms of an establishment-wide commitment to improving the implementation of the 3Rs, animal welfare, scientific quality, care of the...
Modeling the physiology of the human placenta is still a challenge, despite the great number of scientific advancements made in the field. Animal models cannot fully replicate the structure and function of the human placenta and pose ethical and fina...
This paper describes the introduction of the systematic review methodology in animal-based research and the added value of this methodology in relation to the 3Rs and beyond. The 3Rs refer to Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal studies....
Animal experimentation is a vast ecosystem that tries to make different issues such as legislative, ethical and scientific coexist. Research in animal experimentation has made many strides thanks to the 3Rs principle and the attached legislative decr...
Adopting a social science perspective and qualitative methodology on the problem of laboratory fish welfare, this paper examines some underlying social factors and drivers that influence thinking, priorities and implementation of fish welfare initiat...
The Earth’s biodiversity is in crisis. Without radical action to conserve habitats, the current rate of species extinction is predicted to accelerate even further. Efficient species conservation requires planning, management, and continuous biodivers...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the associations of STAT4 (rs10181656, rs7574865, rs7601754, rs10168266) gene polymorphisms and STAT4 serum level in patients with optic neuritis. Eighty-one subjects with optic neuritis (ON) and 158 healthy subje...
21 October 2020
This study aimed to investigate possible associations of the susceptibility to congenital heart defects (CHDs) with AXIN1 rs1805105, rs12921862 and rs370681 gene variants and haplotypes, and AXIN2 rs2240308 gene variant. Significant associations were...
The aim of this paper is to describe the essential points of Italian and European legislation governing the use of animals in biomedical experimentation. A close look will be taken at the principles of the 3Rs, which represent the mainstay of the leg...
The genetic basis of migraine is rather complex. The rs2651899 in the PR/SET domain 16 (PRDM16) gene, the rs10166942 near the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) gene, and the rs11172113 in the LDL receptor-relate...
Canine rabies is responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths every year. In an attempt to reach the ZeroBy30 goal, robust disease surveillance coupled with improved diagnostics play a paramount role in ensuring reliable data and gradually attest...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major global health problem as it is the leading cause of irreversible loss of central vision in the aging population. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies are effective but do not...
Determining the estrous cycle stages in mice is essential for optimizing breeding strategies, synchronizing experimental timelines, and facilitating studies in behavior, drug testing, and genetics. It is critical for reducing the production of geneti...
This study aimed to explore the associations between the TP53 rs1042522 (TP53 Arg72Pro), MDM2 rs2279744 (MDM2 309T>G), rs3730485 (MDM2 del1518), MDM4 rs4245739 (MDM4 34091 C>A) variants and odds of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a c...
Background: Numerous studies indicate a relationship between the presence of GPX1 (rs1050450), DIO2 (rs225014) and SEPP1 (rs7579) gene polymorphisms and the development of chronic or neoplastic diseases. However, there are no reports on the influence...
In aquatic ecology, studies have commonly employed a tagging technique known as visible implant elastomer (VIE). This method has not been widely adopted by the zebrafish research community and also lacks refinement with regard to animal welfare. The...
Dementia has enormous implications for patients and the health care system. Genetic markers are promising for detecting the risk of cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that genetic variants associated with suicide risk might significantly increase...
Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Variants in genes that regulate processes such as apoptosis and angiogenesis play a significant role in CRC. The objective of this study is to inves...
Background/Objectives: In the origin and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), a global public health problem, a dysfunction mismatch repair system appears to be a key factor. The objective was to determine the association of intronic variants in t...
Current environmental challenges invite us to deeply revise policies, governance models, and resource management toolkits towards a circular approach, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requirements. In this framework, circular was...
The purpose of this study was to investigate polymorphic variants of the genes FGB (rs1800790), NOS3 (rs2070744) and TMPRSS2 (rs12329760) in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and to determine their role in the COVID-19 severity course against the background o...
Persistent reactive azo dyes released from textile finishing are a serious threat to water systems, but effective methods using sunlight to break them down are still limited. Everzol Yellow 3RS (EY-3RS) is particularly recalcitrant: past studies have...
In this study, we validated the consistency of the GRUAN RS92 and RS41 datasets, versions EDT.1 and GDP.2, in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (200–20 hPa), through dual launch campaigns at the GRUAN site and using the radio occultation (...
Background and Objectives: This study explores the complex pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas (PAs), prevalent intracranial tumors in the pituitary gland. Despite their generally benign nature, PAs exhibit a diverse clinical spectrum involving hormon...
26 October 2022
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the principal antioxidant defense system in the body that is activated by a reactive oxygen species. Some variants of the SOD2 gene have been associated with cancer. The rs4880 variant was determined by PCR real-time...
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second commonest neurodegenerative disease. The genetic basis of PD is indisputable. Both ADORA2A rs5760423 and CYP1A2 rs762551 have been linked to PD, to some extent, but the exact role of those poly...
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation of acute pancreatitis (AP). HDL is considered to be a preventing factor against cell membrane oxidation, thanks to the presence on its surface of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and paraoxonase-1 (PO...
Chronic inflammation contributes significantly to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, the factors that lead to an inflammatory imbalance towards a proinflammatory state are not yet fully understood. The CRP rs1800947, TNFA rs...
Polymorphisms rs2472493 near ABCA1, rs7636836 in FNDC3B, and rs61275591 near the ANKRD55–MAP3K1 genes were previously reported to exhibit genome-wide significance in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Since these polymorphisms have not been in...
Background: As a complicated endocrine condition, polycystic ovarian syndrome affects around 20% of women who are of reproductive age. It is linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer, cardiovascular diseases, mental illnesses, non-alcoholic f...
The aim of our study was to investigate an association between polymorphisms of either the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene (rs6921438) or the KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) gene (rs2071559, rs2305948) and DN (diabetic nephropathy)...
(1) Introduction: The main way of spreading the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is through direct contact, as the virus enters the host via mucous membranes. Ocular infection can occur as a primary infection or as a recurrent one. The movement of HSV-...
The long non-coding RNA HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is associated with oncogenic features in bladder cancer and is predictive of poor clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with this disease. In this study, we evaluated the impa...
Adult-onset glaucoma, an age-related neurodegenerative disease, is very prevalent among the elderly Arabs of Saudi origin. This study investigated the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variants (rs429358 and rs7412) and primary open-an...
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine associations of TRAF2 (rs867186), TAB2 (rs237025), IKBKB (rs13278372) gene polymorphisms and TRAF2, TAB2, IKBKB protein levels with clinical and morphological features of pituitary adenomas (PAs). Methods:...
The COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is the first mRNA vaccine approved for human administration by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Studies have shown that the immune response and the decay of immunity after vaccina...
14 December 2021
Motion sickness is a common central nervous system response, the primary sign of which is vomiting. Its susceptibility varies between individuals. To find predictive factors, we investigated the association of ADRA2A rs1800544 and HTR3B rs3758987 wit...
The genetic etiology of Keratoconus (KC) in Middle Eastern Arabs of Saudi origin is still unclear. A recent genome-wide study identified two significant loci in the region of PNPLA2 (rs61876744) and CSNK1E (rs138380) for KC that may be associated wit...
Background: This study aims to investigate the genetic contribution of polymorphic variants of the TCF7L2 (rs7903146) and PPARG (rs1801282) genes to the risk of developing prediabetes in individuals of Kazakh ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This wa...
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Frequent inactivation of the tumour suppressors BAP1, NF2 and P16 may differentially sensitise tumours to treatments. We have established chick chorioallantoic mem...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to irreversible central vision loss among the elderly in developed countries. While the disease accounts for 9% of all cases of vision loss, the prevalence of AMD is likely...
To determine the association between FGFR4 (rs351855 and rs7708357) gene variants, serum levels, and immunohistochemical markers (Ki-67 and p53) in pituitary adenoma (PA), a case-control study was conducted involving 300 subjects divided into two gro...
Various studies have been conducted, exploring the genetic susceptibility of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Adenosine receptor subtype A2a (ADORA2A) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) are implicated in pathways such as oxidative stress and caffeine me...
Background/Objectives: Phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) is an enzyme that plays important roles in glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, and glycosylation. The PGM1 gene harbors two common nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (rs1126728 and rs11208257), wh...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male disorder, often associated with cardiovascular disease and ageing. The Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, can improve the erectile function by prolonging the nitric oxide (NO) downstream effect. NO is a molecule...
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) may affect up to 25% of the population, with almost 70% of these TMD cases developing malpositioning of the disc over time in what is known as internal derangement (ID). Despite significant efforts, the molecular me...
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